Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Patrick, 1973, Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors, Science, 180, 871, 10.1126/science.180.4088.871
Hoch, 2001, Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies, Nat Med, 7, 365, 10.1038/85520
Berrih, 1984, Anti-AChR antibodies, thymic histology, and T cell subsets in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 34, 66, 10.1212/WNL.34.1.66
Roxanis, 2001, True epithelial hyperplasia in the thymus of early-onset myasthenia gravis: implications for immunopathogenesis, J Neuroimmunol, 112, 163, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00415-X
Giraud, 2001, Linkage of HLA to myasthenia gravis and genetic heterogeneity depending on anti-titin antibodies, Neurology, 57, 1555, 10.1212/WNL.57.9.1555
Phillips, 2003, The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 998, 407, 10.1196/annals.1254.053
Phillips, 1996, Epidemiologic evidence for a changing natural history of myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 47, 1233, 10.1212/WNL.47.5.1233
Aragones, 2003, Myasthenia gravis. A higher than expected incidence in the elderly, Neurology, 60, 1024, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000050461.05432.C5
Zhang, 2007, Clinical and serological study of myasthenia gravis in HuBei Province, China, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78, 386, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.100545
Grob, 1953, Course and management of myasthenia gravis, JAMA, 153, 529, 10.1001/jama.1953.02940230001001
Rodolico, 2002, Limb-girdle myasthenia: clinical, electrophysiological and morphological features in familial and autoimmune cases, Neuromuscul Disord, 12, 964, 10.1016/S0960-8966(02)00137-2
Compston, 1980, Clinical, pathological, HLA antigen and immunological evidence for disease heterogeneity in myasthenia gravis, Brain, 103, 579, 10.1093/brain/103.3.579
Christensen, 1995, Associated autoimmune disease in myasthenia gravis. A population-based study, Acta Neurol Scand, 91, 192, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00432.x
Tola, 1994, Immunogenetic heterogeneity and associated autoimmune disorders in myasthenia gravis: a population based survey in the province of Ferrara, northern Italy, Acta Neurol Scand, 90, 318, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02731.x
Oosterhuis, 1989, The natural course of myasthenia gravis: a long term follow up study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 52, 1121, 10.1136/jnnp.52.10.1121
Aarli, 1999, Late onset myasthenia gravis: a changing scene, Arch Neurol, 56, 25, 10.1001/archneur.56.1.25
Romi, 2005, Striational antibodies in myasthenia gravis, Arch Neurol, 62, 442, 10.1001/archneur.62.3.442
Romi, 2000, The severity of myasthenia gravis correlates with the serum concentration of titin and ryanodine receptor antibodies, Arch Neurol, 57, 1596, 10.1001/archneur.57.11.1596
Romi, 2007, Myasthenia gravis patients with ryanodine receptor antibodies have distinctive clinical features, Eur J Neurol, 14, 617, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01785.x
Skeie, 2008, Paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis: immunological and clinical aspects, Eur J Neurol, 15, 1029, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02242.x
Evoli, 2002, Thymoma in patients with MG: characteristics and long-term outcome, Neurology, 59, 1844, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000032502.89361.0C
Romi, 2003, Disease severity and outcome in thymoma myasthenia: a long-term observational study, Eur J Neurol, 10, 701, 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00678.x
Bril, 1998, The long-term clinical outcome of myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma, Neurology, 51, 1198, 10.1212/WNL.51.4.1198
de Perrot, 2002, Prognostic significance of thymomas in patients with myasthenia gravis, Ann Thorac Surg, 74, 1658, 10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04083-3
Maggi, 2008, Two cases of thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis without antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, Neuromuscul Disord, 18, 678, 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.06.368
Vernino, 2004, Autoantibody profiles and neurological correlations of thymoma, Clin Cancer Res, 10, 7270, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0735
