Use of bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Garnero, 2014, New developments in biological markers of bone metabolism in osteoporosis, Bone, 66, 46, 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.016 Al Nofal, 2015, Bone turnover markers in Paget's disease of the bone: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Osteoporos Int, 26, 1875, 10.1007/s00198-015-3095-0 Naylor, 2012, Bone turnover markers: use in osteoporosis, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 8, 379, 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.86 Szulc, 2008, Biochemical markers of bone turnover: potential used in the investigation and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Osteoporos Int, 19, 1683, 10.1007/s00198-008-0660-9 Vasikaran, 2011, Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards, Osteoporos Int, 22, 391, 10.1007/s00198-010-1501-1 Rogers, 2000, Biochemical markers as predictors of rates of bone loss after menopause, J Bone Miner Res, 15, 1398, 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.7.1398 Pederson, 2008, Regulation of bone formation by osteoclasts involves Wnt/BMP signaling and the chemokine sphingosine-1-phosphate, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 20764, 10.1073/pnas.0805133106 Frost, 2013, 18F-fluoride PET as a noninvasive imaging biomarker for determining treatment efficacy of bone active agents at the hip: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study, J Bone Miner Res, 28, 1337, 10.1002/jbmr.1862 Chavassieux, 2015, Are biochemical markers of bone turnover representative of bone histomorphometry in 370 postmenopausal women?, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 100, 4662, 10.1210/jc.2015-2957 Eastell, 1997, Biochemical markers of bone resorption compared with estimates of bone resorption from radiotracer kinetic studies in osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 12, 59, 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.1.59 Stein, 1993, Molecular mechanisms mediating proliferation/differentiation interrelationships during progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype, Endocrine Rev, 14, 424, 10.1210/edrv-14-4-424 Lv, 2015, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a marker of osteoclast number and volume in RAW 264.7 cells treated with receptor-activated nuclear κB ligand, Exp Ther Med, 9, 143, 10.3892/etm.2014.2071 Christgau, 2000, Serum CrossLaps for monitoring the response in individuals undergoing antiresorptive therapy, Bone, 26, 505, 10.1016/S8756-3282(00)00248-9 Szulc, 2017, Use of CTX-1 and PINP as bone turnover markers: National Bone Health Alliance recommendations to standardize sample handling and patient preparation to reduce pre-analytical variability, Osteoporosis Int, 10.1007/s00198-017-4082-4 Tracy, 1990, Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody-based immunoassays for osteocalcin: a study of sources of variation in assay results, J Bone Miner Res, 5, 451, 10.1002/jbmr.5650050506 Vasikaran, 2011, International Osteoporosis Foundation and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine position on bone marker standards in osteoporosis, Clin Chem Lab Med, 48, 1271, 10.1515/CCLM.2011.602 Redmond, 2016, Diurnal rhythms of bone turnover markers in three ethnic groups, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 101, 3222, 10.1210/jc.2016-1183 Clowes, 2002, Effect of feeding on bone turnover markers and its impact on biological variability of measurements, Bone, 30, 886, 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00728-7 Eastell, 2012, Reference intervals of bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women: results from a cross-sectional European study, Bone, 50, 1141, 10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.003 Guañabens, 2016, Reference intervals for bone turnover markers in Spanish premenopausal women, Clin Chem Lab Med, 54, 293, 10.1515/cclm-2015-0162 Michelsen, 2013, Reference intervals for serum concentrations of three bone turnover markers for men and women, Bone, 57, 399, 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.010 Szulc, 2007, Biochemical assessment of bone turnover and bone fragility in men, Osteoporos Int, 18, 1451, 10.1007/s00198-007-0407-z Jørgensen, 2017, Comparison of two automated assays of BTM (CTX and P1NP) and reference intervals in a Danish population, Osteoporos Int, 28, 2103, 10.1007/s00198-017-4026-z Jenkins, 2013, Age-related reference intervals for bone turnover markers from an Australian reference population, Bone, 55, 271, 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.003 Glover, 2009, Establishing a reference interval for bone turnover markers in 637 healthy, young, premenopausal women from the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the United States, J Bone Miner Res, 24, 389, 10.1359/jbmr.080703 Fatayerji, 1999, Age-related changes