The molecular function of adrenal chromaffin granules: Established facts and unresolved topics

Abbs, 1980, Organization of the proteins of the chromaffin granule membrane, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 595, 200, 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90084-X Aberer, 1978, A characterization of the nucleotide uptake by chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla, Biochem. J., 172, 353, 10.1042/bj1720353b Adams, 1982, Particle movement in crustacean axons that have been rendered permeable by exposure to brief intense electric fields, 7P Albanesi, 1980, Purification and analysis of membrane-bound dopamine β-hydroxylase, 39, 1655 Allen, 1983, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the adrenal gland, J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst., 9, 559, 10.1016/0165-1838(83)90013-9 Apps, 1984, Unusual redox behaviour of cytochrome b-561 from bovine chromaffin granule membranes, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 764, 8, 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90134-8 Apps, 1980, Cytochrome b561 is identical with chromomembrin B, a major polypeptide of chromaffin granule membranes, Neuroscience, 5, 2279, 10.1016/0306-4522(80)90143-8 Apps, 1983, Characterization of detergent-solubilized adenosine triphosphatase of chromaffin granule membranes, Neuroscience, 9, 687, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90185-9 Apps, 1980, Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase, 5-hydroxytryptamine transport and proton-translocation activities of resealed chromaffin granule ‘ghosts’, Biochem. J., 190, 273, 10.1042/bj1900273 Apps, 1977, Adenosine triphosphatase and adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate isotope-exchange activities of the chromaffin-granule membrane, Biochem. J., 167, 297, 10.1042/bj1670297 Apps, 1979, An adenosine triphosphatase isolated from chromaffin granule membranes is closely similar to F1-adenosine triphosphatase of mitochondria, Eur. J. Biochem., 100, 411, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04184.x Apps, 1985, Glycoproteins of the chromaffin-granule matrix: use of lectin blotting to distinguish several separate classes, Neuroscience, 16, 477, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90019-3 Arthur, 1980, The presence of lysophosphatidylcholine in chromaffin granules, Biochem. J., 191, 523, 10.1042/bj1910523 Ash, 1984, Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of the interaction of copper with dopamine β-hydroxylase, J. biol. Chem., 259, 3395, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43105-X Aunis, 1980, Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical localization of myosin, chromogranin A and dopamine β-hydroxylase in nerve cells in culture and in adrenal glands, J. Neurocytol., 9, 255, 10.1007/BF01205161 Aunis, 1984, Chromaffin granule membrane—F-actin interactions and spectrin-like protein of subcellular organelles: a possible relationship, J. Neurochem., 42, 1558, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12742.x Bader, 1983, The 97-kD α-actinin-like protein in chromaffin granule membranes from adrenal medulla: evidence for localization on the cytoplasmic surface and for binding to actin filaments, Neuroscience, 8, 165, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90036-2 Bader, 1985, Calcium-dependent calmodulin binding to chromaffin granule membranes: presence of a 65-Kilodalton calmodulin-binding protein, J. Neurochem., 44, 526, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05445.x Banerjee, 1982, Peptide mapping studies of the chromogranins and of two chromaffin granule proteoglycans, J. Neurochem., 39, 1700, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08005.x Bielski, 1981, Mechanism of disproportionation of ascorbate radicals, J. Am. chem. Soc., 103, 3516, 10.1021/ja00402a042 Bjerrum, 1979, Immunochemically identical hydrophilic and amphiphilic forms of the bovine adrenomedullary dopamine β-hydroxylase, Biochem. J., 181, 231, 10.1042/bj1810231 Blaschke, 1976, Identification of the mucopolysaccharides in catecholamine-containing subcellular particle fractions from various rat, cat and ox tissues, Acta physiol. scand., 97, 110, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10241.x Blaschko, 1967, Secretion of a chromaffin granule protein, chromogranin, from the adrenal gland after splanchnic stimulation, Nature, Lond., 215, 58, 10.1038/215058a0 Blaschko, 1953, Localization of adrenaline in cytoplasmic particles of the bovine adrenal medulla, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 219, 17, 10.1007/BF00246245 Bloch, 1984, Detection of the messenger RNA coding for preproenkephalin A in bovine adrenal by in situ hybridization, Regulat. Pept., 8, 345, 10.1016/0167-0115(84)90045-4 Bock, 1977, Localization of synaptin on synaptic vesicle membranes, synaptosomal plasma membranes and chromaffin granule membranes, FEBS Lett., 82, 175, 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80578-4 Bohn, 1983, Appearance of enkephalin-immunoreactivity in rat adrenal medulla following treatment with nicotinic antagonists or reserpine, Cell Tiss. Res., 231, 469, 10.1007/BF00218106 Bordier, 1981, Phase separation of integral membrane proteins in Triton X-114 solution, J. biol. Chem., 256, 1604, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69848-0 Bowman, 1983, Comparison of the vacuolar membrane ATPase of Neurospora crassa with the mitochondrial and plasma