Postpartum care for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across urban, rural and remote locations: a protocol for a cohort linkage study

SpringerPlus - Tập 2 Số 1 - 2013
Catherine Chamberlain1, Bronwyn Fredericks2, Bronwyn Davis3, Jacqueline Mein4, Catherine L. Smith5, Sandra Eades6, Brian Oldenburg1
1Global Health and Society Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Prahan, Australia
2Office of Indigenous Engagement, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Australia
3Cairns Diabetes Centre, Cairns, Australia
4Apunipima Cape York Health Council, Cairns, Australia
5Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Prahan, Australia
6Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

American Association for Clinical Chemistry: Lab tests online. 2012. . Accessed 11/06/2012 http://www.labtestsonline.org.au/understanding/analytes/glucose/tab/test

American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (position statement). Diabetes Care 2009, 32(Suppl 1):S62-S67.

Australian Bureau of Statistics: Diabetes in the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2008.

Australian Bureau of Statistics: The health and welfare of Australia’s aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 2010. 2010. ABS. . Accessed 17/6/2010 2010 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4704.0/ ABS. . Accessed 17/6/2010 2010

Australian Bureau of Statistics: Information paper: perspectives on aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander identification in selected data collection contexts. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2012.

Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council: Population based screening framework. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2008. . Accessed 29/8/2013 http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/pop-based-screening-fwork/$File/screening-framework.pdf

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Australia’s health 2010. Canberra: AIHW; 2010.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Diabetes in pregnancy: its impact on Australian women and their babies. Diabetes series no. 14. Canberra: AIHW; 2010.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: National Data Dictionary Version 2012. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2012. . Accessed 15/2/2013 http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737422824

Bell R, Lie M, Hayes L, Lewis-Barned N, May C, White M: Preventing Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: Women’s experiences and implications for diabetes prevention interventions. Diabet Med 2011, 28: 10.

Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, Williams D: Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009, 373(9677):1773-1779. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60731-5 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5

Benjamin E, Winters D, Mayfield J, Gohdes D: Diabetes in pregnancy in Zuni Indian women. Prevalence and subsequent development of clinical diabetes after gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1993, 16(9):1231-1235. 10.2337/diacare.16.9.1231

Bennett WL, Robinson KA, Saldanha IJ, Wilson LM, Nicholson WK: High priority research needs for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Womens Health 2012, 21(9):925-932. 10.1089/jwh.2011.3270

Bentley-Lewis R, Levkoff S, Stuebe A, Seely EW: Gestational diabetes mellitus: postpartum opportunities for the diagnosis and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008, 4(10):552-558. 10.1038/ncpendmet0965

Bhattarai MD: Three patterns of rising type 2 diabetes prevalence in the world: Need to widen the concept of prevention in individuals into control in the community. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2009, 48(174):173-179.

Bilhartz T, Bilhartz P, Bilhartz T, Bilhartz R: Making Use of a Natural Stress Test: Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Risk. J Womens Health 2011, 20(5):695-701. 10.1089/jwh.2010.2291

Bower C, Stanley F, Connell AF, Gent CR, Massey MS: Birth defects in the infants of aboriginal and non-aboriginal mothers with diabetes in Western Australia. Med J Aust 1992, 156(8):520-524.

Brown W, Trost S: Life transitions and changing physical activity patterns in young women. Am J Prev Med 2003, 25(2):140-143. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00119-3

Canadian Diabetes Association: Diabetes: Canada at the tipping point—charting a new path. 2011. . Accessed 15/2/2013 http://www.diabetes.ca/advocacy/reports-and-information/diabetes-canada-at-the-tipping-point/

Carson MP, Frank MI, Keely E: Postpartum testing rates among women with a history of gestational diabetes: Systematic review. Prim Care Diabetes 2013, 7(3):177-186. 10.1016/j.pcd.2013.04.007

Chamberlain C, Yore D, Li H, Williams E, Oldenburg B, Oats J, McNamara B, Eades S: Diabetes in pregnancy among indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: a method for systematic review of studies with different designs. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011, 11: 104. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-1111-1104 10.1186/1471-2393-11-104

Chamberlain C, McNamara B, Williams ED, Yore D, Oldenburg B, Oats J, Eades S: Diabetes in pregnancy among indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States: A systematic review of the evidence for screening in early pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013, 29(4):241-256. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2389 10.1002/dmrr.2389

Chodick G, Elchalal U, Sella T, Heymann A, Porath A, Kokia E, Shalev V: The risk of overt diabetes mellitus among women with gestational diabetes: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2010, 27(7):779-785. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02995.x

Clark HD, Keely E: Getting mothers with gestational diabetes to return for postpartum testing: What works and what does not. Diabetes Manag 2012, 2(1):33-39. 10.2217/dmt.11.64

Colagiuri S, Davies D, Girgis S, Colagiuri R: National evidence based guideline for case detection and diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes. Canberra: Diabetes Australia and the NHMRC; 2009.