Suzuki, 2005, Novel antibodies to a voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.4 in a severe form of myasthenia gravis, J Neuroimmunol, 170, 141, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.017
McConville, 2004, Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis, Ann Neurol, 55, 580, 10.1002/ana.20061
Evoli, 2003, Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis, Brain, 126, 2304, 10.1093/brain/awg223
Sanders, 2003, Clinical aspects of MuSK antibody positive seronegative MG, Neurology, 60, 1978, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000065882.63904.53
Sanders, 2008, MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: questions from the clinic, J Neuroimmunol, 201–202, 85, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.032
Hatanaka, 2005, Nonresponsiveness to anticholinesterase agents in patients with MuSK-antibody-positive MG, Neurology, 65, 1508, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000183145.91579.74
Leite, 2005, Fewer thymic changes in MuSK antibody-positive than in MuSK antibody-negative MG, Ann Neurol, 57, 444, 10.1002/ana.20386
Chiu, 1987, Myasthenia gravis: population differences in disease expression and acetylcholine receptor antibody titers between Chinese and Caucasians, Neurology, 37, 1854, 10.1212/WNL.37.12.1854
Kupersmith, 2003, Development of generalized disease at 2 years in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis, Arch Neurol, 60, 243, 10.1001/archneur.60.2.243
Bennett, 2006, Anti-MuSK antibodies in a case of ocular myasthenia gravis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 77, 564, 10.1136/jnnp.2005.075812
Caress, 2005, Anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis presenting with purely ocular findings, Arch Neurol, 62, 1002, 10.1001/archneur.62.6.1002
Chan, 2007, Ocular myasthenia: a rare presentation with MuSK antibody and bilateral extraocular muscle atrophy, Br J Ophthalmol, 91, 842, 10.1136/bjo.2006.108498
Toyka, 1977, Myasthenia gravis: study of humoral immune mechanisms by passive transfer to mice, N Engl J Med, 296, 125, 10.1056/NEJM197701202960301
Lennon, 1980, Myasthenia gravis induced by monoclonal antibodies to acetylcholine receptors, Nature, 505, 106
Newsom-Davis, 1978, Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: investigation by plasma exchange, Neurology, 28, 266, 10.1212/WNL.28.3.266
Vincent, 1998, Determinant spreading and immune responses to acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis, Immunol Rev, 164, 157, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01217.x
Protti, 1990, Immunodominant regions for T helper-cell sensitization on the human nicotinic receptor alpha subunit in myasthenia gravis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87, 7792, 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7792
Wang, 1998, T-cell recognition of muscle acetylcholine receptor subunits in generalized and ocular myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 50, 1045, 10.1212/WNL.50.4.1045
Aissaoui, 1999, Prevention of autoimmune attacke by targeting T-cell receptors in severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model of myasthenia gravis, Ann Neurol, 46, 559, 10.1002/1531-8249(199910)46:4<559::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-S
Drachman, 1980, Mechanisms of acetylcholine receptor loss in myasthenia gravis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 43, 601, 10.1136/jnnp.43.7.601
Sahashi, 1978, Ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the end-plate in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 37, 212, 10.1097/00005072-197803000-00008
Ruff, 2008, How myasthenia gravis alters the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission, J Neuroimmunol, 201–202, 13, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.038
Heinemann, 1977, Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 74, 3090, 10.1073/pnas.74.7.3090
Burges, 1990, A myasthenia gravis plasma immunoglobulin reduces miniature endplate potentials at human endplates in vitro, Muscle Nerve, 13, 407, 10.1002/mus.880130507
Schluep, 1987, Acetylcholine receptors in human thymic myoid cells in situ: an immunohistochemical study, Ann Neurol, 22, 212, 10.1002/ana.410220205
Scadding, 1981, Acetylcholine receptor antibody synthesis by thymic lymphocytes: correlation with thymic histology, Neurology, 31, 935, 10.1212/WNL.31.8.935
Mygland, 2000, Autoantibodies in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis with myositis or neuromyotonia, Arch Neurol, 57, 527, 10.1001/archneur.57.4.527
