Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment

Trends in Ecology & Evolution - Tập 15 - Trang 413-417 - 2000
Magnus Nyström1, Carl Folke1, Fredrik Moberg1
1Dept of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

Tài liệu tham khảo

Hatcher, 1999, Varieties of science for coral reef management, Coral Reefs, 18, 305, 10.1007/s003380050202 Hatcher, 1997, Coral reef ecosystems: how much greater is the whole than the sum of the parts?, Coral Reefs, 16, 77, 10.1007/s003380050244 Connell, 1978, Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs, Science, 199, 1302, 10.1126/science.199.4335.1302 Pearson, 1981, Recovery and recolonization of coral reefs, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 4, 105, 10.3354/meps004105 Hughes, 1999, Multiple stressors on coral reefs, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 932, 10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932 Wilkinson, 1999, Global and local threats to coral reef functioning and existence, Mar. Freshw. Res., 50, 867, 10.1071/MF99121 Vitousek, 1997, Human domination of earth’s ecosystems, Science, 277, 494, 10.1126/science.277.5325.494 Kinizie, 1999, Sex, symbiosis and coral reef communities, Am. Zool., 39, 80, 10.1093/icb/39.1.80 Connell, 1997, Disturbance and recovery of coral assemblages, Coral Reefs, 16, 101, 10.1007/s003380050246 Done, 1992, Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance, Hydrobiologia, 247, 121, 10.1007/BF00008211 Knowlton, 1992, Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics, Am. Zool., 32, 674, 10.1093/icb/32.6.674 McCook, 1999, Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral reefs, Coral Reefs, 18, 357, 10.1007/s003380050213 Buddemeier, 1999, Coral adaptation and acclimatization, Am. Zool., 39, 1, 10.1093/icb/39.1.1 Kauffman, 1993, The Phanerozoic evolution of reef diversity, 315 Holling, 1996, Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience, 31 Pandolfi, 1999, Response of Pleistocene coral reefs to environmental change over long temporal scales, Am. Zool., 39, 113, 10.1093/icb/39.1.113 Paine, 1998, Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises, Ecosystems, 1, 535, 10.1007/s100219900049 Hoegh-Guldberg, 1999, Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs, Mar. Freshw. Res., 8, 839, 10.1071/MF99078 Richmond, 1997, Reproduction and recruitment in corals, 175 Sapp, 1999 McClanahan, 1994, Coral and sea urchin assemblage structure and interrelationships in Kenyan reef lagoons, Hydrobiologia, 286, 109, 10.1007/BF00008501 Richardson, 1998, Coral diseases: what is really known?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 13, 438, 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01460-8 Hughes, 1994, Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef, Science, 265, 1547, 10.1126/science.265.5178.1547 Lapoint, 1997, Nutrient thresholds for bottom-up control of macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast Florida, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1119, 10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1119 Brown, 1997, Disturbance to reefs in recent times, 354 Richmond, 1993, Coral reefs, Am. Zool., 33, 524, 10.1093/icb/33.6.524 Peters, 1997, Diseases of coral reef organisms, 114 Loya, 1980, Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 3, 167, 10.3354/meps003167 Turner, 1998, Factors influencing succession, Ecosystems, 1, 511, 10.1007/s100219900047 Connell, 1997, A 30-year study of coral abundance, recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time, Ecol. Monogr., 67, 461, 10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0461:AYSOCA]2.0.CO;2 Petraitis, 1999, The importance of scale in testing the origins of alternative community states, Ecology, 80, 429, 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0429:TIOSIT]2.0.CO;2 Holling, 1996, Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management, Conserv. Biol., 10, 328, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020328.x Done, 1996, Biodiversity and ecosystem function of coral reefs, 393 Walker, 1999, Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function, Ecosystems, 2, 95, 10.1007/s100219900062 Levin, 1999 Holling, 1995, Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis, 44 Chapin, 2000, Consequences of changing biodiversity, Nature, 405, 234, 10.1038/35012241 Peterson, 1998, Ecological resilience, biodiversity and scale, Ecosystems, 1, 6, 10.1007/s100219900002 McClanahan, T.R. et al. Resiliency of coral reefs. In Resilience and the Behavior of Large Scale Ecosystems (Gunderson, L. et al., eds), John Wiley & Sons (in press) Roberts, 1997, Connectivity and management of Caribbean coral reefs, Science, 278, 1454, 10.1126/science.278.5342.1454 McClanahan, 1998, An ecological shift in a remote coral reef atoll of Belize over 25 years, Environ. Conserv., 25, 122, 10.1017/S0376892998000174 Hatcher, 1984, A maritime accident provides evidence for alternate stable states in benthic communities on coral reefs, Coral Reefs, 4, 199, 10.1007/BF00288255 Goreau, 2000, Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event, Conserv. Biol., 14, 5, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00011.x Allison, 1998, Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation, Ecol. Appl., 8, 79, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)8[S79:MRANBN]2.0.CO;2 Done, 1998, Integrated coastal zone and fisheries ecosystem management, Ecol. Appl., 8, 110, 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)8[S110:ICZAFE]2.0.CO;2 Moberg, 1999, Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems, Ecol. Econ., 29, 215, 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00009-9 Ruddle, 1992, Marine resources management in the context of customary marine tenure, Mar. Res. Econ., 7, 249, 10.1086/mre.7.4.42629038 McClanahan, 1997, The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral reef ecosystems of southern Kenya, Environ. Conserv., 24, 105, 10.1017/S0376892997000179 Johannes, 1998, Government-supported, village-based management of marine resources in Vanuatu, Ocean Coastal Manage., 40, 165, 10.1016/S0964-5691(98)00046-5 Jackson, 1991, Adaptation and diversity of reef corals, BioScience, 41, 475, 10.2307/1311805 Rowan, 1997, Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of coral bleaching, Nature, 388, 265, 10.1038/40843