Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review

Babcock, 1993, Oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound two and three years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 184 Becker, 1989, Natural oil seeps in the Alaskan marine environment, Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, Final Report of Principal Investigators, Vol. 62, 1 Bence, 1993, Hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels: recorders of human activities in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska, 37 Bence, 1993, The natural petroleum hydrocarbon background in the benthic sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, A151 Bence, 1995, Fingerprinting hydrocarbons in the biological resources of the Exxon Valdez spill area, #1219, 84 Bird, 1985, The framework geology of the north slope of Alaska as related to oil-source rock correlation, #20, 3 Boehm, 1983, A natural resources damage assessment study: the Ixtoc I blowout, 507 Boehm, 1987, Comparative fate of chemically dispersed and beached crude oil in subtidal sediments of the Arctic nearshore, Arctic, 40, 133 Boehm, 1995, Shoreline ecology program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Part 2—Chemistry and toxicology, #1219, 347 Bragg, 1995, Clay-oil flocculation and its role in natural cleansing in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, #1219, 178 Bragg, 1993, Bioremediation effectiveness following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 435 Bragg, 1994, Effectiveness of bioremediation for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Nature, 368, 413, 10.1038/368413a0 Brassell, 1980, Environmental chemistry an interdisciplinary subject, 1 Brown, 1993, Petroleum hydrocarbons in Alaskan invertebrate subsistence foods following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 210 Burbank, 1974, Suspended sediment transport and deposition in Alaskan coastal waters: with special emphasis on remote sensing by the ERTS-1 satellite Burns, 1993, Fingerprinting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in subtidal sediments, 17 Burns, 1995, A least-squares method for allocating sediment hydrocarbons to multiple sources, 16 Butler, 1991, Hopane, a new chemical tool for measuring oil biodegradation, 515 Carlson, 1993, Tracking Exxon Valdez oil from beach to deep-water sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 43 Carpenter, 1991, Marine operations and logistics during the Exxon Valdez spill cleanup, 205 Collier, 1993, Survey of oil exposure and effects in subtidal fish following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: 1989–1991, 235 Curiale, 1985, Biological marker distribution and significance in oils and rocks of the Monterey Formation California, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49, 271, 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90210-8 Douglas, 1992, The use of hydrocarbon analyses for environmental assessment and remediation, 1 Douglas, 1994, The use of internal chemical indicators in petroleum and refined products to evaluate the extent of biodegradation, 219 Douglas, 1996, The environmental stability of selected hydrocarbon ratios, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10.1021/es950751e Eastcott, 1988, Environmentally relevant physical-chemical properties of hydrocarbons: a review of data and development of simple correlations, Oil Chemical Pollution, 4, 191, 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80020-0 Elmgren, 1983, The Tsesis oil spill: acute and long term impact on the benthos, Mar. Biol., 73, 51, 10.1007/BF00396285 EPA, 1989, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Toxic Substances Farrington, 1977, Hydrocarbons in western North Atlantic surface sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41, 1627, 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90173-9 Frost, 1994, Petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of harbor seals from Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska, 331 Gilfillan, 1995, Shoreline ecology program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Part 3 — biology, #1219, 398 Gundlach, 1983, The fate of the Amoco Cadiz oil, Science, 221, 122, 10.1126/science.221.4606.122 Hartung, 1995, Assessment of the potential for long-term toxicological effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on wildlife, #1219, 693 Hites, 1977, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments: the historical record, Science, 198, 829, 10.1126/science.198.4319.829 Hites, 1980, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine/aquatic sediments: their ubiquity, Advan. Chem. Ser., 185, 289, 10.1021/ba-1980-0185.ch013 Hostettler, 1994, Geochemical changes in crude oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez supertanker into Prince William Sound, Alaska. Org. Geochem., 21, 927, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90051-5 Houghton, 1993, Recovery of Prince William Sound intertidal epibiota from the Exxon Valdez oil spill and treatments 1990–1992, 79 Jahns, 1991, Natural cleaning of shorelines following the Exxon Valdez spill, 167 Jewett, 1993, The effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on benthic invertebrates in silled fjords in Prince William Sound, 87 Karinen, 1993, Hydrocarbons in intertidal sediments and mussels from Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1977–1980: characterization and probable sources, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-9 Kennicutt, 1988, The effect of biodegradation on crude oil bulk and molecular composition, Oil Chemical Pollution, 4, 89, 10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80014-5 