in bone turnover in men, J Bone Miner Res, 14, 1203, 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1203 Chaitou, 2010, Association between bone turnover rate and bone microarchitecture in men: the STRAMBO study, J Bone Miner Res, 25, 2313, 10.1002/jbmr.124 Szulc, 2008, High bone turnover is associated with accelerated bone loss but not with increased fracture risk in men aged 50 and over: the prospective MINOS study, Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 1249, 10.1136/ard.2007.077941 Dennison, 1999, Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective population-based study, Osteoporos Int, 10, 384, 10.1007/s001980050244 Bauer, 2009, Biochemical markers of bone turnover, hip bone loss, and fracture in older men: the MrOS study, J Bone Miner Res, 24, 2032, 10.1359/jbmr.090526 Aaron, 1987, The microanatomy of trabecular bone loss in normal aging men and women, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 260 Saad, 2012, Biochemical markers of bone turnover and clinical outcomes in men with prostate cancer, Urol Oncol, 30, 369, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.08.007 Smith, 2009, Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 361, 745, 10.1056/NEJMoa0809003 Orwoll, 2003, The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 18, 9, 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.1.9 Amory, 2004, Exogenous testosterone or testosterone with finasteride increases bone mineral density in older men with low serum testosterone, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 503, 10.1210/jc.2003-031110 Evans, 2015, Bone density, microstructure and strength in obese and normal weight men and women in younger and older adulthood, J Bone Miner Res, 30, 920, 10.1002/jbmr.2407 Cohen, 2013, Abdominal fat is associated with lower bone formation and inferior bone quality in healthy premenopausal women: a transiliac bone biopsy study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 2562, 10.1210/jc.2013-1047 Zibellini, 2015, Does diet-induced weight loss lead to bone loss in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, J Bone Miner Res, 30, 2168, 10.1002/jbmr.2564 Yu, 2014, Bone metabolism after bariatric surgery, J Bone Miner Res, 29, 1507, 10.1002/jbmr.2226 Theiler, 1999, HIgh bone turnover in the elderly, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 485, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90186-7 Fazeli, 2014, Bone metabolism in anorexia nervosa, Curr Osteoporos Rep, 12, 82, 10.1007/s11914-013-0186-8 Hotta, 2000, The relationship between bone turnover and body weight, serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, and serum IGF-binding protein levels in patients with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 200 Walsh, 2010, Feeding and bone, Arch Biochem Biophys, 503, 11, 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.020 Townsend, 2017, The effect of postexercise carbohydrate and protein ingestion on bone metabolism, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 49, 1290, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001211 Mohr, 2015, Effects of soccer vs swim training on bone formation in sedentary middle-aged women, Eur J Appl Physiol, 115, 2671, 10.1007/s00421-015-3231-8 Shea, 2014, Calcium supplementation and parathyroid hormone response to vigorous walking in postmenopausal women, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46, 2007, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000320 Moreira, 2014, The benefits of a high-intensity aquatic exercise program (HydrOS) for bone metabolism and bone mass of postmenopausal women, J Bone Miner Metab, 32, 411 Wen, 2017, Effects of short-term step aerobics exercise on bone metabolism and functional fitness in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, Osteoporos Int, 28, 539, 10.1007/s00198-016-3759-4 Chen, 2006, Effect of age-related chronic immobility on markers of bone turnover, J Bone Miner Res, 21, 324, 10.1359/JBMR.051014 Smith, 2015, Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during International Space Station missions, Bone, 81, 712, 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.002 Gifre, 2015, Risk factors for the development of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. A 12-month follow-up study, Osteoporos Int, 26, 2273, 10.1007/s00198-015-3150-x Gifre, 2016, Denosumab increases sublesional bone mass in osteoporotic individuals with recent spinal cord injury, Osteoporos Int, 27, 405, 10.1007/s00198-015-3333-5 Orford, 2014, The association between critical illness and changes in bone turnover in adults: a systematic review, Osteoporos Int, 25, 2335, 10.1007/s00198-014-2734-1 Sato, 2015, Osteoporos Int, 26, 1585, 10.1007/s00198-015-3032-2 Nakamura, 2009, Low calcium intake is associated with increased bone resorption in postmenopausal Japanese women: Yokogoshi study, Public Health