Política de antibióticos en pacientes críticos

Álvarez-Lerma, 1996, Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in intensive care unit, Intensive Care Med, 22, 387, 10.1007/BF01712153 Luna, 1997, Impact of BAL data on the therapy ant outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Chest, 111, 676, 10.1378/chest.111.3.676 Kollef, 1999, Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients, Chest, 115, 462, 10.1378/chest.115.2.462 Ibrahim, 2000, The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting, Chest, 118, 146, 10.1378/chest.118.1.146 Rahal, 1998, Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella, JAMA, 14, 1233, 10.1001/jama.280.14.1233 Fridkin, 2001, Antimicrobial resistance prevalence rates in hospital antibiograms reflect prevalence rates among pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections, Clin Infect Dis, 33, 324, 10.1086/321893 Álvarez-Lerma, 2001, Management of antimicrobial use in the intensive care unit, Drugs, 61, 763, 10.2165/00003495-200161060-00005 Álvarez-Lerma, 2008, Recomendaciones para la monitorización de antibióticos en pacientes de la UCI, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 26, 230, 10.1016/S0213-005X(08)72695-8 Díaz, 2002, Top ten list in antibiotic policy in the ICU, Chest, 122, 712, 10.1378/chest.122.2.712 American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:864-74. 1994, The problem of sepsis- an expert report of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Med, 20, 300, 10.1007/BF01708970 Vandenbroucke-Grauls, 1991, Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit, Lancet, 338, 859, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91510-2 1993, Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract Trialists’ Collaborative Group, BMJ, 307, 525, 10.1136/bmj.307.6903.525 Kollef, 1994, The role of selective digestive tract decontamination on mortality and respiratory tract infections. A meta-analysis., Chest, 105, 1101, 10.1378/chest.105.4.1101 Silvestri, 2007, Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces bacterial bloodstream infection and mortality in critically ill patients. Systematic review of randomized, controlled trials, J Hosp Infect, 65, 187, 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.10.014 Silvestri, 2007, Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces pneumonia and mortality without resistance emerging, Am J Infect Control, 35, 354, 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.003 Sirvent, 1997, Prospective effect of intravenously administered cefuroxime againts nosocomial pneumonia in patients with structural coma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1729, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154884 Safdar, 2004, The role of selective digestive decontamination for reducing infection in patients undergoing liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Liver Transpl, 10, 817, 10.1002/lt.20108 Tetteroe, 1990, Selective decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonization and infections after aesophageal resection, Lancet, 335, 704, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90813-K Nathens, 1999, Selective decontamination of digestive tract in surgical patients. A systematic review of the evidence, Arch Surg, 134, 170, 10.1001/archsurg.134.2.170 Pederzoli, 1993, A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 176, 480 Dellinger, 2007, Early antibiotic treatment for severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Ann Surg, 245, 674, 10.1097/01.sla.0000250414.09255.84 Jorda, 1993, Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients by the blind protected telescoping catheter, Intensive Care Med, 19, 377, 10.1007/BF01724876 Pugin, 1991, Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 1121, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.1121 Sánchez Carrillo C, Guerrero Gómez C. Recogida, transporte y procesamiento general de muestras de laboratorio de Microbiología. En: Cercenado E, Cantón R. Procedimientos de Microbiología Clínica. Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). 2003. [consultado 23/4/2010]. Disponible en: http://www.seimc.org/documentos/protocolos/microbiologia/. Ribes, 1997, PCR detection of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens: Analysis of sensitivity and specificity, J Clin Microbiol, 35, 830, 10.1128/JCM.35.4.830-835.1997 Sandhu, 1995, Molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 2913, 10.1128/JCM.33.11.2913-2919.1995 Coll P, Coque MT, Domínguez MA, Vázquez J, Vila J. Métodos moleculares de tipificación epidemiológica en bacteriología. En: Cercenado E, Cantón R. Procedimientos de Microbiología Clínica. Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). 