The psychological problems and related influential factors of left-behind adolescents (LBA) in Hunan, China: a cross sectional study
Tóm tắt
Due to lack of companionship of parents, compared with non left behind children, left behind children (LBC) suffer from more psychological problems compared with children live with their parents. The aim of this study was to explore the mental health status and the relationship among psychological problems and the related factors of LBC. Adopting delaminating-random-group sampling and using region, county, village (town) as sampling framework, we utilized Demographic Data Recording Form, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List, Scale of APGAR, Perceived Social Support Scale, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Self-Esteem Scale and Scale of Mental Health for Chinese Middle-school Student to assess 1309 left behind child in junior middle school students’ mental health in Hunan. Statistic description, Structural equation model was adopted to analyze the data. There was a significant difference in score of psychological problems between LBC and non-LBC(F = 18.224, P<0.000). Life event was the major factor(r = .487) that affected psychological problems (path coefficient, PC = 0.08) directly and affect psychological problems indirectly through affecting passive coping (PC = 0.01)and family functioning(PC = 0.02); family functioning impacted psychological problems indirectly through affecting social support (PC = 4.89) and self-esteem (PC = 0.10); social support (PC = −0.02), passive coping (PC =0.07) and active coping PC = −0.04) affected psychological problems directly. Psychoticism (P) (PC = 0.11), Neuroticism (N) influenced psychological problems of LBC both directly (PC = 0.04) and indirectly through affecting self-esteem (PC: P:-1.87; N: -0.83), while Extraversion/Introversion (E) (PC = 0.21) only impact psychological problems indirectly through self-esteem. Altogether, these variables accounted for 50.2% of total variance of psychological problems (F = 130.470, P = 0.000) for LBC. In this research we proved that LBC have more sever psychological problems than non-LBC. We also identified the direct and indirect influential factors of psychological problems of LBC. The findings had important implications for prevention policies and interventions to promote mental health of LBC.
Tài liệu tham khảo
All-China Women’s Federation A Study Report on the Situation of Left - behind Children and Migrant Children in Rural and Urban Areas in China. 2013. Available at:(http://acwf.people.com.cn/n/2013/0510/c99013-21437965.html)
Zhou FL, Duan CR. Reviews of studies of left behind children. Popul J. 2006;3:60–5.
Zhong Y, Zhong Z, Pan J, Li Q, Zhong Y, Sun H. Research on child neglect situation and influential factors of left behind children and living- with- parents children aged 6-17 year-old in rural areas of two provinces, western China. Chin J Prev Med. 2015;49(10):873–8.
Ma S. China's "left behind" children often suffer health consequences. CMAJ. 2010;182(16):E731–2.
Tao S, Yu L, Gao W, Xue W. Food preferences, personality and parental rearing styles: analysis of factors influencing health of left-behind children. Qual Life Res. 2016;25:2921–9.
Tan C, Luo J, Zong R, Fu C, Zhang L, Mou J, Duan D. Nutrition knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and the influencing factors among non-parent caregivers of rural left-behind children under 7 years old in China. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(10):1663–8.
Shen M, Gao J, Liang Z, Wang Y, Yukai D, Stallones L. Parental migration patterns and risk of depression and anxiety disorder among rural children aged 10–18 years in China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2015; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007802.
Shen M, Wang Y, Yang S, Du Y, Xiang H, Stallones L. Agricultural exposures and farm-related injuries among adolescents in rural China. Inj Prev. 2012; doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040326.
Deng FM, Gong XM, Cui HY, Yang YJ, Hu PC. Risk factors for unintentional injury among children in rural areas of Liling, Hunan Province, China. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2014;16(5):524–8.
Yang, et al. Parental migration and smoking behavior of left-behind children: evidence from a survey in rural Anhui, China. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:127.
Jiang S, Chu J, Li C, Medina A, Hu Q, Liu J, Zhou C. Alcohol consumption is higher among left-behind Chinese children whose parents leave rural areas to work. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(12):1298–304.
Ge Y, Se J, Zhang J. Research on relationship among internet-addiction, personality traits and mental health of urban left-behind children. Global J Health Sci. 2014;7(4):60–9.
Adhikari R, Jampaklay A, Chamratrithirong A, Richter K, Pattaravanich U, Vapattanawong P. The impact of parental migration on the mental health of children left behind. J Immigration Minor Health. 2014;16(5):781–9.
Xie JF, Ding SQ, Zhong ZQ, Yi QF, Zeng SN, Hu JH, Zhou JD. Mental health is the most important factor influencing quality of life in elderly left behind when families migrate out of rural China. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014;22(3):364–70.
Jia Z, Tian W. Loneliness of left-behind children: a cross-sectional survey in a sample of rural China. Child Care Health Dev. 2010;36(6):812–7.
He B, Fan J, Liu N, Li H, Wang Y, Williams J, Wong K. Depression risk of 'left-behind children' in rural China. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2–3):306–12.
Zhong Y, Zhong ZH, Pan JP, Wang YX, Liu CY, et al. The situation of children neglect between left-behind children and living-with-parents children in rural areas of two western provinces of China. Chin J Prev Med. 2012;46(1):38–41.