Cosson E: Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 2010, 36: 538-548. 10.1016/j.diabet.2010.11.007

Coustan DR: Finding and treating gestational diabetes mellitus–does it help? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010, 6(10):540. (543) 10.1038/nrendo.2010.148

Coustan DR, Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Dyer AR: The Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: paving the way for new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, 202: 654. e651

Crowther C, Hiller J, Moss J, McPhee A, Jeffries W, Robinson J: Australian carbohydrate intolerance study in pregnant women (ACHOIS) trial group: Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(24):2477-2486. 10.1056/NEJMoa042973

Daniells S, Grenyer B, Davis W, Coleman K, Burgess J, Moses R: Gestational diabetes mellitus: is a diagnosis assoicated with an increase in maternal anxiety and stress in the short and intermediate term? Diabetes Care 2003, 26: 385-389. 10.2337/diacare.26.2.385

Dannenbaum D, Verronneau M, Torrie J, Smeja H, Robinson E, Dumont C, Kovitch I, Webster T: Comprehensive computerized diabetes registry. Serving the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (eastern James Bay). Can Fam Physician 1999, 45: 364-370.

Davis B, Bond D, Howat P, Sinha AK, Falhammar H, Davis B, Bond D, Howat P, Sinha AK, Falhammar H: Maternal and neonatal outcomes following diabetes in pregnancy in Far North Queensland, Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 49(4):393-399. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01021.x

Davis B, McLean A, Sinha AK, Falhammar H: A threefold increase in gestational diabetes over two years: Review of screening practices and pregnancy outcomes in Indigenous women of Cape York, Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2013, 53(4):363-368. doi:10.1111/ajo.12042 10.1111/ajo.12042

Demirtas B: Strategies to support breastfeeding: a review. Int Nurs Rev 2012, 59(4):474-481. 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01017.x

Depczynski B, Wong VW, Russell HD, Opi N: The impact of potential new diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia. Med J Aust 2011, 195(5):268. 10.5694/mja11.10368

Dyck RF: Tracking ancient pathways to a modern epidemic: diabetic end-stage renal disease in Saskatchewan aboriginal people. Kidney Int Suppl 2005, 97: S53-S57.

Dyck RF, Sheppard MS, Cassidy H, Chad K, Tan L, Van Vliet SH: Preventing NIDDM among aboriginal people: is exercise the answer? Description of a pilot project using exercise to prevent gestational diabetes. Int J Circumpolar Health 1998, 57(Suppl 1):375-378.

Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, Stang MR: Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Can Med Assoc J 2010, 182(3):249-256. 10.1503/cmaj.090846

Eades SJ, Taylor B, Bailey S, Williamson AB, Craig JC, Redman S, for the SEARCH Investigators: The health of urban Aboriginal people: insufficient data to close the gap. Med J Aust 2010, 193(9):521-524.

Falhammar H, Davis B, Sinha A: Maternal and neonatal outcomes in the Torres Strait with a sixfold increase in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy over six years. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010, 50(2):120-126. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01133.x

Farrell T, Neale L, Cundy T: Congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2002, 19(4):322-326. 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00700.x

Flack J, Ross G, Ho S, McElduff A: Recommended changes to diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes: Impact on workload. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010, 50: 439-443. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01218.x

Gabbe SG, Landon MB, Warren-Boulton E, Fradkin J: Promoting health after gestational diabetes: A national diabetes education program call to action. Obstet Gynecol 2011, 119(1):171-176.

Gray-Donald K, Robinson E, Collier A, David K, Renaud L, Rodrigues S: Intervening to reduce weight gain in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus in Cree communities: an evaluation. Can Med Assoc J 2000, 163(10):1247-1251.

HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group: Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(19):1991-2002.

Heikes KE, Eddy DM, Arondekar B, Schlessinger L: Diabetes Risk Calculator: A simple tool for detecting undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008, 31(5):1040-1045. doi:10.2337/dc07-1150 10.2337/dc07-1150

Hoffman L, Nolan C, Wilson DA, Oats J, Simmons D: Gestational diabetes mellitus - management guidelines. Med J Aust 1998, 169(2):93-97.