2005. [consultado 23/4/2010]. Disponible en: http://www.seimc.org/documentos/protocolos/microbiologia/ Fink, 1994, Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with impipenem-cilastatin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, 547, 10.1128/AAC.38.3.547 Menéndez, 2003, Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia, Semin Respir Infect, 18, 103 Pea, 2001, Pharmacokinetic aspects of treating infections in the intensive care unit: Focus on drug interactions, Clin Pharmacokinet, 40, 833, 10.2165/00003088-200140110-00004 Foxworth, 1997, Recognizing and preventing antibiotic-associated complications in the critical care setting, Crit Care Nurs Q, 20, 1, 10.1097/00002727-199711000-00002 Joannidis, 2004, Drug-induced renal failure in the ICU, Int J Artif Organs, 27, 1034, 10.1177/039139880402701218 Debord, 1994, Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens of amikacin in intensive care unit patients, Int J Biomed Comput, 36, 135, 10.1016/0020-7101(94)90105-8 Dworzak, 1987, Emergence of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria during therapy with extended-spectrum cephalosporin, Eur J Clin Microbiol, 6, 456, 10.1007/BF02013110 Neuhauser, 2003, Antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacilli in US Intensive Care Units. Implications for fluoroquinolone use, JAMA, 289, 885, 10.1001/jama.289.7.885 Akinci, 2005, Risk factors for ICU-acquired imipenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections, J Hosp Infect, 59, 317, 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.09.030 Meyer, 2006, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and antibiotic use in German intensive care units: Data from Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in German Intensive Care Units, J Hosp Infect, 64, 238, 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.07.006 Chastre, 2003, Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial, JAMA, 290, 2588, 10.1001/jama.290.19.2588 Kollef, 2001, Hospital-acquired pneumonia and de-escalation of antimicrobial treatment, Crit Care Med, 29, 1473, 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00029 Ibrahim, 2001, Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Crit Care Med, 29, 1109, 10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003 Rello, 2004, De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia, Crit Care Med, 32, 2183, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000145997.10438.28 Álvarez-Lerma, 2006, Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A prospective observational study, Crit Care, 10, R78, 10.1186/cc4919 Leone, 2007, Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Breaking the vicious circle of antibiotic overuse, Crit Care Med, 35, 379, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253404.69418.AA Giantsou, 2007, De-escalation therapy rates are significantly higher by bronchoalveolar lavage than by tracheal aspirate, Intensive Care Med, 33, 1533, 10.1007/s00134-007-0619-x Gerding, 1991, Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage: Ten years of experience in one hospital, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 1284, 10.1128/AAC.35.7.1284 Kollef, 1997, Scheduled change of antibiotic classes. A strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1040, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.9701046 Gruson, 2000, Rotation and restricted use of antibiotics in a medical intensive care unit: Impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 837, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9905050 Hughes, 2004, Effect of an intensive care unit rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on the development of hospital-acquired infections on the non-intensive care unit ward, Crit Care Med, 32, 53, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104463.55423.EF Merz, 2004, Effects of an antibiotic cycling program on antibiotic prescribing practices in an intensive care unit, Anitmicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 2861, 10.1128/AAC.48.8.2861-2865.2004 Martínez, 2006, Comparison of antimicrobial cycling and mixing strategies in two medical intensive care units, Crit Care Med, 34, 329, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000195010.63855.45 Sandiumenge, 2006, Impact of diversity of antibiotic use on the development of antimicrobial resistance, J Antimicrob Chemother, 57, 1197, 10.1093/jac/dkl097 Brown, 2005, Antibiotic cycling or rotation: A systematic review of the evidence of efficacy, J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 6, 10.1093/jac/dkh482 Masterton, 2005, Antibiotic cycling: more than it might seem?, J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 1, 10.1093/jac/dkh506 Kollef, 2006, Is antibiotic cycling the answer to preventing the emergence of bacterial resistance in the Intensive Care Unit?, Clin Infect Dis, 43, S82, 10.1086/504484 Maertens, 2005, Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: A prospective feasibility study, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 1242, 10.1086/496927 Pittet, 1994, Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients, Ann Surg, 220, 751, 10.1097/00000658-199412000-00008 León, 2006, A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization, Crit Care Med, 34, 730, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D Blondeu, 2004, The role of PK/PD parameters to avoid and increase of resistance: Mutant prevention concentration, J Chemother, 16, 1, 10.1080/1120009X.2004.11782371 Preston, 1998, Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin: A new paradigm for early clinical trials, JAMA, 279, 159, 10.1001/jama.279.2.125 Forrest, 1993, Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37, 1073, 10.1128/AAC.37.5.1073 Thomas, 1998, Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with development of bacteria resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 521, 10.1128/AAC.42.3.521 Pea, 2001, Pharmacokinetic aspects of treating infections in the intensive care unit: Focus on drug interactions, Clin Pharmacokinet, 40, 833, 10.2165/00003088-200140110-00004 Grau, 2007, Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices: Are we ready to use them in daily practice?, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 5, 913, 10.1586/14787210.5.6.913