Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 variants circulating among injecting drug users in Mashhad-Iran
Tóm tắt
Genetic and phylogenetic information on the HIV-1 epidemic in Middle-East Countries, and in particular in Iran, are extremely limited. By March 2004, the Iranian Ministry of Health officially reported a cumulative number of 6'532 HIV positive individuals and 214 AIDS cases in the Iranian HIV-1 epidemic. The intra-venous drug users (IDUs) represent the group at highest risk for HIV-1 infection in Iran, accounting for almost 63% of all HIV-infected population. In this regards, a molecular phylogenetic study has been performed on a sentinel cohort of HIV-1 seropositive IDUs enrolled at the end of 2005 at the University of Mashhad, the largest city North East of Tehran. The study has been performed on both gag and env subgenomic regions amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and characterized by direct DNA sequence analysis. The results reported here show that the HIV-1 subtype A is circulating in this IDUs sentinel cohort. Moreover, the single phylogenetic cluster as well as the intra-group low nucleotide divergence is indicative of a recent outbreak. Unexpectedly, the Iranian samples appear to be phylogenetically derived from African Sub-Saharan subtype A viruses, raising stirring speculations on HIV-1 introduction into the IDUs epidemic in Mashhad. This sentinel study could represent the starting point for a wider molecular survey of the HIV-1 epidemics in Iran to evaluate in detail the distribution of genetic subtypes and possible natural drug-resistant variants, which are extremely helpful information to design diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Gheiratmand R, Navipour R, Mohebbi MR, Hosseini KM, Motaghian-Monazzam M, Mallik AK, Samarbakhsh GR, Jamili P, de Lindvan Wijngaarden JW, Ahmadzadeh N, Goroohi F: A Country studyto review existing capacity building and management of the trainingof teachers on preventive education against HIV/AIDS in the schoolsin IR Iran. Available from the official website of theDeputy of Physical Education and Health, Ministry of Education of the IR Iran. 2003, [http://www.neshat.org/papers/files/paper_1251.mht]
Vazirian M, Nassirimanesh B, Zamani S: Needle and syringe sharing practices of injecting drug users participating in an outreach HIV prevention program in Tehran, Iran: a cross-setional study. Harm Reduct J. 2005, 2: 19-10.1186/1477-7517-2-19.
Zamani S, Kihara M, Gouya MM: High Prevalence of HIV Infection Associated With Incarceration Among Community-based Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, Iran. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006, 42: 342-346. 10.1097/01.qai.0000219785.81163.67.
Gheiratmand R, Navipour R, Mohebbi MR, Mallik AK: Uncertainty on the number of HIV/AIDS patients: our experience in Iran. Sex Transm Infect. 2005, 81: 279-280. 10.1136/sti.2004.012880.
Montazeri A: AIDS knowledge and attitudes in Iran: results from a population-based survey in Tehran. Patient Educ Couns. 2005, 57: 199-203. 10.1016/j.pec.2004.05.014.
Ministry of Health: HIV/AIDS statistics; update March 2004. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health, Center for Disease Management. 2004
UNAIDS: AIDS epidemics by Country. (accessed 9 May 2004), [http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH02_en.pdf]
[http://hiv-web.lanl.gov/components/hiv-db/new_geography/geography.comp?region=world&form=all]
Apetrei C, Descamps D, Collin G: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1subtype F reverse transcriptase sequence and drug susceptibility. J Virol. 1998, 72: 3534-3538.
Descamps D, Apetrei C, Collin G, Damond F, Brun-Vezinet F: Naturally occurring decreased susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype G to protease inhibitors. AIDS. 1998, 12: 1109-1111.
Loussert-Ajaka I, Ly TD, Chaix ML: HIV-1/HIV-2 seronegativity in HIV-1 subtype O infected patients. Lancet. 1994, 343: 1393-4. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92524-0.
Parekh B, Phillips S, Granade TC, Baggs J, Hu DJ, Respess R: Impact of HIV type 1 subtype variation on viral RNA quantitation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999, 15: 133-42. 10.1089/088922299311556.
Gao F, Korber BT, Weaver E, Liao HX, Hahn BH, Haynes BF: Centralized immunogens as a vaccine strategy to overcome HIV-1 diversity. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004, 3 (4 Suppl): S161-8. 10.1586/14760584.3.4.S161. Review
Buonaguro L, Del Gaudio E, Monaco M: Heteroduplex mobility assay and phylogenetic analysis of V3 region sequences of HIV 1 isolates from Gulu – Northern Uganda. J Virol . 1995, 69: 7971-7981.
Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML: Screening of HIV-1 Isolates by Reverse Heteroduplex Mobility Assay and Identification of Non-B Subtypes in Italy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004, 37: 1295-1306.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ: CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22: 4673-4680.
[http://hiv-web.lanl.gov]
Saitou N, Nei M: The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987, 4: 406-425.
Kimura M: A simple method for estimating evolutioanary rates of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequence. J Mol Evol. 1980, 16: 111-120. 10.1007/BF01731581.
McCutchan F: Global epidemiology of HIV. J Med Virol. 2006, 78: S7-S12. 10.1002/jmv.20599.
Korber B, MacInnes K, Smith RF, Myers G: Mutational trends in V3 loop protein sequences observed in different genetic lineages of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1994, 68: 6730-6744.
Sarrami-Forooshani R, Ranjan Das S, Sabahi F: Molecular Analysis and Phylogenetic Characterization of HIV in Iran. J Med Virol. 2006, 78 (7): 853-863. 10.1002/jmv.20634.