Environmental Impact Assessment: Gathering experiences from wave energy test centres in Europe

Abelson, 1997, Settlement of marine organisms in flow, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 28, 317, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.317 Cada, 2007, Potential impacts of hydrokinetic and wave energy conversion technologies on aquatic environments, Fisheries, 32, 174, 10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[174:PIOHAW]2.0.CO;2 B. Cahill, Characteristics of the wave energy resource at the Atlantic marine energy test site. <https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/1142/BCahill_Thesis.pdf?sequence=2>, 2013. Clément, 2002, Wave energy in Europe: current status and perspectives, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 6, 405, 10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00009-6 D. Conley, D. Magagna, D. Greaves, E. Aires, J. Chambel Leitão, M. Witt, C, Embling, B. Godley, A. Bicknell, J. Saulnier, T. Simas, A.M. O’Hagan, J. O’Callaghan, B. Holmes, J. Sundberg, Y. Torre-Enciso, D. Marina, SOWFIA Deliverable D3.5. Report on the analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment Experience for Wave Energy, Plymouth. Available at: <www.sowfia.eu>, 2012. Croxall, 1987, 398 Cruz, 2008 E. Cruz, T. Simas, Guidelines to a sustainable exploitation of offshore renewable energy – Account on seabird species. WavEC Offshore Renewables. Action 3, FAME Project Report, 2012, 42 p. Defeo, 2009, Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 21, 1, 10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.022 S.J. Dolman, M. Green, M.P. Simmonds, Marine Renewable Energy and Cetaceans. Report for the Scientific Committee. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Chippenham, United Kingdom, SN15 1LJ UK. <https://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/env/wind_nature/Library/meeting_10072008/comments_contributions/wdcs/SC%2059%20E10%20Renewables%20Final.pdf>, 2007 (accessed 11.01.16). A.F. Falcão, O. de, The Development of Wave Energy Utilisation. OES-IA Annual Report 2008. Available from: <www.iea-oceans.org>, 2008. Frid, 2012, The environmental interactions of tidal and wave energy generation devices, Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 32, 133, 10.1016/j.eiar.2011.06.002 Gaines, 2003, Avoiding current oversights in marine reserve design, Ecol. Appl., 13, S32, 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0032:ACOIMR]2.0.CO;2 Gaylord, 2008, Hydrodynamic context for considering turbulence impacts on external fertilization, Biol. Bull., 214, 315, 10.2307/25470672 Gill, 2012, Potential interactions between diadromous fishes of UK conservation importance and the electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments, J. Fish Biol., 81, 664, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x Grecian, 2010, Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds, IBIS, 152, 683, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01048.x Haikonen, 2013, Characteristics of the operational noise from full scale wave energy converters in the Lysekil Project: estimation of potential environmental impacts, Energies, 6, 2562, 10.3390/en6052562 Harrington, 2008, Environmental impact and appraisal–planning consent for the South West of England Wave Hub, Underwater Technol., 27, 161, 10.3723/ut.27.161 J. Hildebrand, Sources of Anthropogenic Sound in the Marine Environment. Report to the Policy on Sound and Marine Mammals: An International Workshop. London, 2004. C. Huertas-Olivares, F. Neumann, A.J.N.A. Sarmento, Environmental management recommendations for the wave energy Portuguese Pilot Zone, in: Proceedings of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 2007. Inger, 2009, Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research, J. Appl. Ecol., 46, 1145, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x JRC (Joint Research Council), Review of Methodological Standrds Related to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive Criteria on Good Environmental Status. mcc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/201409161352.pdf, 2011 (accessed 11.01.16) A. Judd, Guidelines for data acquisition to support marine environmental assessments of offshore renewable energy projects. CEFAS. Available from: http://www.marinemanagement.org.uk/licensing/groups/orelg.htm>, 2012. Kadiri, 2012, A review of the potential water quality impacts of tidal renewable energy systems, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 16, 329, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.160 Koehl, 1996, When does morphology matter, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 27, 501, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.501 Langhamer, 2010, Wave power-sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 1329, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.016 Langhamer, 2009, Artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 82, 426, 10.1016/j.ecss.2009.02.009 Langton, 2011, Seabird conservation and tidal stream and wave power generation: information needs for predicting and managing potential impacts, Mar. Policy, 35, 623, 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.02.002 Lindeboom, 2011, Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a complication, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 035101, 10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/035101 K. Lucke, S. Storch, U. Siebert, J. Cooke, S. Garthe, Chapter 2.3.2. International exchange of experience on the assessment of the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms – marine mammals, in: C. Zucco, W. Wende, T. Merck, I. Köchling, J. Köppel (Eds.), Ecological research on offshore wind farms: International exchange of experiences. BfN-Skripten 171, 2006. Maclean, 2014, Resolving issues with environmental impact assessment of marine renewable energy installations, Front. Mar. Sci., 1, 10.3389/fmars.2014.00075 Madsen, 2006, Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309, 279, 10.3354/meps309279 D. Magagna, D. Greaves, D. Conley, E. Aires, J. Chambel Leitão, M.J. Witt, C. Embling, B.J. Godley, J.