Kadota, 2000, Altered T cell development in human thymoma is related to impairment of MHC class II transactivator expression induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Clin Exp Immunol, 121, 59, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01256.x
Scarpino, 2007, Expression of autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and T regulatory cells in human thymomas, Clin Exp Immunol, 149, 504, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03442.x
Strobel, 2004, Selective loss of regulatory T cells in thymomas, Ann Neurol, 56, 901, 10.1002/ana.20340
Valenzuela, 1995, Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle, at the neuromuscular junction, and after injury, Neuron, 15, 573, 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90146-9
Shiraishi, 2005, Acetylcholine receptors loss and postsynaptic damage in MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis, Ann Neurol, 57, 289, 10.1002/ana.20341
Cole, 2008, Anti-MuSK patient antibodies disrupt the mouse neuromuscular junction, Ann Neurol, 63, 782, 10.1002/ana.21371
Shigemoto, 2006, Induction of myasthenia by immunization against muscle-specific kinase, J Clin Invest, 116, 1016, 10.1172/JCI21545
Mossman, 1986, Myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibody: a distinct disease entity, Lancet, 1, 116, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92259-2
Leite, 2007, Myasthenia gravis thymus: complement vulnerability of epithelial and myoid cells, complement attack on them and correlations with autoantibody status, Am J Pathol, 171, 893, 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070240
Leite, 2008, IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in ‘seronegative’ myasthenia gravis, Brain, 131, 1940, 10.1093/brain/awn092
Luchanok, 2008, Ocular myasthenia: diagnostic and treatment recommendations and the evidence base, Curr Opin Neurol, 21, 8, 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f4098e
Kaminski, 2004, Complement regulators in extraocular muscles and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, Exp Neurol, 189, 333, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.06.005
Soltys, 2008, Extraocular muscle susceptibility to myasthenia gravis. Unique immunological environment, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1132, 220, 10.1196/annals.1405.037
Janer, 1999, A susceptibility region for myasthenia gravis extending into the HLA-class I sector telomeric to HLA-C, Hum Immunol, 60, 909, 10.1016/S0198-8859(99)00062-2
Giraud, 2001, Linkage of HLA to myasthenia gravis and genetic heterogeneity depending on anti-titin antibodies, Neurology, 57, 1555, 10.1212/WNL.57.9.1555
Giraud, 2008, Genetic factors in autoimmune myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1132, 180, 10.1196/annals.1405.027
Chen, 1993, Association of HLA-Bw46DR9 combination with juvenile myasthenia in Chinese, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 56, 382, 10.1136/jnnp.56.4.382
Matsuki, 1990, HLA antigens in Japanese patients with myasthenia gravis, J Clin Invest, 86, 392, 10.1172/JCI114724
Uono, 1980, Clinical statistics of myasthenia gravis in Japan, Int J Neurol, 14, 87
Amdahl, 2007, Polygenic disease associations in thymomatous myasthenia gravis, Arch Neurol, 64, 1729, 10.1001/archneur.64.12.1729
Niks, 2006, Strong association of MuSK antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and HLA-DR14-DQ5, Neurology, 66, 1772, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000218159.79769.5c
Niks, 2007, Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis with anti-muscle specific kinase antibodies in the Netherlands, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78, 417, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.102517
Ing, 2000, The complication rate of edrophonium testing for suspected myasthenia gravis, Can J Ophthalmol, 35, 141, 10.1016/S0008-4182(00)80007-1
Golnick, 1999, An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, Ophthalmology, 106, 1282, 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00709-5
Meriggioli, 2005, Advances in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 627, 10.1097/01.phm.0000171169.79816.4c
Sanders, 1979, Single fiber electromyography in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 29, 68, 10.1212/WNL.29.1.68
Oh, 1992, Diagnostic sensitivity of the laboratory tests in myasthenia gravis, Muscle Nerve, 15, 720, 10.1002/mus.880150616