Nutr, 12, 2366, 10.1017/S1368980009005084 Ferrar, 2011, Effects of calcium-fortified ice cream on markers of bone health, Osteoporosis Int, 22, 2721, 10.1007/s00198-010-1513-x Aloia, 2015, Free 25(OH)D and calcium absorption, PTH, and markers of bone turnover, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 100, 4140, 10.1210/jc.2015-2548 Rajatanavin, 2013, The efficacy of calcium supplementation alone in elderly Thai women over a 2-year period: a randomized controlled trial, Osteoporos Int, 24, 2871, 10.1007/s00198-013-2387-5 Bonjour, 2009, Inhibition of markers of bone resorption by consumption of vitamin D and calcium-fortified soft plain cheese by institutionalised elderly women, Br J Nutr, 102, 962, 10.1017/S0007114509371743 Fardellone, 1998, Biochemical effects of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women: influence of dietary calcium intake, Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 1273, 10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1273 Dawson-Hughes, 2015, Potassium bicarbonate supplementation lowers bone turnover and calcium excretion in older men and women: a randomized dose-finding trial, J Bone Miner Res, 30, 2103, 10.1002/jbmr.2554 Macdonald, 2005, Low dietary potassium intakes and high dietary estimates of net endogenous acid production are associated with low bone mineral density in premenopausal women and increased markers of bone resorption in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 81, 923, 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.923 Park, 2015, Effect of high dietary sodium on bone turnover markers and urinary calcium excretion in Korean postmenopausal women with low bone mass, Eur J Clin Nutr, 69, 361, 10.1038/ejcn.2014.284 Herrmann, 2009, Enhanced bone metabolism in vegetarians—the role of vitamin B12 deficiency, Clin Chem Lab Med, 47, 1381, 10.1515/CCLM.2009.302 Langsetmo, 2016, Dietary patterns in men and women are simultaneously determinants of altered glucose metabolism and bone metabolism, Nutr Res, 36, 328, 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.010 Hamidi, 2011, Association between the Healthy Eating Index and bone turnover markers in US postmenopausal women aged ≥45 y, Am J Clin Nutr, 94, 199, 10.3945/ajcn.110.009605 Sowers, 2013, Changes in bone resorption across the menopause transition: effects of reproductive hormones, body size, and ethnicity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 2854, 10.1210/jc.2012-4113 Shieh, 2016, Urinary N-telopeptide and rate of bone loss over the menopause transition and early postmenopause, J Bone Miner Res, 31, 2057, 10.1002/jbmr.2889 Parfitt, 1995, Relations between histologic indices of bone formation: implications for the pathogenesis of spinal osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 10, 466, 10.1002/jbmr.5650100319 Yasui, 2007, Change in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in bilaterally oophorectomized women, Maturitas, 56, 288, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.09.002 Duggan, 2015, An association between abnormal bone turnover, systemic inflammation, and osteoporosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a case-matched study, Am J Gastroenterol, 110, 336, 10.1038/ajg.2014.430 Kauh, 2012, Prednisone affects inflammation, glucose tolerance, and bone turnover within hours of treatment in healthy individuals, Eur J Endocrinol, 166, 459, 10.1530/EJE-11-0751 Tada, 2016, Reducing glucocorticoid dosage improves serum osteocalcin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis—results from the TOMORROW study, Osteoporos Int, 27, 729, 10.1007/s00198-015-3291-y Seguro, 2015, Lower P1NP serum levels: a predictive marker of bone loss after 1 year follow-up in premenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus patients, Osteoporos Int, 26, 459, 10.1007/s00198-014-2860-9 Knapen, 2000, Effect of oral anticoagulant treatment on markers for calcium and bone metabolism, Haemostasis, 30, 290 Cox, 2010, Bone-turnover markers in fracture healing, J Bone Joint Surg Br, 92, 329, 10.1302/0301-620X.92B3.22787 Veitch, 2006, Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following tibial shaft fracture, Osteoporosis Int, 17, 364, 10.1007/s00198-005-2025-y Ikegami, 2009, Comparison in bone turnover markers during early healing of femoral neck fracture and trochanteric fracture in elderly patients, Orthop Rev (Pavia), 1, e21, 10.4081/or.2009.e21 Ingle, 1999, Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following ankle fracture, Osteoporos Int, 10, 408, 10.1007/s001980050247 Yu-Yahiro, 2001, Serum and urine markers of bone metabolism during the year after hip fracture, J Am Geriatr Soc, 49, 877, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49177.x Hashidate, 2011, Early changes in bone specific turnover markers during the healing process after vertebral fracture, Open Orthop J, 5, 32, 