Hunt KJ, Schuller KL: The increasing prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007, 34(2):173-199. 10.1016/j.ogc.2007.03.002

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups: International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(3):676-682.

Jones EJ, Appel SJ, Eaves YD, Moneyham L, Oster RA, Ovalle F: Cardiometabolic risk, knowledge, risk perception, and self-efficacy among American Indian women with previous gestational diabetes. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012, 41(2):246-257. 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01339.x

Kalra S, Malik S, John M: Gestational diabetes mellitus: A window of opportunity. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011, 15(3):149-151. 10.4103/2230-8210.83395

Karanja N, Lutz T, Ritenbaugh C, Maupome G, Jones J, Becker T, Aickin M: The TOTS Community Intervention to Prevent Overweight in American Indian Toddlers Beginning at Birth: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study. J Community Health 2010, 35(6):667-675. doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9270-5 10.1007/s10900-010-9270-5

Keely E: An opportunity not to be missed–how do we improve postpartum screening rates for women with gestational diabetes? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012, 28(4):312-316. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2274 10.1002/dmrr.2274

Keely E, Clark H, Karovitch A, Graham I: Screening for type 2 diabetes following gestational diabetes: family physician and patient perspectives. Can Fam Physician 2010, 56(6):558-563.

Kim C: Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2002, 25: 1862-1868. 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862

Kim C: Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007, 30: 2281-2286. 10.2337/dc07-0618

Klomp H, Dyck R, Sheppard S: Description and evaluation of a prenatal exercise program for urban aboriginal women. Can J Diabetes 2003, 27(3):231-238.

Knowler WC: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002, 346: 393-403.

Korpi-Hyovalti E, Laaksonen DE, Schwab U, Heinonen S, Niskanen L: How can we increase postpartum glucose screening in women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus? Int J Endocrinol 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/519267

Landon M, Spong C, Thom E, et al.: A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009, 361(14):1339-1348. 10.1056/NEJMoa0902430

Langer N, Langer O: Emotional adjustment to diagnosis and intensified treatment of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1994, 84: 329-334.

Laws P, Sullivan EA: Australia’s mothers and babies 2001. 2004. Commonwealth of Australia. . Accessed 15/2/2013 http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442458936 Commonwealth of Australia. . Accessed 15/2/2013

Lee AJ, Hiscock RJ, Wein P, Walker SP, Permezel M: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Predictors and Long-Term Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: A retrospective cohort study using survival analysis. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(4):878-883. doi:10.2337/dc06-1816 10.2337/dc06-1816

Lega IC, McLaughlin H, Coroneos M, Handley-Derry F, Donovan N, Lipscombe LL: A physician reminder to improve postpartum diabetes screening in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011, 95(3):352-357.

Leiberman N, Kalter-Leibovici O, Hod M: Global adoption of IADSPG recommendations: A national approach. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011, 115(Suppl 1):S45-S47.

Lindsay RS: Gestational diabetes: costs and consequences. Diabetologica 2011, 54: 227-229. 10.1007/s00125-010-1979-2

Liu B, Jorm L, Banks E: Parity, breastfeeding, and the subsequent risk of maternal type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(6):1239-1241. 10.2337/dc10-0347

McBride CM, Emmons KM, Lipkus IM: Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res 2003, 18(2):156-170. doi:10.1093/her/18.2.156 10.1093/her/18.2.156

McGrath NM, Evans C, Holgate A: Post-partum follow-up of women with gestational diabetes mellitus from Northland, New Zealand. Diabet Med 2007, 24(2):218-219. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02052.x

McNamara BJ, Sanson-Fisher R, D’Este C, Eades S: Type 2 diabetes in Indigenous populations: Quality of intervention research over 20 years. Prev Med 2011, 52: 3-9. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.11.002

Metcalfe AR: Maternal morbidity data in Australia: an assessment of the feasibility of standardised collection. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2012.

Mohamed N, Dooley J: Gestational diabetes and subsequent development of NIDDM in aboriginal women of northwestern Ontario. Int J Circumpolar Health 1998, 57(Suppl 1):355-358.

Moran LJ, Lombard CB, Lim S, Noakes M, Teede HJ: Polycystic ovary syndrome and weight management. (Report). Womens Health 2010, 6(2):271(213).