Su S, Li X, Lin D, Xu X, Zhu M. Psychological adjustment among left-behind children in rural China: the role of parental migration and parent-child communication. Child Care Health Dev. 2012; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01400.x.
Wu R, Li J, Liu Q, Wang H. Influences of life event and coping style on left-behind middle school student mental health in a three-gorge area county. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2014;43(4):586–90.
Ai H, Hu J. Psychological resilience moderates the impact of social support on loneliness of "left-behind" children. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(6):1066–73.
Zhong Y, Zhong Z, Pan J, Li Q, Zhong Y, Sun H. Research on child neglect situation and influential factors of left-behind children and living-with-parents children aged 6-17 year-old in rural areas of two provinces, western China. Zhong Hua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015;49(10):873–8.
Hirschi A, Niles SG, Akos P. Engagement in adolescent career preparation: social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. J Adolesc. 2011;34(1):173–82.
Veselska Z, Madarasova Geckova A, Gajdosova B, Orosova O, van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. Social-economic differences in self-esteem of adolescents influenced by personality, mental health and social support. Eur J Pub Health. 2010;20(6):647–52.
Lin HS, Probst JC, Hsu YC. Depression among female psychiatric nurses in southern Taiwan: main and moderating effects of job stress, coping behavior and social support. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19(15–16):2342–54.
Tu Yang-Jun, Guo Yong-Yu. The influence of life-events on negative emotions: social support as a moderator and coping style as a mediator. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2011;19(5). doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2011. 05.018 (Article in Chinese).
Yan W, Y Li, N Sui. The relationship between recent stressful life events, personality traits, perceived family functioning and internet addiction among college students. Stress Health. 2014;30(1):3–11.
Orth U, Luciano EC. Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: testing for selection and socialization. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2015;109(4):707–21. doi:10.1037/pspp0000049.
Xu Lian-Ying, Yang Huimin. Correlation of life events,coping styles and family function of schizophrenia adolescents. J Nursing Sci. 2009;24(3):70-72 (Article in Chinese).
Zeigler-Hill V, Holden CJ, Enjaian B, Southard AC, Besser A, Li H, Zhang Q. Self-esteem instability and personality: the connections between feelings of self-worth and the big five dimensions of personality. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2015;41(2):183–98. doi:10.1177/0146167214559719.
Zeigler-Hill V, Holden CJ, Enjaian B, Southard AC, Besser A, Li H, Zhang Q. Self-esteem instability and personality: the connections between feelings of self-worth and the big five dimensions of personality. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2015;41(2):183–98.
Yen CF, Yang P, Wu YY, Cheng CP. The relation between family adversity and social anxiety among adolescents in Taiwan: effects of family function and self-esteem. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(11):964–70.
Barendregt CS, Van der Laan AM, Bongers IL, Van Nieuwenhuizen C. Adolescents in secure residential care: the role of active and passive coping on general well-being and self-esteem. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;24(7):845–54.
Kleiman EM, Riskind JH. Utilized social support and self-esteem mediate the relationship between perceived social support and suicide ideation. A test of a multiple mediator model. Crisis. 2013 Jan 1;34(1):42–9.
Coyne JC. Stress, social support and the coping process. Ann Rev Psychol. 1991;42:401–26.
Wang JS. Soul era – domination of mental health. Beijing: China City Press; 1998.
Liu XC, Liu QL. The reliability and validity analysis of the adolescent self-rating negative life events check list. Chin J Clin Psychol. 5;1997:34–36 (Article in Chinese).
Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, et al. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52:30–41.
Canty-Mitchell J, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in urban adolescents. Am J Community Psychol. 2000;28:391–400.
Jiang K. The classification of coping and its implication to mental health.Chinese. J Ment Health. 1993;7:14–25.
Zhang Z. 2001. Family care index.China acts med Sci10(special).
Xie YN. Simplified coping style questionnaire. Chin Ment Health J. 1999;13(Suppl):122–4.
Gong YX. Gong Eysenck personality questionnaire revised in China. Psychol Sci Commun. 1984;4(2):11–8.
Rosenberg M. Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1965.
Blascovich J, & Tomaka J. Measures of self-esteem. In JP Robinson, PR Shaver, & LS Wrightsman (Eds.). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. 1993. 3rd ed., pp. 115–160. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.
Li BF. Mental health and intervention of rural left-behind children. Educ Exploration. 2015;5:82–3.
Zhong Y, Zhong ZH, Pan JP, Wang YX, Liu CY, Yang X, et al. The situation of children neglect between left-behind children and living-with-parents children in rural areas of two western provinces of China. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;46(1):38–41.
Zhou ZK, SuN XJ, Liu Y. Psychological development and education problems of children left in rural areas. J Beijing Normal University (Social Science). 2005;1:71–9.
Riesch SK, Anderson LS, Krueger HA. Parent-child communication processes: preventing children’s health-risk behavior. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2006;11:41–56.
Romero DH, Riggs SA, Ruggero C. Coping, family social support, and psychological symptoms among student veterans. J Couns Psychol. 2015;62(2):242–52.
CHENG Zhichao, ZHANG Tao. A study on the policy of protecting the rights and interests of left - behind children in rural areas. Dong Yue Tribune. 2016;(02):97-102.(Article in Chinese).