Benatar, 2006, Concentric-needle single-fiber electromyography for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, Muscle Nerve, 34, 163, 10.1002/mus.20568
Kouyoumdjian, 2008, Concentric needle single fiber electromyography: comparative jitter on voluntary-activated and stimulated extensor digitorum communis, Clin Neurophysiol, 119, 1614, 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.008
Lindstrom, 1976, Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value, Neurology, 26, 1054, 10.1212/WNL.26.11.1054
Vincent, 1985, Acetylcholine receptor antibody as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis: results in 153 validated cases and 2967 diagnostic assays, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 48, 1246, 10.1136/jnnp.48.12.1246
Chan, 2007, Frequency of seronegativity in adult-acquired generalized myasthenia gravis, Muscle Nerve, 36, 651, 10.1002/mus.20854
Howard, 1987, Clinical correlations of antibodies that bind, block, or modulate human acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 505, 526, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51321.x
Cikes, 1988, Striational autoantibodies: quantitative detection by enzyme immunoassay in myasthenia gravis, thymoma, and recipients of D-penicillamine or allogeneic bone marrow, Mayo Clin Proc, 63, 474, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)65645-6
Buckley, 2001, Do titin and cytokine antibodies in MG patients predict thymoma or thymoma recurrence?, Neurology, 57, 1579, 10.1212/WNL.57.9.1579
Chagnac, 1985, Myasthenic crisis after administration of iodinated contrast agent, Neurology, 35, 1219, 10.1212/WNL.35.8.1219
Eliashiv, 1990, Aggravation of human and experimental myasthenia gravis by contrast media, Neurology, 40, 1623, 10.1212/WNL.40.10.1623
Vincent, 2002, Myasthenia gravis, Adv Neurol, 88, 159
Batocchi, 2000, Therapeutic apheresis in myasthenia gravis, Ther Apher, 4, 275, 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.004004275.x
Yeh, 1999, Double filtration plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis—analysis of clinical efficacy and prognostic parameters, Acta Neurol Scand, 100, 305, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00401.x
Seybold, 1987, Plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 505, 584, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51326.x
Gajdos, 2005, Treatment of myasthenia gravis exacerbation with intravenous immunoglobulin 1 g/kg versus 2 g/kg: a randomized double-blind clinical trial, Arch Neurol, 62, 1689, 10.1001/archneur.62.11.1689
Zinman, 2007, IV immunoglobulin in patients with myasthenia gravis: a randomized controlled trial, Neurology, 68, 837, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000256698.69121.45
Takamori, 2001, Immunoadsorption in myasthenia gravis based on specific ligands mimicking the immunogenic sites of the acetylcholine receptor, Ther Apher, 5, 340, 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00367.x
Psaridi-Linardaki, 2005, Specific immunoadsorption of the autoantibodies from myasthenia gravis patients using the extracellular domain of the human muscle acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit. Development of an antigen specific therapeutic strategy, J Neuroimmunol, 159, 183, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.002
Zisimopoulou, 2008, Towards antigen-specific apheresis of pathogenic autoantibodies as a further step in the treatment of myasthenia gravis by plasmapheresis, J Neuroimmunol, 201–202, 95, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.020
Pascuzzi, 1984, Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 116 patients, Ann Neurol, 15, 291, 10.1002/ana.410150316
Sgirlanzoni, 1984, Myasthenia gravis: prolonged treatment with steroids, Neurology, 34, 170, 10.1212/WNL.34.2.170
Cosi, 1991, Effectiveness of steroid treatment in myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study, Acta Neurol Scand, 84, 33, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04899.x
Evoli, 1992, Long-term results of corticosteroid therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis, Eur Neurol, 32, 37, 10.1159/000116785
Witte, 1984, Azathioprine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, Ann Neurol, 15, 602, 10.1002/ana.410150615
Kuks, 1991, Azathioprine in myasthenia gravis: observations in 41 patients and a review of the literature, Neuromuscul Disord, 1, 423, 10.1016/0960-8966(91)90005-D
