Exposure to tobacco and betel nut content on social media, risk perceptions, and susceptibility to peer influence among early adolescents in Guam

Allem, 2017, Images of little cigars and cigarillos on Instagram identified by the hashtag #swisher: Thematic analysis, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, 10.2196/jmir.7634 Bandura, 1977 Beullens, 2016, A conditional process analysis on the relationship between use of social networking sites, attitudes, peer norms, and adolescents’ intentions to consume alcohol, Media Psychology, 19, 310, 10.1080/15213269.2015.1049275 Buente, 2020, #Pugua: An Instagram-based study to understand betel nut culture in Micronesia, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22, 10.2196/13954 Buente, 2020, Tradition gone mobile: An exploration of #betelnut on Instagram, Substance Use and Misuse, 55, 1483, 10.1080/10826084.2020.1744657 Cavazos-Rehg, 2021, Exploring how social media exposure and interactions are associated with ENDS and tobacco use in adolescents from the PATH Study, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23, 487, 10.1093/ntr/ntaa113 Chapman, 1980, Forging an identity for the non-smoker: The use of myth in health promotion, International Journal of Health Education, 23, 2 Choi, 2013, Reconceptualizing efficacy in substance use prevention research: Refusal response efficacy and drug resistance self-efficacy in adolescent substance use, Health Communication, 28, 40, 10.1080/10410236.2012.720245 Cortese, D. K., Szczypka, G., Emery, S., Wang, S., Hair, E., & Vallone, D. (2018). Smoking selfies: Using Instagram to explore young women’s smoking behaviors.Social Media + Society,4(3), 2056305118790762.https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118790762. David, 2013, Eliminating tobacco-related disparities among Pacific Islanders through leadership and capacity building: Promising practices and lessons learned, Health Promotion Practice, 14, 10S, 10.1177/1524839913485242 Fung, 2020, Public health implications of image-based social media: A systematic review of Instagram, Pinterest, Tumblr, and Flickr, The Permanente Journal, 24, 307 Griffin, 2001, Protective role of personal competence skills in adolescent substance use: Psychological well-being as a mediating factor, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 194, 10.1037/0893-164X.15.3.194 Gullo, 2008, Impulsivity and adolescent substance use: Rashly dismissed as “all-bad?”, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 1507, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.06.003 Gupta, 1991, Betel quid and oral cancer: Prospects for prevention, IARC Sci Pub/, 105, 466 Hays, 1990, How generalizable are adolescents’ beliefs about pro-Drug pressures and resistance self-efficacy, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 338 Hebert, 2017, Exposure and engagement with tobacco- and e-cigarette-related social media, Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, 371, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.003 Herzog, 2020, Introduction to the special issue: International research on areca nut and betel quid use, Substance Use and Misuse, 55, 1383, 10.1080/10826084.2020.1767345 Hoffman, 2006, Peer influences on adolescent cigarette smoking: A theoretical review of the literature, Substance Use & Misuse, 41, 103, 10.1080/10826080500368892 Jessor, 1977 Johnson, 2020, Testing the effects of hookah tobacco social media risk communication among young adults, Health Education & Behavior Laestadius, 2016, #Vapelie: An exploratory study of electronic cigarette use and promotion on Instagram, Substance Use & Misuse, 51, 1669, 10.1080/10826084.2016.1188958 Lee, 2021, Association between social media use and vaping among Florida adolescents, 2019, Preventing Chronic Disease, 18, E49, 10.5888/pcd18.200550 Liu, 2017, The influence of peer behavior as a function of social and cultural closeness: A meta-analysis of normative influence on adolescent smoking initiation and continuation, Psychological Bulletin, 143, 1082, 10.1037/bul0000113 Milgrom, 2013, Areca use among adolescents in Yap and pohnpei, the federated states of Micronesia, Harm Reduction Journal, 10, 26, 10.1186/1477-7517-10-26 Milgrom, 2016, Symptoms with betel nut and betel nut with tobacco among Micronesian youth, Addictive Behaviors, 53, 120, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.011 Morgan, 2017, How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: A systematic review, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 553, 10.1007/s10865-017-9823-5 Oakley, 2005, Areca (betel) nut chewing habit among high-school children in Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Micronesia), Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83, 656 O’Brien, 2020, Social media use by leading U.S. e-cigarette, cigarette, smokeless tobacco, cigar and hookah brands, Tobacco Control, 29, e87 Pacific Cancer Programs. (2021). Cancer in the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands 2007-2018. Retrieved from https://pacificcancer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2021/08/PIJ-Cancer-Facts-Figures-2007-2018-08262021-508comp-small-size.pdf. Accessed [November, 2021]. Paulino, 2011, Areca (betel) nut chewing practices in Micronesian populations, Hawaii Journal of Public Health, 3, 19 Paulino, 2017, Epidemiology of areca (betel) nut use in the Mariana Islands: Findings from the University of Guam/University of Hawai’i Cancer Center partnership program, Cancer Epidemiology, 50, 241, 10.1016/j.canep.2017.08.006 Pew Research Center. (2018). Teens, social media & technology. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/ Accessed [April, 2021]. Pokhrel, 2019, Adolescent tobacco and betel nut use in the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands: Evidence from Guam, American Journal of Health Promotion, 33, 1058, 10.1177/0890117119847868 Pokhrel, 2021, Social media's influence on e-cigarette use onset and escalation among young adults: What beliefs mediate the effects?, Addictive Behaviors, 112, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106617 Sebastian, 2008, Development of the self-concept during adolescence, Trends in Cognitive Science, 12, 441, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.008 Serafinelli, 2017, Mobile mediated visualities an empirical study of visual practices on Instagram, Digital Culture & Society, 3, 165, 10.14361/dcs-2017-0210 Simon, 1993, Correlates of exclusive or combined use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among male adolescents, Addictive Behaviors, 18, 623, 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90016-3 Sloan, 2011, Information, risk perceptions, and smoking choices of youth, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 42, 161, 10.1007/s11166-010-9111-z Somerville, 2019, Dissecting “peer presence” and “decisions” to deepen understanding of peer influence on adolescent risky choice, Child Development, 90, 2086, 10.1111/cdev.13081 Stacy, 1992, Moderators of peer influence in adolescent smoking, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 172 Sussman, 1989, Two social influence perspectives of tobacco use development and prevention, Health Education Research, 4, 213, 10.1093/her/4.2.213 Sussman, 2008 U.S. Census. (2010). The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf. U.S. Census. (2020). 2020 Island Areas Censuses: Guam. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-guam.html. Van Dyne, 2020, Cancer mortality in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands, 2008–2013, Hawai’i Journal of Social Welfare, 79, 99 World Health Organization. (2012). Review of areca (betel) nut and tobacco use in the Pacific: a technical report. World Health Organization: Western Pacific Region. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/206910. World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, fourth edition. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039322. Accessed [April, 2021]. Yoo, 2016, How social media influence college students’ smoking attitudes and intentions, Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 173, 10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.061 Zaleski, 2013, Using peer injunctive norms to predict early adolescent cigarette smoking intentions, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E124