Plasma Concentration of the Neurofilament Light Protein (NFL) is a Biomarker of CNS Injury in HIV Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anon., 1991, Nomenclature and research case definitions for neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Report of a Working Group of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force, Neurology, 41, 778, 10.1212/WNL.41.6.778 Antinori, 2007, Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Neurology, 69, 1789, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b Canestri, 2010, Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy, Clin. Infect. Dis., 50, 773, 10.1086/650538 Constantinescu, 2010, Consecutive analyses of cerebrospinal fluid axonal and glial markers in Parkinson's disease and atypical Parkinsonian disorders, Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 16, 142, 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.07.007 Gisslen, 1999, Cerebrospinal fluid viral load, intrathecal immunoactivation, and cerebrospinal fluid monocytic cell count in HIV-1 infection, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21, 271, 10.1097/00126334-199908010-00003 Gisslen, 2007, Elevated cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein concentrations predict the development of AIDS dementia complex, J. Infect. Dis., 195, 1774, 10.1086/518043 Grahn, 2013, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in patients with varicella-zoster virus CNS infections, J. Neurol., 260, 1813, 10.1007/s00415-013-6883-5 Gunnarsson, 2011, Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab, Ann. Neurol., 69, 83, 10.1002/ana.22247 Hagberg, 2010, Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin: an informative biomarker of central nervous system immune activation in HIV-1 infection, AIDS Res. Ther., 7, 15, 10.1186/1742-6405-7-15 Heaton, 2010, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER study, Neurology, 75, 2087, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727 Heaton, 2011, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors, J. Neurovirol., 17, 3, 10.1007/s13365-010-0006-1 Hoffman, 1987, Neurofilament gene expression: a major determinant of axonal caliber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 84, 3472, 10.1073/pnas.84.10.3472 Jessen Krut, 2014, Biomarker evidence of axonal injury in neuroasymptomatic HIV-1 patients, PLoS One, 9, e88591, 10.1371/journal.pone.0088591 Jonsson, 2010, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of white matter lesions - cross-sectional results from the LADIS study, Eur. J. Neurol., 17, 377, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02808.x Lescure, 2011, Incidence and impact on mortality of severe neurocognitive disorders in persons with and without HIV infection: a Danish nationwide cohort study, Clin. Infect. Dis., 52, 235, 10.1093/cid/ciq041 Lu, 2015, Neurofilament light chain: A prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Neurology, 84, 2247, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001642 Munoz-Moreno, 2008, Nadir CD4 cell count predicts neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir., 24, 1301, 10.1089/aid.2007.0310 Norgren, 2003, Elevated neurofilament levels in neurological diseases, Brain Res., 987, 25, 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03219-0 Peluso, 2012, Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction in patients on antiretroviral therapy with well controlled plasma viral load, AIDS, 26, 1765, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328355e6b2 Peluso, 2013, Cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarker abnormalities suggest early neurological injury in a subset of individuals during primary HIV infection, J. Infect. Dis., 207, 1703, 10.1093/infdis/jit088 Peterson, 2014, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuronal biomarkers across the spectrum of HIV infection: hierarchy of injury and detection, PLoS One, 9, e116081, 10.1371/journal.pone.0116081 Price, 1988, The AIDS dementia complex, J. Infect. Dis., 158, 1079, 10.1093/infdis/158.5.1079 Price, 1988, The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex, Science, 239, 586, 10.1126/science.3277272 Price, 2001, Cerebrospinal fluid response to structured treatment interruption after virological failure, AIDS, 15, 1251, 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00006 Rissin, 2010, Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations, Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 595, 10.1038/nbt.1641 Skillback, 2014, CSF neurofilament light differs in neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival, Neurology, 83, 1945, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001015 Spudich, 2011, Central nervous system immune activation characterizes primary human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection even in participants with minimal cerebrospinal fluid viral burden, J. Infect. Dis., 204, 753, 10.1093/infdis/jir387 Studahl, 2000, Difference in pathogenesis between herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis demonstrated by means of cerebrospinal fluid markers of glial and neuronal destruction, J. Neurol., 247, 636, 10.1007/s004150070134 Trojanowski, 1986, Expression of neurofilament subunits in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system: an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies, J. Neurosci., 6, 650, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-03-00650.1986 Valcour, 2012, Central nervous system viral invasion and inflammation during acute HIV infection, J. Infect. Dis., 206, 275, 10.1093/infdis/jis326