Concurrent processes: The affect-cognition relationship within the context of the “mere exposure” phenomenon
Tóm tắt
The affect-cognition relationship and Zajonc’s (1968) “mere exposure” hypothesis were examined in two studies that involved ratings of: (1) preference and familiarity for geometric forms previously scaled for complexity and (2) preference or height and familiarity for male yearbook pictures previously scaled for attractiveness or height. Two exceptions to his hypothesis were noted: simple geometric forms and unattractive faces showed satiation, and faces seen once before were rated more attractive than both novel faces and faces seen twice before. Moreover, mere exposure effects were noted with a nonaffective dimension (height). The major finding was that presentation frequency generally manifested independent relations to affect and rated familiarity, as well as to height and rated familiarity, therefore evoking a concurrent response process Eriksen, 1960).
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, N. H. (1981).Foundations of information integration theory. New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1982).Methods of information integration theory. New York: Academic Press.
Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value.Perception & Psychophysics,8, 279–286.
Bernstein, I. H. (1988).Applied multivariate analysis. New York; Springer-Verlag.
Bernstein, I. H., Lin, T.-D., &Mcclellan, P. (1982). Cross- vs. within-racial judgments of attractiveness.Perception & Psychophysics,32, 495–503.
Birnbaum, M. H., &Mellers, B. A. (1979a). One mediator model of exposure effects is still viable.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,37, 1090–1096.
Birnbaum, M. H., &Mellers, B. A. (1979b). Stimulus recognition may mediate exposure effects.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,37, 391–394.
Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and metaanalysis of research, 1968–1987.Psychological Bulletin,106, 265–289.
Bornstein, R. F., Kale, A. R., &Cornell, K. R. (1990). Boredom as a limiting condition on the mere exposure effect.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,58, 791–800.
Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R., &Galley, D. J. (1987). The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,53, 1070–1079.
Brooks, J. O., &Watkins, M. J. (1989). Recognition memory and the mere exposure effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,15, 968–976.
Eriksen, C W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation.Psychological Review,67, 279–300.
Eriksen, C. W., Azuma, H., &Hicks, R. B. (1959). Verbal discrimination of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli prior to specific identification.Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology,49, 114–119.
Gaito, J. (1965). Unequal intervals and unequal n in trend analysis.Psychological Bulletin,63, 125–127.
Harrison, A. A. (1977). Mere exposure. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 39–83). New York: Academic Press.
Hasher, L., &Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,108, 356–358.
Hasher, L., &Zacks, R. T. (1984). Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence.American Psychologist,39, 1372–1388.
Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T., Rose, K. C, &Sanft, H. (1987). Truly incidental encoding of frequency information.American Journal of Psychology,100, 66–91.
Hebb, D. O. (1949).The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
Jöreskog, K. G., &Sörbom, D. (1989).LISREL: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood (Version VII) [Computer program]. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
Kunst-Wilson, W. R., &Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized.Science,207, 557–558.
Macmillan, N. A., &Creelman, C. D. (1991).Detection theory: A user’s guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mandler, G., Nakamura, Y., &Van Zandt, B. J. S. (1987). Nonspecific effects of exposure on stimuli that cannot be recognized.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,13, 646–648.
Matlin, M. W. (1971). Response competition, recognition, and affect.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,19, 295–300.
Merikle, P. M. (1982). Unconscious perception revisited.Perception & Psychophysics,31, 298–301.
Merikle, P. M., &Reingold, E. M. (1991). Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,17, 224–233.
Moreland, R. L., &Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Is stimulus recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects?Journal of Personality &. Social Psychology,35, 191–199.
Moreland, R. L., &Zajonc, R. B. (1979). Exposure effects may not depend on stimulus recognition.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,37, 1085–1089.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978).Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Parker, S., Casey, J., Ziriax, J. M., &Silberberg, A. (1988). Random monotone data fit simple algebraic models: Correlation is not confirmation.Psychological Bulletin,104, 417–423.
Saegert, S. C, &Jellison, J. M. (1970). Effects of initial level of response competition and frequency of exposure on liking and exploratory behavior.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,25, 234–242.
Seamon, J. G., Brody, N., &Kauff, D. M. (1983a). Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effect of delay between study and test.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,21, 187–189.
Eamon, J. G., Brody, N., &Kauff, D. M. (1983b), Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,9, 544–555.
Seamon, J. G., Marsh, R. L., &Brody, N. (1984). Critical importance of exposure duration for affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,10, 465–469.
Silverman, L. H. (1966). A technique for the study of psychodynamic relationships: The effects of subliminally-presented aggressive stimuli on the production of pathological thinlang in a schizophrenic population.Journal of Consulting Psychology,30, 103–111.
Smith, G. R., &Dorfman, D. D. (1975), The effect of stimulus uncertainty on the relationship between frequency of exposure and liking.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,31, 150–155.
Stang, D. J. (1975). Effects of “mere exposure” on learning and affect.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,31, 7–12.
Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R., &Michels, K. M. (1991).Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,9 (2, Pt. 2), 1–27.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.American Psychologist,35, 151–175.
Zajonc, R. B., Crandall, R., Kail, R. V., Jr., &Swap, W. C. (1974). Effect of extreme exposure frequencies on different affective ratings of stimuli.Perceptual & Motor Skills,38, 667–668.
Zajonc, R. B., Shaver, P., Tavris, C, &Van Kreveld, D. (1973). Exposure, satiation, and stimulus discriminability.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,21, 270–280.