Positive interactions between nitrogen-fixing legumes and four different neighbouring species in a biodiversity experiment

Bertness MD, Callaway HS (1994) Physical stress and positive associations among marsh plants. Am Nat 144:363–372

Brophy LS, Heichel GH, Russelle MP (1987) Nitrogen transfer from forage legumes to grass in a systematic planting design. Crop Sci 27:753–758

Carlsson G, Huss-Danell K (2003) Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field. Plant Soil 253:353–372

Chu GX, Shen QR, Cao KL (2004) Nitrogen fixation and N transfer from peanut to rice cultivated in aerobic soil in an intercropping system and its effect on soil N fertility. Plant Soil 263:17–27

Clements FE, Goldsmith GW (1924) The phytometer method in ecology: the plant and community as instruments. Publications of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, pp 1–356

Connell JH, Slatyer RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am Nat 111:1119–1144

Ellenberg H (1996) Die Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht, 5th edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart

Fargione J, Brown CS, Tilman D (2003) Community assembly and invasion: an experimental test of neutral versus niche processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:8916–8920

Fox JW (2005) Interpreting the “selection effect” of biodiversity on ecosystem function. Ecol Lett 8:846–856

Fridley JD (2001) The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where, and why? Oikos 93:514–526

Gehring C, Vlek PLG (2004) Limitations of the 15N natural abundance method for estimating biological nitrogen fixation in Amazonian forest legumes. Basic Appl Ecol 5:567–580

Govindarajulu M, Pfeffer PE, Abubaker J, Douds DD, Allen JW, Bücking H, Lammers PJ, Shacher-Hill Y (2005) Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 435:819–823

Handley LL, Scrimegeour CM (1997) Terrestrial plant ecology and 15N natural abundance: the present limits to interpretation for uncultivated systems with original data from a Scottish old field. Adv Ecol Res 27:132–212

Harley JL, Harley EL (1986) A check-list of mycorrhiza in The British Flora. New Phytol 105:1–102

Hatch DJ, Murray PJ (1994) Transfer of nitrogen from damaged roots of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to closely associated roots of intact perennial ryegrass (Lolium preenne L.). Plant Soil 166:181–185

Hector A (1998) The effect of diversity on productivity: detecting the role of species complementarity. Oikos 82:597–599

Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira MC, Diemer M, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Finn J, Freitas H, Giller PS, Good J, Harris R, Högberg P, Huss-Danell K, Joshi J, Jumpponen A, Körner C, Leadley PW, Loreau M, Minns A, Mulder CPH, O’Donovan G, Otway SJ, Pereira JS, Prinz A, Read DJ, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze E-D, Siamantziouras A-SD, Spehn E, Terry AC, Troumbis AY, Woodward FI, Yachi S, Lawton JH (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123–1127

Hector A, Bazeley-White E, Loreau M, Otway S, Schmid B (2002) Overyielding in grassland communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments. Ecol Lett 5:502–511

Hooper DU, Vitousek PM (1997) The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1302–1305

Högberg P (1997) Tansley review No. 95: N15 natural abundance in soil–plant systems. New Phytol 137:179–203

Høgh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK (1994) Measurement of biological dinitrogen fixation in grassland: comparison of the enriched 15N dilution and the natural 15N abundance methods at different nitrogen application rates and defoliation frequencies. Plant Soil 166:153–163

Høgh-Jensen H, Schjoerring JK (2000) Below-ground nitrogen transfer between different grassland species: direct quantification by N-15 leaf feeding compared with indirect dilution of soil N-15. Plant Soil 227:171–183

Huston MA (1997) Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449–460

Huston MA, Aarssen LW, Austin MP, Cade BS, Fridley JD, Garnier E, Grime JP, Hodgson J, Lauenroth WK, Thompson K, Vandermeer JH, Wardle DA (2000) No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity. Science 289:1255

Kahmen A, Renker C, Unsicker S, Buchmann N (2006) Niche complementarity for nitrogen: An explanation for the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Ecology 87(5):1244–1255

Kluge G, Müller-Westermeier G (2000) Das Klima ausgewählter Orte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Jena. Ber Dtsch Wetterd 213, Offenbach am Main, Germany

Lambers JHR, Harpole WS, Tilman D, Knops J, Reich PB (2004) Mechanisms responsible for the positive diversity–productivity relationship in Minnesota grasslands. Ecol Lett 7:661–668

Ledgard SF, Giller KE (1995) Atmospheric N2 fixation as an alternative N source. In: Bacon PE (ed) Nitrogen fertilization in the environment. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 443–486

Loreau M, Hector A (2001) Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412:72–76

McKey D (1994) Legumes and nitrogen: the evolutionary ecology of a nitrogen-demanding lifestyle. In: Sprent JI, McKey D (eds) Advances in legume systematics 5: the nitrogen factor. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 211–228

Mosier AR (2002) Environmental challenges associated with needed increases in global nitrogen fixation. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 63:101–116

Mulder CPH, Jumpponen A, Högberg P, Huss-Danell K (2002) How plant diversity and legumes affect nitrogen dynamics in experimental grassland communities. Oecologia 133:412–421

