Ciliary activity and pollution

Mogens Pedersen1
1Cilia Laboratory, Pediatric Department, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tóm tắt

The mucociliary clearance is an important part of the nonspecific defense mechanism of the human airways. Coordinated beats of cilia in the nose, trachea, and bronchi propel the mucous layer toward the pharynx, and with it inhaled microorganisms and other particles captured in the mucus. Normal function of this system depends on the efficacy of the ciliary beating and the properties of mucus. Primary ciliary dyskinesia—a congenital respiratory disease characterized by ultrastructural defects and motility disturbances of cilia—has provided us with valuable information about the role the mucociliary function plays in the protection against harmful agents in the inhaled air. Secondary ciliary dyskinesia is described in inflammatory disorders of the respiratory tract, but also some components in air pollution results in malfunction of cilia, damage of ciliated epithelium, or alteration in the mucus. This review will focus on investigations found in the literature concerning the influence of pollutants on ciliary activity. The methods applied will be evaluated.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andersen I, Proctor DF. The fate and effect of inhaled materials. In: Proctor DF, Andersen I. eds. The nose. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982, pp 423–455 Sleigh MA, Blake JR, Liron N (1988) The propulsion of mucus by cilia. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:726–774 Leith D (1968) Cough. Phys Ther 488:439–447 Murray JF (1986) The normal lung. WB Saunders, Philadelphia Wanner A (1977) Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 115:73–125 Sackner MA, Rosen MJ, Wanner A (1973) Estimation of tracheal mucous velocity by bronchofiberscopy. J Appl Physiol 34:495–499 Goodman RM, Yergin MB, Landa JF, Golinvaux HM, Sackner MA (1978) Relationship of smoking history and pulmonary function tests to tracheal mucous velocity in young smokers, exsmokers, and patients with chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 117:205–214 Chopra SK, Taplin GV, Elam D, Carson SA, Golde D (1979) Measurement of tracheal mucociliary transport velocity in humans—smokers versus nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 119 (Suppl):205 Yeates DB, Aspin N, Levison H, Jones MT, Bryan AC (1975) Mucociliary tracheal transport rates in man. J Appl Physiol 39:487–495 Pavia D, Bateman JRM, Clarke SW (1980) Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles. Bull Europ Physiopathol Resp 16:335–366 Gamsu G, Weintraub RM, Nadel JA (1973) Clearance of tantalum from airways of different caliber in man evaluated by a roentgenographic method. Amer Rev Respir Dis 107:214–224 Andersen I, Camner P, Jensen PL, Philipson K, Proctor DF (1974) Nasal clearance in monozygotic twins. Am Rev Respir Dis 110:301–305 Hybbinette J-C (1982) A pharmacological evaluation of the short-term effect of cigarette smoke on mucociliary activity. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm) 94:351–359 Pedersen M (1983) Specific types of abnormal ciliary motility in Kartagener’s syndrome and analogous respiratory disorders. Eur J Respir Dis 64 (Suppl 127):178–190 Rutland J, Cox T, Dewar A, Cole P (1983) Screening for ciliary dyskinesia—a spectrum of defects of motility and structure. Eur J Respir Dis 64(Suppl 127):71–77 Rossman C, Lee RMKW, Forrest JB, Newhouse MT (1983) Nasal cilia in normal man, primary ciliary dyskinesia and other respiratory diseases: analysis of motility and ultrastructure. Eur J Respir Dis 64(Suppl 127):64–70 Fox B, Bull TB, Bakey AR, Rawbone R (1981) The significance of ultrastructural abnormalities of human cilia. Chest 80(Suppl):796–799 Pedersen M, Stafanger G (1983) Bronchopulmonary symptoms in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur J Respir Dis 64(Suppl 127):118–128 Ballenger JJ (1960) Experimental effect of cigarette smoke on human respiratory cilia. New Engl J Med 263:832–835 Dalhamm T (1956) Mucous flow and ciliary activity in the trachea in healthy rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases. Acta Physiol Scand 36(Suppl 123):1–61 Walker TR, Kiefer JE (1966) Ciliostatic components in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. Science 153:1248–1250 Carson S, Goldhamer R, Carpenter R (1966) Mucus transport in the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 93:86–92 Albert RE, Lippmann M, Peterson HT (1971) The effects of cigarette smokings on the kinetics of bronchial clearance in humans and donkey. In: Walton WH (ed) Inhaled particles III. Unwin, Old Working, pp 165–180 Camner P, Philipson K (1972) Tracheobronchial clearance in smoking—concordant twins. Arch Environ Health 25:60–63 Laurenco RV, Klimek ME, Borowski CJ (1971) Deposition and clearance of 2 µ particles in the tracheobronchial tree of normal subjects—smokers and nonsmokers. J Clin Invest 50:1411–1120 Pavia D, Short MD Thompson ML (1970) No demonstrable long-term effect of cigarette smoke on the mucociliary mechanism of the human lung. Nature 226:1228–1231 Thomson ML, Pavia D (1973) Long-term tobacco smoking and mucociliary clearance. Arch Environm Health 28:86–89 Toomes H, Vogt-Moykopf I (1981) Mucociliary clearance in smokers and nonsmokers measured with a bronchoscopic video technical method. In: Nakhosteen JA, Massen W (eds) Bronchology. Martinus Nijhoff, P. The Hague, pp 479–480 Agnew JE, Pavia D, Clarke SW (1986) Mucus clearance from peripheral and central airways of asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 22:263–267 Vastag E, Matthys H, Zsamboki G, Kohler D, Daikeler G (1986) Mucociliary clearance in smokers. Eur J Respir Dis 68:107–113 Stanley PJ, Wilson R, Greenstone MA, MacWilliam, Cole P (1986) Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency. Thorax 41:519–523 Pavia D, Thompson ML, Pocock SL (1971) Evidence for temporary slowing of mucociliary clearance in the lung by tobacco smoke. Nature 231:325–326 Nakhosteen JA, Lindemann L, Vieira J (1982) Mucociliary clearance. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 107:1713–1761 Albert RE, Peterson HT, Bohning DE (1975) Short term effect of cigarette smoking on bronchial clearance in humans. Arch Environ Health 30:361–367 Camner P, Philipson K, Arvidsson T (1971) Cigarette smoking in man. Short-term effect on mucociliary transport. Arch Environ Health 23:421–426 Lippmann M, Albert RE, Yeates DB, Burger JM, Forster WM, Bohning DE (1977) Factors affecting tracheobronchial transport. In: Walton WH (ed) Inhaled particles IV. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977, pp 305–318 Yergin B, Goodmann RM, Landa JF, Golinvaux MK, Sackner MA (1977) Effect of cigarette smoking on tracheal mucous velocity in young smokers with and without airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 115(Suppl)183 Yeates DB, Aspin N, Levison H, Jones MT, Bryan AC (1973) Mucociliary tracheal transport rate in man. J Appl Physiol 39:487–495 Sanchis J, Dolowich M, Chalmers R, Newhouse MT (1971) Regional distribution and lung clearance mechanisms in smokers and non-smokers. In: Walton WH (ed). Inhaled Particles III. Unwin, Old Woking, 183–188 Lindberg S (1985) The regulation of mucociliary activity by substance P released from airway afferent. Thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden Wilson R (1988) Secundary ciliary function. Clin Science 75:113–120 Kensler GJ, Battista SP (1963) Components of cigarette smoke with ciliary depressant activity. New Engl J Med 269:1161–1166 Koenig JQ (1988) Indoor and outdoor pollutants and the upper respiratory tract. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81:1055–1059 Dalhamn T, Rosengren A (1971) Effect of different aldehydes on tracheal mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol 93:496–500 Dahlgren SE, Dalen H, Dalhamn T (1972) Virchows Arch 11:211 Grose EC, Gardner DE, Miller F (1980) Response of ciliated epithelium to ozone and sulfuric acid Environ Res 22:377–385 Wakabaiashi M, Bang BG, Bang FB (1977) Mucociliary transport in chickens infected with Newcastle Disease virus and exposed to sulfur dioxide. Arch Environ Health 32:101–108 Andersen I, Jensen P, Reed SE, Craig JW, Proctor DF, Adams GK (1977) Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide. Arch Environ Health 32:120–125 Newhouse MT, Dolovich M, Obminski G, Wolff RK (1978) Effects of LTV levels of SO2 and H2SO4 on bronchial clearance in exercising man. Arch Environ Health 33:24–32 Jeffery PK, Widdicombe JG, Reid L (1976) Anatomical and physiological features of irritation of the bronchial tree. In: Aharonson EF, Ben-David A, Klingberg MA (eds) Air pollution and the Lung. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 253–267 Carson JL, Collier AM, Hu S, Smith CA, Stewart P (1987) The appearance of compound cilia in the nasal mucosa of normal human subjects following acute in vivo exposure to sulfur dioxide. Environ Res 42:155–165 Asmundsson T, Kilburn KH, McKenzie WN (1973) Injury and metaplasia of airway cells due to SO2. Lab Invest 29:41–53 Leikauf G, Yeates DB, Wales K, Lippman M (1979) Effect of inhaled sulfuric acid mist on tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance and respiratory mechanics in healthy non smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 119(Suppl):227 Boatman ES, Sato S, Frank R (1974) Acute effect of ozone on cat lungs. II. Structural. Am Rev Respir Dis 110:157–169 Morgan KT, Patterson DL, Gross EA (1986) Response of the nasal mucociliary apparatus to airborne irritants. In: Barrow CS (ed) Toxicology of the nasal passages. Hemisphere, Washington, DC Adalis D, Gardner DE, Miller FJ, Coffin DL (1977) Toxic effect of cadmium on ciliary activity using a tracheal ring model system. Environ Res 13:111–120 Torjussen W (1979) Rhinoscopical findings in nickel workers. Acta Otolaryngol 88:279–288 Doll R, Morgan LG, Speizer FE (1970) Cancer of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickelworkers. Br J Cancer 24:623–632 Mass MJ, Lane BP (1976) Effect of chromates on ciliated cells of rat tracheal epithelium. Arch Environ Health 31:96–100 Pavia D, Bateman JRM, Sheahan NF, Clarke SW (1979) Effect of ipratropiumbromide on mucociliary clearance and pulmonary function in reversible airway obstruction. Thorax 34:501–517 Borum P, Holten A, Loekkegaard N (1979) Depression of nasal mucociliary transport by an aerosol hair-spray. Scand J Resp Dis 60:253–259 Friedman M, Daugherty R, Nelson SR, White RP, Sackner MA, Wanner A (1977) Acute effects of an aerosol hairspray on tracheal mucociliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:281–286 Matulionis DH (1976) Light and electron microscopic study of the degeneration and early regeneration of olfactory epithelium in the mouse. Am J Anat 145:79 Baldetorp L, v Mecklenburg C, Håkansson CH (1977) Ultrastructural alterations in ciliary cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Cell Tissue Res 180:421–431 Baldetorp L, Huberman D, Håkansson CH, Toiemalm NG (1976) Effects of ionizing radiation on the activity of ciliated epithelium of the trachea. Acta Radiol Ther Biol 15:225–232 Black A, Evans JC, Hadfield EH, Macbeth RG, Morgan A, Walsh M (1974) Impairment of nasal mucociliary clearance in woodworkers in the furniture industry. Br J Ind Med 31:10–17 Andersen HC, Andersen I, Solgaard J (1977) Nasal cancer, symptoms and upper airway function in woodworkers. Br J Ind Med 34:201–207 Goldsmith DF, Shy CM (1988) Respiratory health effects from occupational exposure to wood dusts. Scand J Work Environ Health 14:1–15 Jeffery PK, Reid LM (1981) The effect of tobacco smoke, with or without phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), on rat bronchial epithelium: A light and electron microscopic study. J Pathol 133:341–359