Psychological distress among Iranian health-care providers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a qualitative study

BMC Psychiatry - Tập 20 Số 1 - 2020
Ali Alizadeh1, Hamid Reza Khankeh2, Mohammad Barati3, Yazdan Ahmadi4, Arash Hadian5, Maryam Azizi4
1NEZAJA Health Department, Assistance of Mental Health, Tehran, IR, Iran
2University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
4Faculty of Nursing, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
5Department of Clinical Psychology Hajar Hospital, Tehran, IR, Iran

Tóm tắt

Abstract Background Novel corona virus, named COVID-19, has spread rapidly to other countries like Italy, Iran and South Korea and affected all people, especially health-care providers. Therefore, due to the rapid spread of the disease in Iran, the aim of the present study was to explore psychological distress experienced by Iranian health-care providers in the first few weeks of the corona virus outbreak. Methods The present qualitative study was conducted on 18 Iranian health-care providers exposed to COVID − 19 using a content analysis method. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants and continued until data saturation was reached. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and then the qualitative data were analyzed through direct content analysis. Results By analyzing 236 primary codes, two main categories were extracted from the experiences of health-care providers during corona virus outbreak. The first category included Occupational demands with three sub-categories: nature of illness, Organizational demands and social demands. The second category was Supportive resources included personal support and social support. Conclusions The results of this study found that there were some barriers and challenges to medical personnel exposed to COVID-19 that caused psychological distress. Some of these problems related to the nature of illness, others related to social and organizational demands and some of supportive resources buffer the relationship between occupational demands and psychological distress.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976.

Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, Lang Q, Liao C, Wang N, et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan for fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28(5):1002–9.

2020. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/iran/.

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10227):912–20.

Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):300–2.

Park SC, Park YC. Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investig. 2020;17(2):85–6.

Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020;368:m313.

Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228–9.

Bessaha MLJRSWP. Factor structure of the Kessler psychological distress scale (K6) among emerging adults. Res Soc Work Pract. 2017;27(5):616–24.

Marchand A, Drapeau A, Beaulieu-Prévost DJIJSP. Psychological distress in Canada: the role of employment and reasons of non-employment. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2012;58(6):596–604.

Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):e14.

Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2049–55.

Rattrie LT, Kittler MG. The job demands-resources model and the international work context–a systematic review. J Global Mobility. 2014;2(3):260–79.

Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12.

Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499–512.

Montemurro N. The emotional impact of COVID-19: from medical staff to common people. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:23–4.

Lin C-Y. Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health Behavior. 2020;3(1):1.

Jiloha R. COVID-19 and mental health. Epidemiol Int. 2020;5(1):7–9.

Schaufeli WB. Applying the job demands-resources model. Organ Dyn. 2017;2(46):120–32.

Cho S, Noh H, Yang E, Lee J, Lee N, Schaufeli WB, et al. Examining the job demands-resources model in a sample of Korean correctional officers. Curr Psychol. 2020;39(5):1521–34.

Tremblay MA, Messervey D. The job demands-resources model: further evidence for the buffering effect of personal resources. SA J Ind Psychol. 2011;37(2):10–9.

De la Fuente-Solana EI, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Canadas GR, Albendin-Garcia L, Ortega-Campos E, Canadas-De la Fuente GA. Burnout and its relationship with personality factors in oncology nurses. Eur J Oncol Nursing. 2017;30:91–6.

De la Fuente-Solana EI, Canadas GR, Ramirez-Baena L, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Ariza T, Canadas-De la Fuente GA. An explanatory model of potential changes in burnout diagnosis according to personality factors in oncology nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(3):312.

Kim HS, Yeom HA. The association between spiritual well-being and burnout in intensive care unit nurses: a descriptive study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2018;46:92–7.

Busby S. Engaging faith for spiritual fitness: helping new nurses avoid burnout. J Christian Nurs. 2019;36(4):E54–e8.

Labrague LJ, McEnroe-Petitte DM, Gloe D, Thomas L, Papathanasiou IV, Tsaras K. A literature review on stress and coping strategies in nursing students. J Mental Health (Abingdon, England). 2017;26(5):471–80.

Khan F, Rasli AM, Yasir M, Khan Q. Interaction effect of social support: the effect of workload on job burnout among universities academicians: case of Pakistan. Int Transact J Eng Manage Appl Sci Technol. 2019;10(13):10A3.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

BMC Psychiatry

Tập 20 Số 1

Thông tin tác giả