Murray PJ, Clements RO (1998) Transfer of nitrogen between clover and wheat: Effects of root herbivory. Eur J Soil Biol 34:25–30

Mwangi PN, Schmitz M, Scherber C, Roscher C, Schumacher J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Weisser WW, Schmid B (2006) Niche pre-emption increases with species richness in experimental plant communities. J Ecol (in press)

Palmborg C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Jumpponen A, Carlsson G, Huss-Danell K, Högberg P (2005) Inorganic soil nitrogen under grassland plant communities of different species composition and diversity. Oikos 110:271–282

Paynel F, Murray PJ, Cliquet JB (2001) Root exudates: a pathway for short-term N transfer from clover and ryegrass. Plant Soil 229:235–243

Roscher C, Schumacher J, Baade J, Wilcke W, Gleixner G, Weisser WW, Schmid B, Schulze E-D (2004) The role of biodiversity for element cycling and trophic interactions: an experimental approach in a grassland community. Basic Appl Ecol 5:107–121

Roscher C, Temperton VM, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmitz M, Schumacher J, Schmid B, Buchmann N, Weisser WW, Schulze ED (2005) Overyielding in experimental grassland communities—irrespective of species pool or spatial scale. Ecol Lett 8:419–429

Sanford P, Pate JS, Unkovitch MJ, Thompson AN (1995) Nitrogen fixation in grazed and ungrazed subterranean clover pasture in south west Australia assessed by the 15N natural abundance technique. Austral J Agri Res 46:1427–1443

Scherer-Lorenzen M, Palmborg C, Prinz A, Schulze E-D (2003) The role of plant diversity for nitrate leaching in grasslands. Ecology 84:1539–1552

Schmid B, Hector A, Huston MA, Inchausti P, Nijs I, Leadley PW, Tilman D (2002) The design and anlysis of biodiversity experiments. In: Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning—synthesis and perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 61–75

Shearer G, Kohl DH (1988) Estimates of N2 fixation in ecosystems: the need for and basis of the 15N natural abundance method. In: Rundel PW, Ehleringer JR, Nagy KA (eds) Stable isotopes in ecological research. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 324–374

Shen QR, Chu GX (2004) Bi-directional transfer in an intercropping system of peanut with rice cultivated in aerobice soil. Biol Fertil Soils 40(2):81–87

Spehn EM, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Hector A, Caldeira MC, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Finn JA, Jumpponen A, O´Donnavan G, Pereira JS, Schulze E-D, Troumbis AY, Körner C (2002) The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross-European study of grassland biomass nitrogen. Oikos 98:205–218

Spehn EM, Hector A., Joshi J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Bazeley-White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira MC, Diemer M, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Finn J, Freitas H, Giller PS, Good J, Harris R, Högberg P, Huss-Danell K, Jumpponen A, Koricheva J, Leadley PW, Loreau M, Minns A, Mulder CPH, O’Donovan G, Otway SJ, Palmborg C, Pereira JS, Pfisterer AB, Prinz A, Read DJ, Schulze E-D, Siamantziouras A-SD, Terry AC, Troumbis AY, Woodward FI, Yachi S, Lawton JH (2005) Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grasslands. Ecol Monogr 75:27–63

Thomas BD, Bowman WD (1998) The influence of N-2 fixing Trifolium on plant species composition and biomass production in alpine tundra. Oecologia 115:26–31

Tilman D (1996) Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77:350–363

Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, Reich P, Ritchie M, Siemann E (1997) The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300–1302

Tilman D (1999) The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80:1455–1475

Timmer VR, Morrow LD (1984) Predicting fertilizer growth response and nutrient status of jack pine by foliar diagnosis. In: Stone EL (ed) Forest soils and treatment impacts. The University of Tennesse, Knoxville, TN, pp 335–351

Tomm GO, Walley Fl, van Kessel C, Slinkard AE (1995) Nitrogen cycling in an alfalfa and bromegrass sward via litterfall and harvest losses. Agron J 87:1078–1085

Turnbull LA, Rahm S, Baudois O, Eichenberger-Glinz S, Wacker L, Schmid B (2005) Experimental invasion by legumes revelas non-random assembly rules in grassland communities. J Ecol 93:1062–1070

Uselmann SM, Qualls RG, Thomas RB (1999) A test of a potential short cut in the nitrogen cycle: The role of exudation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from the roots of a N-fixing tree and the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature. Plant Soil 212:21–32

Vandermeer JH (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Van Ruijven J, Berendse F (2003) Positive effects of plant species diversity on productivity in the absence of legumes. Ecol Lett 6:170–175

Wardle D (1999) Is “sampling effect” a problem for experiments investigating biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships? Oikos 87:403–407

Wassen MJ, Venterink HO, Lapshina ED, Tanneberger F (2005) Endangered plants persist under phosphorus limitation. Nature 437:547–550

Xiao YB, Li L, Zhang FS (2004) Effect of root contact on interspecific competition and N transfer between wheat and fababean using direct and indirect N-15 techniques. Plant Soil 262:45–54