10.2174/1874325001105010032 Ivaska, 2008, Serial assessment of serum bone metabolism markers identifies women with the highest rate of bone loss and osteoporosis risk, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 2622, 10.1210/jc.2007-1508 Marques, 2016, Association of bone turnover markers with volumetric bone loss, periosteal apposition, and fracture risk in older men and women: the AGES-Reykjavik longitudinal study, Osteoporos Int, 27, 3485, 10.1007/s00198-016-3675-7 Ivaska, 2010, Bone turnover markers and prediction of fracture: a prospective follow-up study of 1040 elderly women for a mean of 9 years, J Bone Miner Res, 25, 393, 10.1359/jbmr.091006 Robinson-Cohen, 2011, Mineral metabolism markers and the long-term risk of hip fracture: the cardiovascular health study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 2186, 10.1210/jc.2010-2878 Johansson, 2014, A meta-analysis of reference markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture, Calcif Tissue Int, 94, 560, 10.1007/s00223-014-9842-y McCloskey, 2011, Official positions for FRAX clinical regarding biochemical markers from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX, J Clin Densit, 14, 220, 10.1016/j.jocd.2011.05.008 Naylor, 2016, Response of bone turnover markers to three oral bisphosphonate therapies in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the TRIO study, Osteoporos Int, 27, 21, 10.1007/s00198-015-3145-7 Garnero, 1996, Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 11, 337, 10.1002/jbmr.5650110307 Biver, 2012, Bone turnover markers for osteoporotic status assessment? A systematic review of their diagnosis value at baseline in osteoporosis, Joint Bone Spine, 79, 20, 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.05.003 Baxter, 2013, Evaluation of urinary NTX-1 measurements in the management of osteoporosis in clinical practice, Osteoporos Int, 24, 941, 10.1007/s00198-012-2097-4 McClung, 2006, Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density, N Engl J Med, 354, 821, 10.1056/NEJMoa044459 Roux, 2014, Denosumab compared with risedronate in postmenopausal women suboptimally adherent to alendronate therapy: efficacy and safety results from a randomized open-label study, Bone, 58, 48, 10.1016/j.bone.2013.10.006 Keller, 2014, Calcitonin controls bone formation by inhibiting the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate from osteoclasts, Nat Commun, 5, 5215, 10.1038/ncomms6215 Boivin, 2009, Influence of remodeling on the mineralization of bone tissue, Osteoporos Int, 20, 1023, 10.1007/s00198-009-0861-x Reid, 2010, Effects of denosumab on bone histomorphometry: the FREEDOM and STAND studies, J Bone Miner Res, 25, 2256, 10.1002/jbmr.149 Ravn, 1999, Monitoring of alendronate treatment and prediction of effect on bone mass by biochemical markers in the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 2363 Krege, 2014, PINP as a biological response marker during teriparatide treatment for osteoporosis, Osteoporos Int, 25, 2159, 10.1007/s00198-014-2646-0 Misof, 2003, Effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone administration on bone mineralization density in iliac crest biopsies from patients with osteoporosis: a paired study before and after treatment, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 1150, 10.1210/jc.2002-021988 Blumsohn, 2011, Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover and their relationship with bone mineral density changes after 24 months of treatment with teriparatide, Osteoporos Int, 22, 1935, 10.1007/s00198-010-1379-y Dobnig, 2005, Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation correlate with improvements in bone structure during teriparatide therapy, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 3970, 10.1210/jc.2003-1703 Neer, 2001, Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, N Engl J Med, 344, 1434, 10.1056/NEJM200105103441904 Cosman, 2011, Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid plus subcutaneous teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 26, 503, 10.1002/jbmr.238 Lindsay, 2006, A novel tetracycline labeling schedule for longitudinal evaluation of the short-term effects of anabolic therapy with a single iliac crest bone biopsy: early actions of teriparatide, J Bone Miner Res, 21, 366, 10.1359/JBMR.051109 Ettinger, 2004, Differential effects of teriparatide on bone mineral density after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 745, 10.1359/jbmr.040117 Black, 2005, One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis, N Engl J Med, 353, 555, 10.1056/NEJMoa050336 Bauer, 2004, Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 1250, 10.1359/JBMR.040512 Eastell, 2007, Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate: review of statistical analysis, J Bone Miner Res, 22, 1656, 10.1359/jbmr.07090b Eastell, 2011, Bone turnover markers and bone mineral density response with