Morikawa M, Yamada T, Yamada T, Akaishi R, Nishida R, Cho K: Changes in the number of patients after the adoption of IADSPG criteria for hyperglycaemia during pregnancy in Japanese women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010, 90: 339-342. 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.08.023

Morrison MK, Collins CE, Lowe JM: Postnatal testing for diabetes in Australian women following gestational diabetes mellitus. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009, 49(5):494-498. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01056.x 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01056.x

Moses R, Morris G, Petocz P, San Gil F, Garg D: The impact of potential new diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia. Med J Aust 2011, 194(7):338-340.

Murphy S, Wilson C: Breastfeeding promotion: a rational and achievable target for a type 2 diabetes prevention intervention in Native American communities. J Hum Lact 2008, 24(2):193-198. 10.1177/0890334408317434

Nankervis A, McIntyre HD, Moses R, Ross GP, Callaway L, Porter C, Jeffries W, Boorman C, De Vries B: Consensus guidelines for the testing and diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Australia. 2013. Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society. . Accessed 17/2/2013 http://www.adips.org/downloads/ADIPSConsensusGuidelinesGDM-03.05.13VersionACCEPTEDFINAL.pdf Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society. . Accessed 17/2/2013

Naqshbandi M, Harris S, Esler J, Antwi-Nsiah F: Global complication rates of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous peoples: A comprehensive review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008, 82(1):1-17. 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.017

Neufeld H: Food Perceptions and Concerns of Aboriginal Women Coping with Gestational Diabetes in Winnipeg, Manitoba. J Nutr Educ Behav 2011, 43(6):482-491. 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.05.017

O’Dea K, Rowley K, Brown A: Diabetes in Indigenous Australians: Possible ways forward. Med J Aust 2007, 186(10):494-495.

O’Reilly M, Avalos G, Dennedy M, O’Sullivan E, Dunne F: Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 165(6):953-959. 10.1530/EJE-11-0663

O’Sullivan E, Avalos G, O’Reilly M, Dennedy M, Gaffney G, Dunne F, on behalf of the Atlantic DIP collaborators: Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologica 2011, 54(7):1670-1675. 10.1007/s00125-011-2150-4

Orleans CT, Barker DC, Kaufman NJ, Marx JF: Helping pregnant smokers quit: meeting the challenge in the next decade. Tob Control 2000, 9(suppl 3):iii6-iii11. doi:10.1136/tc.9.suppl_3.iii6

Osgood ND, Dyck RF, Grassmann WK: The inter- and intragenerational impact of gestational diabetes on the epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Am J Public Health 2011, 101(1):173-179. 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186890

Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG: Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 84(5):1043-1054.

Pan XR: Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20: 537-544. 10.2337/diacare.20.4.537

Pettitt DJ, Forman MR, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Bennett PH: Breastfeeding and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet 1997, 350(9072):166-168. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)12103-6

Picon MJ, Murri M, Munoz A, Fernandez-Garcia JC, Gomez-Huelgas R, Tinahones FJ: Hemoglobin A1c versus oral glucose tolerance test in postpartum diabetes screening. Diabetes Care 2012, 35(8):1648-1653. 10.2337/dc11-2111

Pierce M, Modder J, Mortagy I, Springett A, Hughes H, Baldeweg S: Missed opportunities for diabetes prevention: Post-pregnancy follow-up of women with gestational diabetes mellitus in England. Br J Gen Pract 2011, 61(591):e611-e619. 10.3399/bjgp11X601316

Population and Public Health Division: Improved reporting of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples on population datasets in New South Wales using record linkage–a feasibility study. Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health; 2012.

Queensland Health: Cairns base hospital and associated services Clinical Services Plan. Cairns; 2008. . Accessed 30/10/2013 http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/bibliography/?lid=16372

Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service (Queensland section): Primary clinical care manual. 4th edition. Cairns: Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service; 2005.

Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service (Queensland section): Primary clinical care manual. 5th edition. Cairns: Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service (Queensland section); 2007.

Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service (Queensland Section): Primary clinical care manual. 6th edition. Cairns: Queensland Health and Royal Flying Doctors Service; 2009.

Razee H, van der Ploeg HP, Blignault I, Smith BJ, Baumann AE, McLean M, Cheung NW: Beliefs, barriers, social support, and environmental influences related to diabetes risk behaviours among women with a history of gestational diabetes. Health Promot J Austr 2010, 21(2):130-137.