Mantegazza, 1988, Azathioprine as a single drug or in combination with steroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, J Neurol, 235, 449, 10.1007/BF00314245
Palace, 1998, A randomized double-blind trial of prednisone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 50, 1778, 10.1212/WNL.50.6.1778
Chaudhry, 2001, Mycophenolate mofetil: a safe and promising immunosuppressant in neuromuscular diseases, Neurology, 56, 94, 10.1212/WNL.56.1.94
Ciafaloni, 2001, Mycophenolate mofetil for myasthenia gravis: an open-label pilot trial, Neurology, 56, 97, 10.1212/WNL.56.1.97
Meriggioli, 2003, Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: an analysis of efficacy, safety and tolerability, Neurology, 61, 1438, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000094122.88929.0B
2008, A trial of mycophenolate mofetil with prednisone as initial immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 71, 394, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000312373.67493.7f
Sanders, 2008, An international, phase III, randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 71, 400, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000312374.95186.cc
Tindall, 1993, A clinical therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 681, 539, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22937.x
Ciafaloni, 2000, Retrospective analysis of the use of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 55, 448, 10.1212/WNL.55.3.448
Ponseti, 2008, Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a clinical study of 212 patients, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1132, 254, 10.1196/annals.1405.000
Konishi, 2005, Long-term treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis with FK506 (tacrolimus), J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76, 448, 10.1136/jnnp.2004.042176
Nagane, 2005, Efficacy of low-dose FK-506 in the treatment of myasthenia gravis—a randomized pilot study, Eur Neurol, 53, 146, 10.1159/000085833
Takamori, 2004, Anti-ryanodine receptor antibodies and FK506 in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 62, 1894, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000125254.99397.68
De Feo, 2002, Use of intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide in severe, generalized myasthenia gravis, Muscle Nerve, 26, 31, 10.1002/mus.10133
Drachman, 2003, Treatment of refractory myasthenia: “rebooting” with high-dose cyclophosphamide, Ann Neurol, 53, 29, 10.1002/ana.10400
Drachman, 2008, Rebooting the immune system with high-dose cyclophosphamide for treatment of refractory myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1132, 305, 10.1196/annals.1405.033
Gardner, 2008, Intractable myasthenia gravis responding to rituximab treatment, Neurology, 70, A301
Illa, 2008, Rituximab in refractory myasthenia gravis: a follow-up study of patients with anti-MuSK or anti-MuSK antibodies, Neurology, 70, A301
Tandan, 2008, Pilot trial of rituximab in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 70, A301
Bosch, 1991, Cholinergic crisis after conventional doses of anticholinesterase medications in chronic renal failure, Muscle Nerve, 14, 1036
Gajdos, 1997, Clinical trial of plasma exchange and high dose intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis, Ann Neurol, 41, 789, 10.1002/ana.410410615
Samuelsson, 2001, Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through inhibition of Fc receptor, Science, 291, 484, 10.1126/science.291.5503.484
Brannagan, 1996, Complications of intravenous immune globulin treatment in neurologic disease, Neurology, 47, 674, 10.1212/WNL.47.3.674
Warmolts, 1971, Benefit from alternate-day prednisone in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 21, 412
Seybold, 1974, Gradually increasing doses of prednisone in myasthenia gravis. Reducing the hazards of treatment, N Engl J Med, 290, 81, 10.1056/NEJM197401102900204
Frauman, 1996, An overview of the adverse reactions to adrenal corticosteroids, Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev, 15, 203
Kupersmith, 1996, Beneficial effects of corticosteroids on ocular myasthenia gravis, Arch Neurol, 53, 802, 10.1001/archneur.1996.00550080128020
Bhanushali, 2008, Treatment of ocular symptoms in myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 71, 1335, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327669.75695.38
Kissel, 1986, Azathioprine toxicity in neuromuscular disease, Neurology, 36, 35, 10.1212/WNL.36.1.35
Slanar, 2008, Fatal myelotoxicity after azathioprine treatment, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 27, 661, 10.1080/15257770802143905