-B. Saulnier, SOWFIA Deliverable D3.3. Interim WP3 Report. Plymouth. Available from <www.sowfia.eu>, 2012. J. Marqués, Y. Torre-Enciso, I. Marino, G. Pérez, L. Zubiate, bimep–Biscay Marine Energy Platform, in: Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy, 2008, pp. 15–17. A.E. McCluskie, R.H.W. Langston, N.I. Wilkinson, Birds and wave and tidal stream energy: an ecological review. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Research report no. 42, 2012. Millar, 2007, Modelling analysis of the sensitivity of shoreline change to a wave farm, Ocean Eng., 34, 884, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2005.12.014 H. Mouslim, A. Babarit, A. Clément, B. Borgarino, Development of the French wave energy test site SEM-REV, in: Proceedings of the 8th European wave and tidal energy conference, Uppsala, Sweden, 2009, pp. 31–35). E. Muñoz Arjona, C. Huertas-Olivares, B. Holmes, A.M. O’Hagan, D. Magagna, D. Greaves, Interim report on barriers, accelerators and lessons learned from all wave energy site experiences. SOWFIA Project Deliverable D.2.4. Plymouth. Available at: www.sowfia.eu>, 2012. Nowell, 1984, Flow environments of aquatic benthos, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 15, 303, 10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001511 J.G. Ortega-Ortiz, B. Lagerquist, Report of the workshop on potential effects of wave energy buoys on marine mammals of the Oregon coast. Held October 9–10, 2008, in Portland, Oregon. Contract report to the Oregon Wave Energy Trust. Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute, Newport, Oregon, 2008. Palha, 2010, The impact of wave energy farms in the shoreline wave climate: Portuguese pilot zone case study using Pelamis energy wave devices, Renewable Energy, 35, 62, 10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.025 A. Parwal, F. Remouit, Y. Hong, F. Francisco, V. Castellucci, L. Hai, L. Ulvgård, W. Li, E. Lejerskog, A. Baudoin, M. Nasir, M. Chatzigiannakou, K. Haikonen, R. Ekström, C. Boström, M. Göteman, R. Waters, O. Svensson, J. Sundberg, M. Rahm, E. Strömstedt, J. Engström, A. Savin, M. Leijon, Wave Energy Research at Uppsala University and The Lysekil Research Site, Sweden: A Status Update, in: Proceedings of the 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC), Nantes, France, 6–11th Sept 2015. Patrício, Sofia, André Moura, and Teresa Simas. Wave energy and underwater noise: State of art and uncertainties. OCEANS 2009-EUROPE. IEEE, 2009. G.W. Pohle, M.L.H. Thomas, Monitoring protocol for marine benthos: intertidal and subtidal macrofauna, in: Marine and estuarine biodiversity monitoring protocols (G. Pohle, ed.), Report to the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network. Available from: <http://www.gobookee.net/marine-benthos/>, 1997. Richardson, 1995 Rusu, 2013, Coastal impact induced by a Pelamis wave farm operating in the Portuguese nearshore, Renewable Energy, 58, 34, 10.1016/j.renene.2013.03.001 B.E. Scott, R. Langton, E. Philpott, J.J. Waggitt, Seabirds and marine renewables: Are we asking the right questions? in: Humanity and the Seas: Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions, Springer: 81-92 <http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8002-5_7>, 2014. Shields, 2011, Marine renewable energy: the ecological implications of altering the hydrodynamics of the marine environment, Ocean Coast. Manag., 54, 2, 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.036 T. Simas, J.B. Saulnier, J. O’Callagahn, J. Sundberg, D. Marina, D. Magagna, C. Embling, I. Bailey, Critical Environmental Impacts for Relevant Socio-economic Activities and Mitigation Measures Including Main Conclusions and Feedback Analysis from Workshop B and Analysis of the Stakeholder Survey. SOWFIA Project Deliverable D.4.4. Plymouth. Available from: www.sowfia.eu>, 2013. Simmonds, 2010, Is there a conflict between cetacean conservation and marine renewable-energy developments?, Wildlife Res., 37, 688, 10.1071/WR10020 Smith, 2012, Further analysis of change in nearshore wave climate due to an offshore wave farm: An enhanced case study for the Wave Hub site, Renewable Energy, 40, 51, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.09.003 M. Truebano, C. Embling, M. Witt, B. Godley, M. Attrill, The potential impacts of marine renewable energy on marine mammals, in: M. Childs, M. Attrill (Eds.), Marine Renewables, Biodiversity and Fisheries. Friends of the Earth Policy Paper, 2013. B. Wilson, R.S. Batty, F. Daunt, C. Carter, Collision risks between marine renewable energy devices and mammals, fish and diving birds. Report to the Scottish Executive. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, 2007. Witt, 2012, Assessing Wave Energy Effects on Biodiversity: The Wave Hub Experience, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 370, 502, 10.1098/rsta.2011.0265