risedronate therapy: relationship with fracture risk and patient adherence, J Bone Miner Res, 26, 1662, 10.1002/jbmr.342 Chubb, 2016, Comparison of clinical cut-points and treatment targets for urine NTX and plasma βCTX-I in osteoporosis, Clin Biochem, 49, 529, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.12.002 Hadji, 2012, Rapid onset and sustained efficacy (ROSE) study: results of a randomised, multicentre trial comparing the effect of zoledronic acid or alendronate on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, Osteoporos Int, 23, 625, 10.1007/s00198-011-1583-4 Black, 2015, The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT), J Bone Miner Res, 30, 934, 10.1002/jbmr.2442 Bell, 2016, Potential usefulness of bone mineral density and bone turnover monitoring of zoledronic acid therapy among women with osteoporosis: secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial data, J Bone Miner Res, 31, 1767, 10.1002/jbmr.2847 Jacques, 2012, Relationship of changes in total hip bone mineral density to vertebral and nonvertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with once-yearly zoledronic acid 5 mg: the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT), J Bone Miner Res, 27, 1627, 10.1002/jbmr.1644 Stakkestad, 2003, Intravenous ibandronate injections given every three months: a new treatment option to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women, Ann Rheum Dis, 62, 969, 10.1136/ard.62.10.969 Bergmann, 2009, Evidence-based guidelines for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the selection and monitoring of bisphosphonate treatment in osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club, Int J Clin Pract, 63, 19, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01911.x Bieglmayer, 2012, Biomarkers of bone turnover in diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis: a consensus advice from an Austrian working group, Wien Med Wochenschr, 162, 464, 10.1007/s10354-012-0133-9 Diez-Perez, 2017, Recommendations for the screening of adherence to oral bisphosphonates, Osteoporos Int, 28, 767, 10.1007/s00198-017-3906-6 Kanis, 2014, Goal-directed treatment of osteoporosis in Europe, Osteoporos Int, 25, 2533, 10.1007/s00198-014-2787-1 Clowes, 2004, The impact of monitoring on adherence and persistence with antiresorptive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 1117, 10.1210/jc.2003-030501 Delmas, 2007, Effect of monitoring bone turnover markers on persistence with risedronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 1296, 10.1210/jc.2006-1526 Eastell, 2011, Effects of denosumab on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 26, 530, 10.1002/jbmr.251 Bone, 2017, 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 5, 513, 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30138-9 Bone, 2011, Effects of denosumab treatment and discontinuation on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 972, 10.1210/jc.2010-1502 Lamy, 2016, Severe rebound-associated vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation: nine clinical cases report, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102, 354, 10.1210/jc.2016-3170 Anastasilakis, 2013, Comparative effect of zoledronic acid versus denosumab on serum sclerostin and dickkopf-1 levels of naive postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, head-to-head clinical trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 3206, 10.1210/jc.2013-1402 Anastasilakis, 2015, Denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients previously treated with zoledronic acid, Osteoporos Int, 26, 2521, 10.1007/s00198-015-3174-2 Mok, 2015, Switching of oral bisphosphonates to denosumab in chronic glucocorticoid users: a 12-month randomized controlled trial, Bone, 75, 222, 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.002 Miller, 2016, Denosumab or zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with oral bisphosphonates, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 101, 3163, 10.1210/jc.2016-1801 Sambrook, 2004, Alendronate produces greater effects than raloxifene on bone density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density: results of EFFECT (Efficacy of FOSAMAX versus EVISTA Comparison Trial) International, J Intern Med, 255, 503, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01317.x Naylor, 2016, Response of bone turnover markers to raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, Osteoporos Int, 27, 2585, 10.1007/s00198-016-3573-z Finigan, 2013, Adherence to raloxifene therapy: assessment methods and relationship with efficacy, Osteoporos Int, 24, 2879, 10.1007/s00198-013-2386-6 Silverman, 2008, Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial, J Bone Miner Res, 23, 1923, 10.1359/jbmr.080710 Glover, 2009, Rapid and robust response of biochemical markers of bone formation to teriparatide therapy, Bone, 45, 