Fixation disparity and refractive error among first-year optometry students

Kalloniatis M, Luu C. The perception of space. 2005 May 1 [Updated 2007 Jun 6]. In: Kolb H., Fernandez E, Nelson R, editors. Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System[Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Health Sciences Centre; 1995. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11545/ Nelson J.J.O. Binocular vision: disparity detection and anomalous correspondence. 1988;217–37. Cline, 1989, 205 Evans, 2007 Karania, 2006, The mallet fixation disparity test: influence of test instructions and relationship with symptoms, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 26, 507, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00385.x Benjamin WJ, Refractive status of the eye. In: M. Rosenfield, editor. Borish's Clinical Refraction. Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier; 2006, p. 1–6. 2020, Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years: evaluating the prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to “VISION 2020: the Right to Sight”, Lancet Glob Health Abokyi S., Ilkechie A., Nsiah P. et al. Visual impairment attributable to uncorrected refractive error and other causes in the Ghanaian youth: the University of Cape Coast survey. J Optom. 2016;9(1):64–70. Epub 2015/05/31. https://dhttoi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2015.04.002. PubMed PMID: 26025809. PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4705321 Shi X.Y., Ke Y.F., Jin N., Zhang H.M., Wei R.H., and Li X.R. The prevalence of vision impairment and refractive error in 3654 first year students at Tianjin Medical University. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(10):1698–703. Epub 2018/10/27. https://dhttoi.org/10.18240/ijo.2018.10.19. PubMed PMID: 30364305; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6192952. Goss, 1997, Ocular components measured by keratometry, phakometry, and ultrasonography in emmetropic and myopic optometry students, Optom Vis Sci, 74, 489, 10.1097/00006324-199707000-00015 Darko-Takyi, 2016, Refractive and binocular vision status of optometry students, Ghana, J Biomed Sci, 5, 24 Hebbard, Frederick W. Effect of blur on fixation disparity. Optom Vis Sci. 1964;41(9):540–8. Epub 1964/09/01. https://dhttoi.org/10.1097/00006324-196409000-00004. PubMed PMID: 14217666. Nilsson A., Nilsson M., Stevenson S.B., and Brautaset R.L.The influence of unilateral uncorrected astigmatism on binocular vision and fixation disparity. Strabismus. 2011Dec;19(4):138–41. Epub 2011/11/24.https://dhttoi.org/10.3109/09273972.2011.620059. PubMed PMID: 22107117 Pickwell, 1991, Distance and near readings of associated heterophoria taken on 500 patients, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 11, 291, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1991.tb00227.x Yekta, 1987, The clinical assessment of binocular vision before and after a working day, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 7, 349, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00759.x Evans, 2007, 59 Elsiddig, 2017, Assessment of the effect of academic examination stress on binocular vision functions among secondary school‑aged children, Albasar Int J Ophthalmol, 4, 114‑9, 10.4103/bijo.bijo_16_18 Porcar, 1997, Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students, Optom Vis Sci, 74, 111, 10.1097/00006324-199702000-00023 Septon, 1984, Myopia among optometry students, Am J Optom Physiol Opt, 61, 745, 10.1097/00006324-198412000-00005 Bullimore, 1989, Myopia in optometry students: family history, age of onset and personality, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 9, 284, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00907.x Megbelayin, 2014, Refractive errors and spectacle use behaviour among medical students in a nigerian medical school, Br J Med Med Res, 4, 2581, 10.9734/BJMMR/2014/7518 Abdul-Kabir M., Bortey D.N.K., Onoikhua E.E., and Asare-Bediako B.. Ametropia among school children- a cross-sectional study in a sub-urban municipality in Ghana. Paediatr Dimens 2016 Jan;1(3):65–8. 10.15761/PD.1000114 Yekta, 1989, Binocular vision without visual stress, Optom Vis Sci, 66, 815, 10.1097/00006324-198912000-00002 Jenkins, 1989, Criteria for decompensation in binocular vision, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 9, 121, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00830.x Jaschinski-Kruza, 1993, Fixation disparity at different viewing distances of a visual display unit, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 13, 27, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00422.x Jaschinski, 1997, Fixation disparity and accommodation as a function of viewing distance and prism load, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 17, 324, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1997.tb00064.x Jaschinski, 2017, Individual objective and subjective fixation disparity in near vision, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0170190 Ukwade, 1993, Stability of oculomotor fixation as a function of target contrast and blur, Optom Vis Sci, 70, 123, 10.1097/00006324-199302000-00007 Dwyer, 1995, The influence of refractive correction upon disorders of vergence and accommodation, Optom Vis Sci, 72, 224, 10.1097/00006324-199504000-00002 Harle, 2006, Subtle binocular vision anomalies in migraine, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 26, 587, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00410.x Jaschinski, 2002, The proximity-fixation-disparity curve and the preferred viewing distance at a visual display as an indicator of near vision fatigue, Optom Vis Sci, 79, 158, 10.1097/00006324-200203000-00010 Yekta, 1989, Binocular vision, age and symptoms, Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 9, 115, 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00829.x Lajmi, 2021, Headache associated with refractive errors: characteristics and risk factors, Rev Neurol (Paris), 177, 947, 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.10.008 Jain, 2020, Determination of the proportion of refractive errors in patients with primary complaint of headache and the significance of refractive error correction in symptoms relief, Indian J Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 4, 258, 10.18231/2395-1451.2018.0057