The measurement of natural sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation: Three sites in the Eastern United States revisited
Tóm tắt
Sulfur fluxes from bare soils, naturally vegetated surfaces and from several agricultural crops were measured at two mid-continent sites (Ames, Iowa and Celeryville, Ohio) and from one salt water marsh site (Cedar Island, North Carolina) during a field program conducted jointly by the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Washington State University Laboratory for Atmospheric Research and University of Idaho Department of Chemistry during July and August 1985. The sites were chosen specifically because they had been characterized by previous studies (Anejaet al., 1979; Adamset al., 1980, 1981). The NOAA gas chromatographic/dynamic-enclosure measurements yielded bare soil surfaces fluxes from the mid-continent sites composed predominantly of COS, H2S, CH3−S−CH3 (DMS) and CS2, all of which were strongly correlated with air temperature. Net fluxes of approximately 5 and 15 ng S/m2 min were observed in Iowa and Ohio, respectively, at appropriate weighted mean July temperatures. These fluxes are roughly a factor of 10 smaller than the earlier measurements, the greatest difference being in the measurement of the H2S flux. The presence of growing vegetation was observed to measurably increase the flux of H2S, significantly increase that of DMS and to decrease that of COS. Sulfur fluxes in the Cedar Island environs were observed to be both spatially and temporally much more variable and to include CH3SH as a measurable contributor. Net fluxes, composed predominantly of DMS and H2S, were estimated to be about 300 ngS/m2min during August; again about a factor of 10 lower than previous estimates. All measurements were corroborated to within about a factor of 2 by those of the other participating laboratories.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams, D. F., Farwell, S. O., Robinson, E., and Pack, M. R., 1980. Biogenic sulfur emissions in the SURE region, EPRI Report EA-1516, Palo Alto, Calif.
Adams, D. F., Farwell, S. O., Robinson, E., Pack, M. R., and Bamesberger, W. L., 1981, Biogenic sulfur source strengths,Environ. Sci. Tech. 15, 1493–1498.
Aneja, V. P., Overton, J. H.Jr., Cupitt, L. T., Durham, J. L., and Wilson, W. E., 1979a, Direct measurements of emission rates of some atmospheric biogenic sulfur compounds,Tellus 31, 174–178.
Aneja, V. P., Overton, J. H.Jr., Cupitt, L. T., Durham, J. L. and Wilson, W. E., 1979b, Carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide from biogenic sources and their contributions to the global sulphur cycle,Nature 282, 493–496.
Brown, K. A. and Bell, J. N. B., 1986, Vegetation — the missing sink in the global cycle of carbonyl sulphide (COS),Atmos. Environ. 20, 537–540.
Carroll, M. A., 1983, An experimental study of the fluxes of reduced sulfur gases from a salt water marsh, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, Mass.; Coop Thesis 73, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
Delmas, R., Baudet, J., Servant, J., and Baziard, Y., 1980, Emissions and concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the air of the tropical forest of the Ivory Coast and of temperate regions in France,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4468–4474.
Farwell, S. O., Kagel, R. A., Barinaga, C. J., Goldan, P. D., and Kuster, W. C., 1987, Intercomparison of two techniques for the preparation of gaseous sulfur calibration standards in the low-to-sub-PPB range,Atmos. Environ. 21, 1983.
Foulger, B. E. and Simmonds, P. G., 1979, Drier for use in the determination of trace atmospheric gases,Anal. Chem. 51, 1089–1090.
Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., and Albritton, D. L., 1986, A dynamic dilution system for the production of sub-PPB concentrations of reactive and labile species.Atmos. Environ. 20, 1203.
Goldan, P. D. and Kuster, W. C., 1987, A flame photometric detector with linear sulfur response and enhanced sensitivity,Anal. Chem. (submitted).
Hansen, M. H., Ingvorsen, K., and Jorgensen, B. B., 1978, Mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide release from coastal marine sediments to the atmosphere,Limnol. Oceanogr. 23, 68–76.
Hill, F. B., Aneja, V. P., and Felder, R. M., 1978, A technique for measurement of biogenic sulfur emission fluxes.J. Environ. Sci. Health A 13, 199–225.
Kagel, R. A. and Farwell, S. O., 1986, Evaluation of metallic foils for preconcentration of sulfur containing gases with subsequent flash desorption/flame photometric detection.Anal. Chem. 58, 1197–1202.
Kuster, W. C. and Goldan, P. D., 1987, Quantitation of the losses of gaseous sulfur compounds to enclosure walls,Environ. Sci. Tech. (submitted)
Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Allwine, G., Bamesberger, L., and Guenther, A., 1987, Measurement of biogenic sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation: Application of dynamic enclosure methods with Natusch filter and GC/FPD analysis,J. Atmos. Chem. 5, 469–491.
MacTaggart, D. L., Adams, D. F., and Farwell, S. O., 1987, Measurement of biogenic sulfur emissions from soil and vegetation using dynamic enclosure methods: Total sulfur gas emissions via MFC/FD/FPD determination,J. Atmos. Chem. 5, 417–437.
Steudler, P. A. and Peterson, B. J., 1984, Contribution of gaseous sulphur from salt marshes to the global sulphur cycle,Nature 311, 455–457.