Kennicutt, 1992, Resolution of sediment hydrocarbon sources: multiparameter approaches, 308 King, 1994, Without hope of immediate profit: oil exploration in Alaska, 1898 to 1953, Alaska History, 9, 18 Kingston, 1995, The impact of the Braer oil spill on the macrobenthic infauna of the sediments off the Shetland Islands, Mar. Poll. Bull., 30, 445, 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00052-O Kinnetic Laboratories, 1994, Prince William Sound RCAC: long-term environmental monitoring program Klein, 1983 Koons, 1993, The fate of oil from the Exxon Valdez: a perspective, Mar. Technol. Soc J., 26, 61 Krahn, 1986, Standard analytical procedures of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Analytical Facility, 1986: metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons in fish bile, U.S. Department of Commerce Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-102 Krahn, 1992, Mass spectrometric analysis for aromatic compounds in bile of fish sampled after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 116, 10.1021/es00025a012 Krahn, 1993, Methods for determining crude oil contamination in sediments and biota after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 60 Kuletz, 1993, Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marbled murrelets, 148 Kvenvolden, 1991, Tracing hydrocarbons from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in beach, shallow-water, and deep-water sediment of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 69 Kvenvolden, 1993, Possible connection between two Alaskan catastrophes occurring 25 yr apart (1964 and 1989), Geology, 21, 813, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0813:PCBTAC>2.3.CO;2 Kvenvolden, 1993, Hydrocarbon in oil residues on beaches of Islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 26, 24, 10.1016/0025-326X(93)90593-9 Kvenvolden, 1995, Ubiquitous tarballs with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2684, 10.1021/es00010a033 LaFlamme, 1978, The global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 289, 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90182-5 Larsen, 1986, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gulf of Maine sediments: distributions and mode of transport, Mar. Environ. Res., 18, 231, 10.1016/0141-1136(86)90023-1 Loughlin, 1994, Tissue hydrocarbon levels and the number of cetaceans found dead after the spill, 359 MacDonald, 1993, Natural oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico visible from space, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16351, 10.1029/93JC01289 Magoon, 1992, Oil-to-source-rock correlation using carbon-isotopic data and biological marker compounds, Cook Inlet—Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 241 Manen, 1993, Management of natural resource damage assessment samples and analytical data, 320 Mankiewicz, 1993, The use of mussel PAH burdens to assess bioavailability and long-term risk to wildlife following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 38 Martinelli, 1995, The M/C Haven oil spill: environmental assessment of exposure pathways and injury, 679 McAuliffe, 1987, Organism exposure to volatile/soluble hydrocarbons from crude oil spills — A field and laboratory comparison, 275 McKirdy, 1994, Molecular fossils in coastal bitumens from southern Australia: signatures of precursor biota and source rock environments, Org. Geochem., 21, 265, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90190-2 Mehl, 1993, Estimation of the exposure concentration of the seawater soluble fraction of crude oil from mussel tissue concentrations, 188 Michel, 1991, Evaluation of the condition of Prince William Sound shorelines following the Exxon Valdez oil spill and subsequent shoreline treatment, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA, 67 Michel, 1991, Trends in natural removal of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound from September 1989 to May 1990, 181 Miller, 1951, Preliminary report on the geology and oil possibilities at the Katalla District, Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50 Miller, 1959, Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1094, 9 Miller, 1989, Physical and chemical recovery of intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments impacted by the Arco Anchorage oil spill, Ediz Hook, Washington, 487 Moldowan, 1984, Structure proof and significance of stereoisomeric 28,30-bisnorhopanes in petroleum and petroleum source rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1651, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90334-X Moldowan, 1991, Analysis of oleanane and its occurrence in Upper Cretaceous rocks, 195 Moldowan, 1994, The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms, Science, 265, 768, 10.1126/science.265.5173.768 Mulcahey, 1994, Hydrocarbon residues in sea otter tissues, 313 Murray, 1994, Biomarker and n-alkane isotope profiles for Tertiary oils: relationship to source rock depositional setting, Org. Geochem., 22, 521, 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90124-4 Neff, 1990, Petroleum hydrocarbons in the water column of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 426 Neff, 1995, Chemical and toxicological evaluation of water quality following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, #1219, 141 Neff, 1995, Conditions of shorelines in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, #1219, 312 Niebauer, 1994, Circulation of Prince William Sound, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14113, 10.1029/94JC00712 NRC (National Research Council), 1985 O'Clair, 1993, Contamination