The effect of forest disturbance on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbiw, D.K. (1990) Useful Plants of Ghana: West African Uses of Wild and Cultivated Plants. London and Kew: Intermediate Technology Publications and Royal Botanic Gardens.
Adis, J., Lubin, Y.D. and Montgomery, G.G. (1984) Arthropods from the canopy of inundated and terra firme forests near Manaus, Brazil, with critical considerations on the pyrethrumfogging technique. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna 19, 223?36.
Basset, Y., Aberlenc, H.-P. and Delvare, G. (1992) Abundance and stratification of foliage arthropods in a lowland rain forest of Cameroon. Ecol. Ent. 17, 310?8.
Begon, M., Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. (1990) Ecology: Individuals. Populations and Communities. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Belshaw, R. and Bolton, B. (1993) A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna of Ghana, West Africa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Journal of Hymenoptera Research (in press).
Burghouts, T., Ernsting, G., Korthals, G. and DeVries, T. (1992) Litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and litter invertebrates in primary and selectively logged dipterocarp forest in Sabah, East Malaysia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B 335, 407?16.
Erwin, T.L. (1990) Canopy arthropod biodiversity: a chronology of sampling techniques and results. Rev. Peruana Entomol. 32, 71?7.
Fittkau, E.J. and Klinge, H. (1973) On biomass and trophic structure of the Central Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5, 2?14.
GauchJr., H.G. (1982) Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D. (1976) Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana. J. Ecol. 64, 913?51.
Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D. (1981) Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest: forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1, 1?383.
Hammond, P.M. (1990) Insect abundance and diversity in the Dumoga-Bone National Park, N. Sulawesi, with special reference to the beetle fauna of lowland rain forest in the Toraut region. In Insects and the Rain Forests of South East Asia (Wallacea) (W.J., Knight and J.D., Holloway, eds) pp. 197?254. London: Royal Entomological Society.
Hammond, P. (1992) Species inventory. In Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. A report. (B., Groombridge, ed.) pp. 17?39. London: Chapman & Hall.
Hölldobler, B. (1983) Territorial behaviour in the Green Tree Ant (Oecophylla smaragdina). Biotropica 15, 241?50.
Hurlbert, S.H. (1971) The non-concept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52, 577?86.
Jenkins, M. (1992) Species extinction. In Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. A report (B., Groombridge, ed.) pp. 192?233. London: Chapman & Hall.
LaSalle, J. and Gauld, I.D. (1993) Hymenoptera: their diversity and their impact on the diversity of other organisms. In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity (J., LaSalle and I.D., Gauld, eds) pp. 1?26. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Leston, D. (1979) The natural history of some West African insects: 14. Entomological changes accompanying degradation of the forest. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 115, 105?12.
Levings, S.C. and Windsor, D.M. (1982) Seasonal and annual variation in litter arthropod populations. In The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes (E.G., Leigh, A.S., Rand and D.M., Windsor, eds) pp. 355?87. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lugo, A.E. (1988) Estimating reductions in the diversity of tropical forest species. In Biodiversity (E.O., Wilson, ed.) pp. 58?70. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
MacKay, W.P., Rebeles, M.A., Arredondo, B.H.C., Rodriguez, R.A.D., González, D.A. and Vinson, S.B. (1991) Impact of the slashing and burning of a tropical rain forest on the native ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiol. 18, 257?68.
Majer, J.D. (1993) Comparison of the arboreal ant mosaic in Ghana, Brazil, Papua New Guinea and Australia ? its structure and influence on arthropod diversity. In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity (J., LaSalle and I.D., Gauld, eds) p. 115?41. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Malloch, A.J.C. (1988) Vespan II: a computer package to handle and analyse multivariate species data and display species distribution data. Lancaster: University of Lancaster.
McNeely, J.A. (1992) The sinking ark: pollution and the worldwide loss of biodiversity. Biodiver. Conserv. 1, 2?18.
Myers, N. (1986) Tropical deforestation and a mega-extinction spasm. In Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (M.E., Soulé, ed.) pp. 394?409. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Olson, D.M. (1991) A comparison of the efficacy of litter sifting and pitfall traps for sampling leaf litter ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a tropical wet forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica 23, 166?72.
Olson, D.M. and Andriamiadrana, A. (1993) The impact of selective logging on the leaf litter invertebrate community of a tropical dry forest in Western Madagascar. In The Ecology and Economy of a Tropical Dry Forest (J., Ganzhorn, ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag (in press).
Olson, D.M. and Ward, P.S. (in press) The ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Kirindy Forest (tropical dry forest) in Western Madagascar. In The Ecology and Economy of a Tropical Dry Forest (J. Ganzhorn, ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Osborn, D. (1991) Chairman's summary. In Conserving the World's Biological Diversity; How Can Britain Contribute? pp. 5?6. London: Department of the Environment.
Paoletti, M.G., Pimental, D., Stinner, B.R. and Stinner, D. (1992) Agroecosystem biodiversity: matching production and conservation biology. In Biotic Diversity in Agroecosystems (M.G., Paoletti and D., Pimental, eds) pp. 3?23. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Reid, W.V. and Miller, K.R. (1989) Keeping Options Alive: the Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. New York: World Resources Institute.
Room, P.M. (1971) The relative distribution of ant species in Ghana's cocoa farms. J. Anim. Ecol. 40, 735?51.
Room, P.M. (1975a) Diversity and organisation of the ground foraging ant faunas of forest, grassland and tree crops in Papua New Guinea. Aust. J. Zool. 23, 71?89.
Room, P.M. (1975b) Relative distributions of ant species in cocoa plantations in Papua New Guinea. J. Appl. Ecol. 12, 47?61.
Stork, N.E. (1988) Insect diversity: facts, fiction and speculation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 35, 321?37.
Stork, N.E. and Brendell, M.J.D. (1990) Variation in the insect fauna of Sulawesi trees with season, altitude and forest type. In Insects and the Rain Forests of South East Asia (Wallacea) (W.J., Knight and J.D., Holloway, eds) pp. 173?190. London: Royal Entomological Society.
Tobin, J.E. (1991) A Neotropical, rainforest canopy, ant community: some ecological considerations. In Ant-Plant Interactions (C.R., Huxley and D.F., Cutler, eds) pp. 536?8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Torres, J.A. (1984) Diversity and distribution of ant communities in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 16, 296?303.
Western, D. (1989) Overview. In Conservation for the Twenty-first Century (D., Western and M.C., Pearl, eds) pp. xi-xv. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whitmore, T.C. and Sayer, J.A. (1992) Deforestation and species extinction in tropical moist forests. In Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction (T.C., Whitmore and J.A., Sayer, eds) pp. 1?14. London: Chapman & Hall.
Wilkinson, L. (1990) SYSTAT: the System for Statistics. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT, Inc.
Wilson, E.O. (1987) The arboreal ant fauna of Peruvian Amazon forests: a first assessment. Biotropica. 19, 245?51.
Wilson, E.O. (1990) Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: the Case of the Social Insects. Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany: Ecology Institute.