Muscle ammonia and glutamine exchange during chronic liver insufficiency in the rat

Bessman, 1955, Uptake of ammonia by muscle. Its implications in ammoniagenic coma, N Engl J Med, 253, 1143, 10.1056/NEJM195512292532602 Lockwood, 1979, The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man. Effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia, J Clin Invest, 63, 449, 10.1172/JCI109322 Ganda, 1976, Muscle nitrogen metabolism in chronic hepatic insufficiency, Metabolism, 25, 427, 10.1016/0026-0495(76)90075-5 Lund, 1970, A radiochemical assay for glutamine synthetase, and activity of the enzyme in rat tissues, Biochem J, 118, 35, 10.1042/bj1180035 Newsholme, 1983 Sherlock, 1989 Meijer, 1990, Nitrogen metabolism and ornithine cycle function, Physiol Rev, 70, 701, 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.3.701 Zieve, 1987, Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, Metab Brain Dis, 2, 147, 10.1007/BF00999607 Lin, 1985, Ammonia intoxication: effects on cerebral cortex and spinal cord, J Neurochem, 44, 1252, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb08751.x Record, 1991, Neurochemistry of hepatic encephalopathy, Gut, 32, 1261, 10.1136/gut.32.11.1261 Webster, 1958, Ammonium uptake by the extremities and brain in hepatic coma, J Clin Invest, 37, 414, 10.1172/JCI103621 Hills, 1967, Circulatory transport of L-glutamine in fasted mammals: cellular sources of urine ammonia, Am J Physiol, 223, 1470, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1972.223.6.1470 Ruderman, 1972, Amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Regulation of glutamine and alanine release in the perfused rat hindquarter, Isr J Med Sci, 8, 295 Rosado, 1962, Distribution of an ammonia load in the normal rat, Am J Physiol, 203, 37, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.1.37 Dejong, 1992, Altered glutamine metabolism in rat portal drained viscera and hindquarter during hyperammonemia, Gastroenterology, 102, 936, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90180-7 Mullen, 1989, Problems with animal models of chronic liver disease: suggestions for improvement in standardization, Hepatology, 9, 500, 10.1002/hep.1840090326 Dejong, 1991, Inter-organ nitrogen exchange during prolonged starvation in the rat, J Clin Nutr Gastroenterol, 6, 176 Souba, 1985, Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract, JPEN, 9, 608, 10.1177/0148607185009005608 Rennie, 1986, Characteristics of a glutamine carrier in skeletal muscle have important consequences for nitrogen loss in injury, infection, and chronic disease, Lancet, ii, 1008, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92617-6 Ardawi, 1988, Skeletal muscle glutamine production in thermally injured rats, Clin Sci, 74, 165, 10.1042/cs0740165 Maddison, 1987, GABA-like activity and the brain GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in rats with chronic hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, 7, 621, 10.1002/hep.1840070402 Dejong, 1993, Intestinal glutamine and ammonia metabolism during chronic hyperammonemia induced by chronic liver insufficiency, Gut, 34, 1112, 10.1136/gut.34.8.1112 Dejong, 1993, Cerebral cortex ammonia and glutamine metabolism in two rat models of chronic liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia: influence of pair-feeding, J Neurochem, 60, 1047, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03253.x Dejong, 1993, Metabolic adaptation of the kidney to hyperammonemia during chronic liver insufficiency in the rat, Hepatology, 18, 890, 10.1002/hep.1840180422 de Boer, 1986, Sequential metabolic characteristics following portacaval shunts in rats, Eur Surg Res, 18, 96 Deutz, 1992, Partial enterectomy in the rat does not diminish muscle glutamine production, Metabolism, 41, 1343, 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90106-K Dejong, 1992, Cerebral cortex ammonia and glutamine metabolism during liver insufficiency-induced hyperammonemia in the rat, J Neurochem, 59, 1071, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08349.x Dejong, 1992, A simple new method for repeated in vivo cerebral cortex flux measurement in rats, Lab Anim Sci, 42, 280 Ardawi, 1990, Glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle of glucocorticoid-treated rats, Clin Sci, 79, 139, 10.1042/cs0790139 Ruderman, 1971, Evaluation of the isolated perfused rat hindquarter for the study of muscle metabolism, Biochem J, 124, 639, 10.1042/bj1240639 Schröck, 1981, Interorgan relationships for glutamine metabolism in normal and acidotic rats, Am J Physiol, 240, E519 Welbourne, 1986, Effect of metabolic acidosis on hindquarter glutamine and alanine release, Metabolism, 35, 614, 10.1016/0026-0495(86)90166-6 van Eijk, 1988, Fully automated liquid-chromatographic determination of amino acids, Clin Chem, 34, 2510, 10.1093/clinchem/34.12.2510 Okita, 1988, Effect of branched chain amino acid on 15N incorporation into liver and skeletal muscle proteins following 15N ammonium chloride administration to carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 34, 85, 10.3177/jnsv.34.85 Barrett, 1987, An isotopic method for measurement of muscle protein synthesis and degradation in vivo, Biochem J, 245, 223, 10.1042/bj2450223 Eriksson, 1985, Ammonia metabolism during exercise in man, Clin Physiol, 5, 325, 10.1111/j.1475-097X.1985.tb00753.x Fine, 1985, The effects of ammonia infusion on ammonia and glutamine metabolism by liver and muscle in the normal dog, Contrib Nephrol, 47, 1, 10.1159/000411201 Chabrier, 1982, Etude du métabolisme musculaire de l'ammoniaque sur le train postérieur du rat intact, C R Soc Biol, 176, 716 Deutz, 1991, In vivo ammonia and glutamine flux measurements during hyperammonemia in rats and pigs, 329 Chang, 1978, The metabolic fates of amino acids and the formation of glutamine in skeletal muscle, J Biol Chem, 253, 3685, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34855-X Starnes, 1987, Altered peripheral amino acid uptake in obstructive jaundice, J Surg Res, 42, 383, 10.1016/0022-4804(87)90173-9 Wasterlain, 1978, Chronic inhibition of brain protein synthesis after portacaval shunting, Neurology, 28, 233, 10.1212/WNL.28.3.233