Big four accounting firms’ annual reviews: A photo analysis of gender and race portrayals

AccountancyAge, Top 50 Survey. AccountancyAge, 2008;12(June):20–26. Adams, 1995, Corporate equal opportunities (non) disclosure, British Accounting Review, 27, 87, 10.1006/bare.1994.0005 Adams, 1998, The changing portrayal of the employment of women in British banks and retail companies’ corporate annual reports, Accounting, Organisations and Society, 23, 781, 10.1016/S0361-3682(98)00028-2 Adams, 2004, Reporting and the politics of difference: (non) disclosure on ethnic minorities, Abacus, 40, 405, 10.1111/j.1467-6281.2004.00164.x Adoni, 1984, Media and social construction of reality: toward integration of theory and research, Communication Research, 11, 320, 10.1177/009365084011003001 Aerts, 2009, Media legitimacy and corporate environmental communication, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34, 1, 10.1016/j.aos.2008.02.005 AICPA, AICPA Minority Initiatives; 2008. www.aicpa.org [accessed 29.10.08]. Anderson, 1992, The corporate annual report: a photo analysis of male and female portrayals, The Journal of Business Communication, 29, 113, 10.1177/002194369202900201 Anderson-Gough, 1998 Anderson-Gough, 2001, Tests of time; organisational time reckoning and the making of accountants in two multi-national firms, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26, 99, 10.1016/S0361-3682(00)00019-2 Anderson-Gough, 2005, “Helping them to forget…” the organizational embedding of gender relations in public audit firms, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30, 469, 10.1016/j.aos.2004.05.003 Annisette, 2003, The colour of accountancy: examining the salience of race in a professionalisation project, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28, 639, 10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00030-2 Baxter, 1985, A content analysis of music videos, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 29, 333, 10.1080/08838158509386589 Benschop, 2002, Keeping up gendered appearances: representations of gender in annual financial reports, Accounting Organizations and Society, 27, 611, 10.1016/S0361-3682(01)00049-6 Beard, 1994, Popular culture and professional identity: accountants in the movies, accounting, Organizations and Society, 19, 303, 10.1016/0361-3682(94)90038-8 Beattie, 2005, Moving the financial accounting research front forward: the UK contribution, British Accounting Review, 37, 85, 10.1016/j.bar.2004.09.004 Bourgen, 1994, Joking apart: the serious side to the accounting stereotype, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 19, 319, 10.1016/0361-3682(94)90039-6 Broadbent, 1998, The gendered nature of “accounting logic”: pointers to an accounting that encompasses multiple values, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 9, 267, 10.1006/cpac.1997.0158 Broadbent, 2008, Glass ceilings, glass cliffs or new worlds? Revisiting gender and accounting, Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal, 21, 465, 10.1108/09513570810872888 Bruce, 2004, Marking the boundaries of the ‘Normal’ in televised sports: the play-by-play of race, Media, Culture & Society, 26, 861, 10.1177/0163443704047030 Chow-White, 2006, Race, gender and sex on the net: semantic networks of selling and storytelling sex tourism, Media, Culture and Society, 28, 883, 10.1177/0163443706068922 Ciancanelli, 1990, Gender and accountancy: some evidence from the UK, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 1, 117, 10.1016/1045-2354(90)02011-7 Clagett L, Hirasuna D. A Historical Review of Annual Report & Design. New York: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design; 1998. Connolly, 2006, vol. 36 Cooper, 2000, From taylorism to Ms Taylor: the transformation of the accounting craft, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 25, 555, 10.1016/S0361-3682(99)00052-5 Covaleski, 1985, Practice management issues in public accounting firms, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 1, 5 Czarniawska, 2008, Accounting and gender across times and places: an excursion into fiction, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33, 33, 10.1016/j.aos.2006.09.006 Czarniawska, 2006, Strong plots. Popular culture in management practice and theory Daly, 1998, Redefining a certified public accounting firm, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23, 549, 10.1016/S0361-3682(98)00006-3 Dimnik, 2006, Accountant stereotypes in movies distributed in North America in the twentieth century, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31, 129, 10.1016/j.aos.2004.10.001 Dirsmith, 1997, Structure and agency in an institutionalized setting: the application and social transformation of control in the Big Six, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22, 1, 10.1016/S0361-3682(96)00005-0 DTT, Annual Review. London, DTT; 2004. DTT, Annual Review, London, DTT; 2005. DTT, Annual Review. London, DTT; 2006. DTT, Annual Review. London, DTT, 2007. Duff, 2004 E&Y, Annual Review. London: E&Y; 2003. E&Y, Annual Review. London: E&Y; 2004. E&Y, Annual Review. London, E&Y; 2005. E&Y, Annual Review. London, E&Y; 2006. E&Y, Annual Review. London: E&Y; 2007. Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2008 Fisher, 2000, Is the profession colour blind?, Accountancy, 42 Fogarty, 1997, Towards progress in gender research in accounting: challenges for studies in three domains, Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting, 4, 37, 10.1080/10293574.1997.10510509 Friedman, 2001, The beancounter stereotype: towards a general model of stereotype generation, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 12, 423, 10.1006/cpac.2000.0451 Gammie, 1995, Women chartered accountants—progressing in the right direction?, Women in Management Review, 12, 167, 10.1108/09649429710182332 Gammie, 2007 Gerbner, 1994, Growing up with television: the cultivation perspective, 17 Graves, 1996, Pictures and the bottom line: television epistemology of U.S. annual reports, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21, 57, 10.1016/0361-3682(94)00026-R Grey, 1998, On being a professional in a Big Six firm, Accounting Organizations and Society, 23, 569, 10.1016/S0361-3682(97)00003-2 Hammond, 1997, From complete exclusion to minimal inclusion: African Americans and the public accounting industry 1965–1988, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22, 29, 10.1016/0361-3682(95)00047-X