Round JA, Jacklin PB, Fraser RB, Hughes RG, Mugglestone MA, Holt RIG: Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: cost-utility of different screening strategies based on a woman’s individual risk of disease. Diabetologica 2010, 54(2):256-263.

Rumbold A, Crowther C: Women’s experiences of being screened for gestational diabetes mellitus. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2002, 42: 131-137. 10.1111/j.0004-8666.2002.00131.x

Rumbold AR, Bailie RS, Si D, Dowden MC, Kennedy CM, Cox RJ, O’Donoghue L, Liddle HE, Kwedza RK, Thompson SC, Burke HP, Brown A, Weeramanthri T, Connors CM: Delivery of maternal health care in Indigenous primary care services: baseline data for an ongoing quality improvement initiative. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011, 11: 16. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-1111-1116 10.1186/1471-2393-11-16

Russell MA: Rates of postpartum glucose testing after gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 108: 1456-1462. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000245446.85868.73

Sable MJ, Wilkinson DS: Impact of Perceived Stress, Major Life Events And Pregnancy Attitudes on Low Birth Weight. Fam Plann Perspect 2000, 32(6):288-294. 10.2307/2648197

Schwarz EB, Brown JS, Creasman JM, Stuebe A, McClure CK, Van Den Eeden SK, Thom D: Lactation and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Am J Med 2010, 123(9):016.

Shah BR, Lipscombe LL, Feig DS, Lowe JM: Missed opportunities for type 2 diabetes testing following gestational diabetes: A population-based cohort study. BJOG 2011, 118(12):1484-1490. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03083.x

Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P: The Global Burden Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Diabetes 2009, 27: 1-105.

Simmons D, Khan MA, Teale G, Simmons D, Khan MA, Teale G: Obstetric outcomes among rural Aboriginal Victorians. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005, 45(1):68-70. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2005.00331.x

Smirnakis KV: Postpartum diabetes screening in women with a history of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 106: 1297-1303. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000189081.46925.90

Stasenko M, Liddell J, Cheng YW, Sparks TN, Killion M, Caughey AB: Patient counseling increases postpartum follow-up in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011, 24(6):522. e521–526

Steinhart JR, Sugarman JR, Connell FA: Gestational diabetes is a herald of NIDDM in Navajo women. High rate of abnormal glucose tolerance after GDM. Diabetes Care 1997, 20(6):943-947. 10.2337/diacare.20.6.943

Stephenson J: Diabetes in the Aboriginal Community. Aborig Isl Health Work J 1993, 17(5):25-26.

Sterne VL, Logan T, Palmer MA: Factors affecting attendance at postpartum diabetes screening in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Pract Diab Int 2011, 28(2):64-68. 10.1002/pdi.1559

Taylor LK, Travis S, Pym M, Olive E, Henderson-Smart DJ: How useful are hospital morbidity data for monitoring conditions occurring in the perinatal period? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2005, 45(1):36-41. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2005.00339.x

Teh WT, Teede HJ, Paul E, Harrison CL, Wallace EM, Allan C: Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: Implications for the application of screening guidelines. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011, 51(1):26-30. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2011.01292.x 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2011.01292.x

Tovar A, Chasan-Taber L, Eggleston E, Oken E: Postpartum screening for diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Prev Chronic Dis 2011, 8(6):A124.

Tuomilehto J: Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 1343-1350. 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801

van der Pligt P, Willcox J, Hesketh KD, Ball K, Wilkinson S, Crawford D, Campbell K: Systematic review of lifestyle interventions to limit postpartum weight retention: implications for future opportunities to prevent maternal overweight and obesity following childbirth. Obes Rev 2013, 14(10):792-805. 10.1111/obr.12053

Wikipedia: Far North Queensland. 2013. . Accessed 15/3/2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_North_Queensland

Wilson J, Jungner G: Principles and practice of screening for disease. Public health paper number 34. Geneva: WHO; 1968.

Young TK, Martens PJ, Taback SP, Sellers EA, Dean HJ, Cheang M, Flett B, Young TK, Martens PJ, Taback SP, Sellers EAC, Dean HJ, Cheang M, Flett B: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: prenatal and early infancy risk factors among native canadians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002, 156(7):651-655. 10.1001/archpedi.156.7.651

Yue DK, Molyneaux LM, Ross GP, Constantino MI, Child AG, Turtle JR: Why does ethnicity affect prevalence of gestational diabetes? The underwater volcano theory. Diabet Med 1996, 13(8):748-752. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199608)13:8<748::AID-DIA164>3.0.CO;2-I