of subtidal sediments by oil from the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 48 O'Clair, 1995, Petroleum hydrocarbon induced injury to subtidal marine sediment resources: subtidal study Number 1 Overton, 1981, Identification of petroleum residue sources after a fire and oil spill, 541 Owens, 1991, Shoreline conditions following the Exxon Valdez oil spil as of Fall 1990, 579 Page, 1993, The natural petroleum hydrocarbon background in subtidal sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 37 Page, 1995, Identification of hydrocarbon sources in the benthic sediments of Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, #1219, 41 Page, 1995, Shoreline ecology program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Part 1 — Study design and method, #1219, 263 Patten, 1993, Acute and sublethal effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on harlequins and other seaducks, 151 Payne, 1991, Exxon Valdez oil weathering fate and behavior: Model predictions and field observations, 641 Peters, 1993, The Biomarker Guide Pflaker, 1969, The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964, regional effects and tectonics, U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper, 543-1, 1 Prince, 1990 Prince, 1994, Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: monitoring safety and efficacy, 107 Prince, 1994, 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane as a conserved internal marker for estimating the biodegradation of crude oil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 142, 10.1021/es00050a019 Radke, 1990, Generation and distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in coals of low rank, Org. Geochem., 15, 539, 10.1016/0146-6380(90)90101-5 Rapp, 1990, Comparison of Exxon Valdez oil with extractable material from deep-water bottom sediment in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Rice, 1993, Subtidal oil contamination and biological impacts, 23 Roberts, 1993, Characterization of residual oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska — 3.5 years later, 46 Rosenberg, 1974, Oil and gas seeps of the northern Gulf of Alaska, R72-23, 143 Rounsfell, 1932, Fluctuations in the supply of herring, Clupea pallasii in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Bull. Bureau Fisheries, XLVII, 263 Royer, 1979, Coastal flow in northern Gulf of Alaska as observed by dynamic topography and satellite-tracked drogue drift buoys, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 785, 10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0785:CFITNG>2.0.CO;2 Royer, 1990, Ocean circulation influencing the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Oceanography, 3:2, 3, 10.5670/oceanog.1990.01 Sale, 1993, Nearshore subtidal transport of hydrocarbons and sediments following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 64 Sanders, 1980, Anatomy of an oil spill: long term effects from the grounding of the barge Florida of West Falmouth, Mass. J. Mar. Res., 38, 265 Sauer, 1993, Hydrocarbon source identification and weathering characterization of intertidal and subtidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast after the Gulf War oil spill, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 27, 117, 10.1016/0025-326X(93)90016-D Seifert, 1978, First proof of structure of a C28-pentacyclic triterpane in petroleum, Nature, 271, 436, 10.1038/271436a0 Short, 1992, Descriptive documentation for identification of biased sediment and mussel tissue samples in the NRDA hydrocarbon database, October 1992 draft report for Exxon Valdez Natural Resource Damage Assessment Project, Subtidal, 8 Short, 1993, Determination of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in seawater following the Exxon Valdez oil spill II: analysis of caged mussels, 186 Short, 1994, Distribution and persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments of Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 215 Stein, 1993, Assessment of exposure of subsistence fish species to aromatic compounds following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 206 Stubblefield, 1995, Evaluation of the toxic properties of naturally weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil to wildlife species, #1219, 665 Tissier, 1983, Pyrolytic and naturally occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment, 268 Tysdale, 1979, Geology map of the Seward and Blying Sound quadrangles, Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I-1150 Varanasi, 1989, Biotransformation and disposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in fish, 93 Varanasi, 1990, Surveys of subsistence fish and shellfish for exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. First year: 1989, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-#1 Varanasi, 1993, Volume II. Supplemental information concerning a survey of Alaskan subsistence fish, marine mammal, and invertebrate samples collected 1989–1991 for exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-13 Venkatesan, 1988, Occurrence and possible sources of perylene in marine sediments—a review, Mar. Chem., 25, 1, 10.1016/0304-4203(88)90011-4 Volkman, 1992, Identification of natural, anthropogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments, Sci. To. Environ., 112, 203, 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90188-X Wakeham, 1980, Hydrocarbons in contemporary aquatic sediments, Volume I, 3 Wolfe, 1993, Toxicity of intertidal and subtidal sediments contaminated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 48 Wolfe, 1994, The fate of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 560A, 10.1021/es00062a001