A survivor population of wild colonies of European honeybees in the northeastern United States: investigating its genetic structure
Tóm tắt
There is a widespread belief that wild colonies of European honeybees have been eradicated in Europe and North America, killed by viruses spread by the introduced ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. In reality, however, several populations of wild colonies of honeybees in Europe and North America are persisting despite exposure to Varroa. To help understand how this is happening, we tested whether the bees in one of these populations of wild colonies—those living in and around the Arnot Forest (NY, USA)—are genetically distinct from the bees in the nearest managed colonies. We found that the Arnot Forest honeybees are genetically distinct from the honeybees in the two apiaries within 6 km of the forest. Evidently, the population of Arnot Forest honeybees is not supported by a heavy influx of swarms from the nearest managed colonies, which implies that it is self-sustaining. These results suggest that if a closed population of honeybee colonies is allowed to live naturally, it will develop a balanced relationship with its agents of disease. Indeed, it is likely to become well adapted to its local environment as a whole. We suggest four ways to modify beekeeping practices to help honeybees live in greater health.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arechavaleta-Velasco, M.E., Guzmán-Novoa, E. (2001) Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Apidologie 32, 157–174
Belkhir, K.P., Borsa, P., Chikhi, L., Raufaste, N., Bonhomme, F. (2002) Genetix 4.04, logiciel sous windows TM pour la genetic des populations. Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, Université de Montpellier, France
Büchler, R., Berg, S., Le Conte, Y. (2010) Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in Europe. Apidologie 41, 393–408
Burley, L.M., Fell, R.D., Saacke, R.G. (2008) Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa incubated at room temperature from drones exposed to miticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1081–1087
Estoup, A., Garnery, L., Solignac, M., Cornuet, J.-M. (1995) Microsatellite variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations: hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation models. Genetics 140, 679–695
Evans, J.D. (2003) Diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 83, 46–50
Fries, I., Camazine, S. (2001) Implications of vertical and horizontal pathogen transmission for honey bee epidemiology. Apidologie 32, 199–214
Fries, I., Imdorf, A., Rosenkranz, P. (2006) Survival of mite infested (Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate. Apidologie 37, 564–570
Fuchs, S. (1985) Untersuchungen zur quantitativen Abschätzung des Befalls von Bienenvölkern mit Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans und zur Verteilung des Parasiten im Bienenvolk. Apidologie 16, 343–368
Fuchs, S. (1990) Preference for drone brood cells by Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in colonies of Apis mellifera carnica. Apidologie 21, 193–199
Galton, D.R. (1971) Survey of a thousand years of beekeeping in Russia. Bee Research Association, London
Garnery, L., Cornuet, J.-M., Solignac, M. (1992) Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mol. Ecol. 1, 145–154
Gilley, D.C., Tarpy, D.R. (2005) Three mechanisms of queen elimination in swarming honey bee colonies. Apidologie 36, 461–474
Goudet, J. (2001) FSTAT Version 2.9.3: a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices. Institute of Ecology, University of Lausanne. Available at: http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm. Accessed 8 July 2014
Hatjima, F., et al. (2014) Population dynamics of European honey bee genotypes under different environmental conditions. J. Apic. Res. 53, 233–247
Jaffé, R., Dietemann, V., Allsopp, M.H., Costa, C., Crewe, R.M., Dall’Olio, R., De la Rúa, P., El-Niweiri, M.A.A., Fries, I., Kezic, N., et al. (2009) Estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses. Conserv. Biol. 24, 583–593
Kalinowski, S.T. (2005) HP-Rare 1.0: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic diversity. Mol. Ecol. Notes 5, 187–189
Karazafiris, E., Tananaki, C., Menkissoglu-Spirondi, U., Thrasyvoulon, A. (2008) Residue distribution of the acaracide coumaphos in honey following application of a new slow-release formulation. Pest Manag. Sci. 64, 165–171
Korpela, S., Aarhus, A., Fries, I., Hansen, H. (1992) Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in cold climates: population growth, winter mortality and influence on survival of honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Res. 31, 157–164
Kraus, B., Page Jr., R.E. (1995a) Population growth of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in Mediterranean climates of California. Apidologie 26, 149–157
Kraus, B., Page Jr., R.E. (1995b) Effect of Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) on feral Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in California. Environ. Entomol. 24, 1473–1480