Confavreax, 1996, Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study, Neurology, 46, 1607, 10.1212/WNL.46.6.1607
Sanders, 2008, Lessons from two trials of mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1132, 249, 10.1196/annals.1405.031
Martin, 1997, Side-effects of intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy, Lupus, 6, 254, 10.1177/096120339700600307
Blalock, 1946, The treatment of myasthenia gravis by removal of the thymus gland, Br J Surg, 32, 201
Gronseth, 2000, Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, Neurology, 55, 7, 10.1212/WNL.55.1.7
Lavrnic, 2005, The features of myasthenia gravis with autoantibodies to MuSK, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76, 1099, 10.1136/jnnp.2004.052415
Gedizlioglu, 2008, An unusual complication of immunosuppression in myasthenia gravis: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Neuromuscul Disord, 19, 155, 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.09.019
Vernino, 2005, Primary CNS lymphoma complicating treatment of myasthenia gravis with mycophenolate mofetil, Neurology, 65, 639, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000173031.56429.04
Thomas, 1997, Myasthenia crisis: clinical features, mortality, complications, and risk factors for prolonged intubation, Neurology, 48, 1253, 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1253
Qureshi, 1999, Plasma exchange versus intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in myasthenic crisis, Neurology, 52, 629, 10.1212/WNL.52.3.629
Seneviratne, 2008, Predictors of extubation failure in myasthenic crisis, Arch Neurol, 65, 929, 10.1001/archneur.65.7.929
Rabinstein, 2002, BiPAP in acute respiratory failure due to myasthenic crisis may prevent intubation, Neurology, 59, 1647, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000033797.79530.16
Seneviratne, 2008, Noninvasive ventilation in myasthenic crisis, Arch Neurol, 65, 54, 10.1001/archneurol.2007.1
Barnes, 1995, Recurrent congenital arthrogryposis leading to a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in an initially asymptomatic mother, Neuromuscul Disord, 5, 59, 10.1016/0960-8966(94)E0029-8
Rowin, 2004, Etanercept treatment in steroid-dependent autoimmune myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 63, 2390, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000147242.92691.71
Argov, 2007, Treatment of human myasthenia gravis with oral antisense suppression of acetylcholinesterase, Neurology, 69, 699, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000267884.39468.7a
Zhou, 2007, Anti-C5 antibody treatment ameliorates weakness in experimentally acquired myasthenia gravis, J Immunol, 179, 8562, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8562
Brocke, 1988, In vitro proliferative responses and antibody titers specific to human acetylcholine receptor synthetic peptides in patients with myasthenia gravis and relation to HLA class II genes, J Clin Invest, 82, 1894, 10.1172/JCI113807
Newsom-Davis, 1989, T-cell reactivity in myasthenia gravis, J Autoimmun, 2, 101, 10.1016/0896-8411(89)90121-2
Karachunski, 1997, Prevention of experimental myasthenia gravis by nasal administration of synthetic acetylcholine receptor T epitope sequences, J Clin Invest, 100, 3027, 10.1172/JCI119857
Baggi, 1999, Oral administration of an immunodominant T-cell epitope down-regulates Th1/Th2 cytokines and prevents experimental myasthenia gravis, J Clin Invest, 104, 1287, 10.1172/JCI7121
Paas-Rozner, 2003, A dual altered peptide ligand down-regulates myasthenogenic T cell responses by up-regulating CD25− and CTLA-4-expressing CD4+ T cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 6676, 10.1073/pnas.1131898100
Xiao, 2003, Induction of peripheral tolerance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by acetylcholine receptor-pulsed dendritic cells, Cellular Immunol, 223, 63, 10.1016/S0008-8749(03)00118-7
Duan, 2004, Protective potential of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in Lewis rats by IL-10 modified dendritic cells, Neurobiol Dis, 16, 461, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.017
Sheng, 2008, Regulatory T cells induced by GM-CSF suppress ongoing experimental myasthenia, Clin Immunol, 128, 172, 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.509
Matsushita, 2008, Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression, J Clin Invest, 118, 3420