Hammond, 1994, Overcoming barriers: early African-American certified public accountants, Accounting Organizations and Society, 19, 271, 10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3 Hammond, 2009, South Africa's transition from apartheid: the role of professional closure in the experiences of black chartered accountants, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34, 705, 10.1016/j.aos.2008.09.002 Hanlon, 2004, Institutional forms and organizational structures: homology, trust and reputational capital in professional service firms, Organization, 11, 187, 10.1177/1350508404041613 Hines, 1988, Financial accounting: in communicating reality, we construct reality, Accounting Organizations and Society, 13, 251, 10.1016/0361-3682(88)90003-7 Hines, 1992, Accounting: filling the negative space, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17, 313, 10.1016/0361-3682(92)90027-P Holstrom, 2004, The effects of the media on body image: a meta analysis, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48, 196, 10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_3 Hooks, 1991, Professionalism and self interest: a critical view of the expectations gap, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 3, 109, 10.1016/1045-2354(92)90007-E Hooks, 1988, Women accountants—current status and future prospects, Journal of Accountancy, 18 Hopwood, 1998, Exploring the modern audit firm: an introduction, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23, 515, 10.1016/S0361-3682(98)00045-2 Hull, 1997, An examination of gender stereotyping as an explanation for vertical job segregation in public accounting, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22, 507, 10.1016/S0361-3682(96)00028-1 Jeacle, 2008, Beyond the boring grey: the construction of the colourful accountant, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19, 1296, 10.1016/j.cpa.2007.02.008 Johnson, 2008, Alternative work arrangements and perceived career success: current evidence from the big four firms in the US, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33, 48, 10.1016/j.aos.2006.12.005 Kanter, 1977 Kirkham, 1993, Gender and the construction of the professional accountant, Accounting Organisations and Society, 18, 507, 10.1016/0361-3682(93)90002-N KPMG, Annual Review. London: KPMG; 2003. KPMG, Annual Review. London: KPMG; 2004. KPMG, Annual Review. London: KPMG; 2005. KPMG, Annual Review. London: KPMG; 2006. KPMG, Annual Review. London: KPMG; 2007. Lehman, 1990, The importance of being Ernest: gender conflicts in accounting, Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 5, 137 Lehman, 1992, “Herstory” in accounting: the first eighty years, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17, 261, 10.1016/0361-3682(92)90024-M Lehman, 1987, The “real” cultural significance of accounts, Accounting Organizations and Society, 12, 513, 10.1016/0361-3682(87)90033-X Liu, 2006, An examination of the effects of print media exposure and contact on subjective social reality and acculturation attitudes, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 365, 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.007 Lovdal, 1989, Gender role messages in television commercials: an update, Sex Roles, 21, 715, 10.1007/BF00289804 Lowe, 2001, The influence of gender, ethnicity and individual differences on perceptions of career progression in public accounting, International Journal of Auditing, 5, 53, 10.1111/1099-1123.00325 Matthews, 2001 McKinstry, 1996, Designing the annual reports of Burton plc from 1930 to 1994, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21, 89, 10.1016/0361-3682(95)00016-3 Michielsen, 1995 Morley, 2001 Mottier I. Taal en beeldvorming in leermiddelen. Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschappen. In Taal en beeldvorming over vrouwen en mannen. Den Haag: Ministerie OCenW; 1996. p. 63–73. Neimark, 1992 Neu, 1998, Managing public impressions: environmental disclosures in annual reports, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23, 265, 10.1016/S0361-3682(97)00008-1 Preston, 1996, Imag[in]ing annual reports, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21, 113, 10.1016/0361-3682(95)00032-5 Preston, 2000, Constructing the global corporation and corporate constructions of the global: a picture essay, Accounting Organizations and Society, 27, 427, 10.1016/S0361-3682(98)00066-X Professional Oversight Board in Accounting (POB), 2009 PwC, Annual Review. London: PwC; 2003. PwC, Annual Review. London: PwC; 2004. PwC, Annual Review. London, PwC; 2005. PwC, Annual Review. London, PwC; 2006. PwC, Annual Review. London, PwC; 2007. Saunders, 2008, Content analysis, 58 Simpson, 2005, An investigation of silence and a scrutiny of transparency: re-examining gender in organization literature through the concepts of voice and visibility, Human Relations, 58, 1253, 10.1177/0018726705058940 Spruill, 1995, The struggle of women in accounting: the case of Jennie Palen, pioneer accountant, historian and poet, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 6, 371, 10.1006/cpac.1995.1033 Stanton, 2002, Corporate annual reports: perspectives used, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 15, 478, 10.1108/09513570210440568 Street, 1993, The central life interests and organizational professional commitment of men and women employed by accounting firms, Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 5, 201 Taylor, 1997, Portrayals of Latinos in magazine advertising, Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 74, 285, 10.1177/107769909707400204 Tinker, 1987, The role of annual reports in gender and class contradictions at General Motors: 1917–1976, Accounting Organisations and Society, 12, 71, 10.1016/0361-3682(87)90017-1 White, 2002, Corporate self, corporate reputation and corporate annual reports: re-enrolling Goffman, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 18, 285, 10.1016/S0956-5221(01)00013-6 Whiting, 2001, Explaining gender inequality in the New Zealand accounting profession, British Accounting Review, 33, 191, 10.1006/bare.2001.0161 Whitelock, 1997, Women in TV advertising: a comparison between the UK and France, European Business Review, 97, 294, 10.1108/09555349710189996 Zhou, 1997, A content analysis of men and women in Canadian consumer magazine advertising: today's portrayal, yesterday's image?, Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 485, 10.1023/A:1017973232441