Le Conte, Y., de Vaublanc, G., Crauser, D., Jeanne, F., Rousselle, J.-C., Bécard, J.-M. (2007) Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor. Apidologie 38, 566–572
Lindauer, M. (1955) Schwarmbienen auf Wohnungssuche. Z. vergl. Physiol. 37, 263–324
Locke, B., Fries, I. (2011) Characteristics of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) in Sweden surviving Varroa destructor infestation. Apidologie 42, 533–542
Locke, B., LeConte, Y., Crauser, D., Fries, I. (2012) Host adaptations reduce the reproductive success of Varroa destructor in two distinct European honey bee populations. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1144–1150
Loper, G.M., Sammataro, D., Finley, J., Cole, J. (2006) Feral honey bees in southern Arizona 10 years after Varroa infestation. Am. Bee J. 146, 521–524
Moritz, R.F.A., Kraus, B., Kryger, B., Crewe, R.M. (2007) The size of wild honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) and its implications for the conservation of honeybees. J. Insect Conserv. 11, 391–397
Odell, A.L., Lassoie, J.P., Morrow, R.W. (1980) A history of Cornell University’s Arnot Forest. Dept. of Natural Resources Research and Extension Ser. 14, 1–53. [online] http://www2.dnr.cornell.edu/arnot/about/history.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2014
Oleksa, A., Gawronski, R., Tofilski, A. (2013) Rural avenues as a refuge for feral honey bee population. J. Insect Conserv. 17, 465–472
Peng, Y.S., Fang, Y., Xu, S., Ge, L. (1987) The resistance mechanism of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana Fabr., to an ectoparasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 49, 54–60
Pfeiffer, K.J., Crailsheim, K. (1998) Drifting of honeybees. Insect. Soc. 45, 151–167
Potts, S.G., Roberts, S.P.M., Dean, R., Marris, G., Brown, M.A., Jones, R., Neumann, P., Settele, J. (2010) Declines of managed honey bees and beekeepers in Europe. J. Apic. Res. 49, 15–22
Rangel, J., Seeley, T.D. (2012) Colony fissioning in honey bees: size and significance of the swarm fraction. Insect. Soc. 59, 453–462
Raymond, M., Rousset, F. (1995) An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution 49, 1280–1283
Rinderer, T.E., de Guzman, L.I., Delatte, G.T., Stelzer, J.A., Lancaster, V.A., Kuznetsov, V., Beaman, L. (2001) Resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees from far-eastern Russia. Apidologie 32, 381–394
Rinderer, T.E., Harris, J.W., Hunt, G.J., de Guzman, L.I. (2010) Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America. Apidologie 41, 409–424
Rousset, F. (2008) GENEPOP ‘007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 8, 103–106
Ruttner, H., Ruttner, F. (1966) Untersuchungen über die Flugaktivität und das Paarungsverhalten der Drohnen. 3. Flugweite und Flugrichtung der Drohnen. Z. Bienenforschung 8, 332–354
Ruttner, H., Ruttner, F. (1972) Untersuchungen über die Flugaktivität und das Paarungsverhalten der Drohnen. V. Drohnensammelplätze und Paarungsdistanz. Apidologie 3, 203–232
Ruttner, F., Milner E., Dews, J.E. (1990) The dark european honeybee, Apis mellifera mellifera Linnaeus 1758. British Isles Bee Breeders Association
Schmid-Hempel, P. (2011) Evolutionary parasitology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Seeley, T.D. (2007) Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: a population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States. Apidologie 38, 19–29
Seeley, T.D., Morse, R.A. (1976) The nest of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Insect. Soc. 23, 495–512
Seeley, T.D., Morse, R.A. (1977) Dispersal behavior of honey bee swarms. Psyche 94, 199–209
Seeley, T.D., Smith, M.L. (in press) Crowding honeybee colonies in apiaries can increase their vulnerability to the deadly ectoparasite Varroa destructor. Apidologie
Shaibi, T., Lattorff, H.M.G., Moritz, R.F.A. (2008) A microsatellite DNA toolkit for studying population structure in Apis mellifera. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 8, 1034–1036
Sheppard, W.S. (1989) A history of the introduction of honey bee races into the United States. Am. Bee J. 129(617–619), 664–666
Solignac, M., Vautrin, D., Loiseau, A., Mougel, F., Baudry, E., Estoup, A., Garnery, L., Haberl, M., Cornuet, J.-M. (2003) Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) genome. Mol. Ecol. Notes 3, 307–311
Villa, J.D., Bustamante, D.M., Dunkley, J.P., Escobar, L.A. (2008) Changes in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony swarming and survival pre- and postarrival of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Louisiana. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101, 867–871
Visscher, P.K., Seeley, T.D. (1982) Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology 63, 1790–1801
Visscher, P.K., Seeley, T.D. (1989) Bee-lining as a research technique in ecological studies of honey bees. Am. Bee J. 129, 536–539
Wilde, J., Fuchs, S., Bratkowski, J., Siuda, M. (2005) Distribution of Varroa destructor between swarms and colonies. J. Apic. Res. 44, 190–194