1053, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.091 Fahrleitner-Pammer, 2016, Improvement of cancellous bone microstructure in patients on teriparatide following alendronate pretreatment, Bone, 89, 16, 10.1016/j.bone.2016.05.004 Niimi, 2016, A retrospective analysis of nonresponse to daily teriparatide treatment, Osteoporos Int, 27, 2845, 10.1007/s00198-016-3581-z Cohen, 2013, Teriparatide for idiopathic osteoporosis in premenopausal women: a pilot study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 1971, 10.1210/jc.2013-1172 Farahmand, 2013, Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation during teriparatide therapy correlate with improvements in vertebral strength in men with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, Osteoporos Int, 24, 2971, 10.1007/s00198-013-2379-5 Leder, 2014, Two years of denosumab and teriparatide administration in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (the DATA extension study): a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 1694, 10.1210/jc.2013-4440 Idolazzi, 2016, Teriparatide and denosumab combination therapy and skeletal metabolism, Osteoporos Int, 27, 3301, 10.1007/s00198-016-3647-y Ebina, 2017, The effects of switching daily teriparatide to oral bisphosphonates or denosumab in patients with primary osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Metab, 35, 91, 10.1007/s00774-015-0731-x Leder, 2015, Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-switch study): extension of a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 386, 1147, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61120-5 Miller, 2016, Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 316, 722, 10.1001/jama.2016.11136 Padhi, 2011, Single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomized study of AMG 785, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody, J Bone Miner Res, 26, 19, 10.1002/jbmr.173 McClung, 2014, Romosozumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density, N Engl J Med, 370, 412, 10.1056/NEJMoa1305224 Bauer, 2006, Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial, J Bone Miner Res, 21, 292, 10.1359/JBMR.051018 Delmas, 2006, Fracture risk reduction during treatment with teriparatide is independent of pretreatment bone turnover, Bone, 39, 237, 10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.003 Eastell, 2015, Relationship between pretreatment rate of bone loss and bone density response to once-yearly ZOL: HORIZON-PFT extension study, J Bone Miner Res, 30, 570, 10.1002/jbmr.2361 Ishikawa, 2016, High bone turnover elevates the risk of denosumab-induced hypocalcemia in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, Ther Clin Risk Manag, 12, 1831, 10.2147/TCRM.S123172 Khan, 2015, Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus, J Bone Miner Res, 30, 3, 10.1002/jbmr.2405 Tohashi, 2016, Associations between systemic markers of bone turnover or bone mineral density and antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients treated with antiresorptive agents, Yonago Acta Med, 59, 45 Gedmintas, 2013, Bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and atypical femur fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Bone Miner Res, 28, 1729, 10.1002/jbmr.1893 Shane, 2010, Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, J Bone Miner Res, 25, 2267, 10.1002/jbmr.253 Franceschetti, 2013, Risk factors for development of atypical femoral fractures in patients on long-term oral bisphosphonate therapy, Bone, 56, 426, 10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.010 Black, 2010, Bisphosphonates and fractures of the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur, N Engl J Med, 362, 1761, 10.1056/NEJMoa1001086 Adler, 2016, Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, J Bone Miner Res, 31, 16, 10.1002/jbmr.2708 Black, 2012, The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT), J Bone Miner Res, 27, 243, 10.1002/jbmr.1494 McNabb, 2013, BMD changes and predictors of increased bone loss in postmenopausal women after a 5-year course of alendronate, J Bone Miner Res, 28, 1319, 10.1002/jbmr.1864 Cosman, 2014, Reassessment of fracture risk in women after 3 years of treatment with zoledronic acid: when is it reasonable to discontinue treatment?, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, 4546, 10.1210/jc.2014-1971 Bauer, 2014, Fracture prediction after discontinuation of 4 to 5 years of alendronate therapy: the FLEX study, JAMA Intern Med, 174, 1126, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1232 Watts, 2010, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Endocr Pract, 16, 1, 10.4158/EP.16.S3.1 Eastell, 2006, Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on bmd and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrazole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230), J Bone Miner Res, 21, 1215, 10.1359/jbmr.060508