membrane ATPases, J. biol. Chem., 258, 15238, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43799-9 Buckland, 1979, Reconstitution of the Mg2+-ATPase of the chromaffin granule membrane, FEBS Lett., 103, 323, 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81354-X Buckley, 1985, Identification of a transmembrane glycoprotein specific for secretory vesicles of neural and endocrine cells, J. Cell Biol., 100, 1284, 10.1083/jcb.100.4.1284 Bucsics, 1981, Substance P in the adrenal gland: origin and species distribution, Neuropeptides, 1, 329, 10.1016/0143-4179(81)90020-2 Bulenda, 1985, Matrix free Ca2+ in isolated chromaffin vesicles, Biochemistry, 24, 7760, 10.1021/bi00347a039 Burger, 1984, Further characteristics of the ATP-stimulated uptake of calcium into chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 43, 806, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12803.x Burgoyne, 1984, Mechanisms of secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 779, 201, 10.1016/0304-4157(84)90009-1 Burgun, 1985, Osmotic fragility of chromaffin granules prepared under isoosmotic or hyperosmotic conditions and localization of acetylcholinesterase, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 839, 219, 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90001-7 Carmichael, 1984, Vol. 3 Carmichael, 1984, Acetylcholinesterase activity of adrenal chromaffin vesicles, Acta Histochem., 75, 183, 10.1016/S0065-1281(84)80057-4 Carmichael, 1984, Adenylate cyclase activity of adrenal chromaffin vesicles, Acta Histochem., 75, 189, 10.1016/S0065-1281(84)80058-6 Chaminade, 1984, Co-release of enkephalins and precursors with catecholamines from the perfused cat adrenal gland in situ, J. Physiol., 353, 157, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015329 Ciaranello, 1975, Regulation of dopamine β-hydroxylase in rat adrenal glands, J. biol. Chem., 250, 3204, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41612-8 Cidon, 1983, ATP-driven proton fluxes across the membranes of secretory organelles, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11684, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44282-7 Cidon, 1982, Properties of a novel ATPase enzyme in chromaffin granules, J. Bioenerget. Biomembr., 14, 499, 10.1007/BF00743074 Cidon, 1983, A novel ATPase in the chromaffin granule membrane, J. biol. Chem., 258, 2892, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)32802-3 Cohn, 1984, Selective localization of the parathyroid secretory protein-I/adrenal medulla chromogranin A protein family in a wide variety of endocrine cells of the rat, Endocrinology, 114, 1963, 10.1210/endo-114-6-1963 Cohn, 1982, Similarity of secretory protein I from parathyroid gland to chromogranin A from adrenal medulla, 79, 6056 Comb, 1982, Primary structure of the human Met-and Leu-enkephalin precursor and its mRNA, Nature, Lond., 295, 663, 10.1038/295663a0 DeStephano, 1984, Pituitary adenomas. An immunohistochemical study of hormone production and chromogranin localization, Am. J. Path., 116, 464 Deupree, 1984, Identification and characterization of the catecholamine transporter in chromafnn granules using [3H]-reserpine, J. biol. Chem., 259, 10907, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90599-5 Diliberto, 1981, Mechanism of dopamine-β-hydroxylation. Semidehydroascorbate as the enzymic oxidation product of ascorbate, J. biol. Chem., 256, 3385, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69620-1 Dumont, 1983, Distinct distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin and leucine enkephalin in various populations of isolated adrenal chromaffin cells, Life Sci., 32, 287, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90042-5 Duong, 1982, Isolation and properties of cytochrome b561 from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, J. biol. Chem., 257, 8561, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34156-5 Duong, 1984, The asymmetric orientation of cytochrome b561 in bovine chromaffin granule membranes, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 228, 332, 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90074-2 Duong, 1984, An identical cytochrome b561 is present in bovine adrenal chromaffin vesicles and posterior pituitary neurosecretory vesicles, J. biol. Chem., 259, 4885, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42928-0 Eiden, 1983, Primary cultures of bovine chromaffin cells synthesize and secrete vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Life Sci., 33, 687, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90772-5 Eiden, 1984, Alternative modes of enkephalin biosynthesis regulation by reserpine and cyclic AMP in cultured chromaffin cells, 81, 3949 Eiden, 1984, Nicotinic receptor stimulation activates enkephalin release and biosynthesis in adrenal chromaffin cells, Nature, 312, 661, 10.1038/312661a0 Eipper, 1983, Identification in pituitary tissue of a peptide α-amidation activity that acts on glycine-extended peptides and requires molecular oxygen, copper and ascorbic acid, 80, 5144 Estabrook, 1956, Low-temperature spectra of hemoproteins, J. biol. Chem., 223, 781, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65077-X Evangelista, 1982, A “trypsin-like” enzyme in adrenal chromaffin granules: a proenkephalin processing enzyme, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 106, 895, 10.1016/0006-291X(82)91795-8 Falkensammer, 1985, Cell-free and cellular synthesis of chromogranin A and B of bovine adrenal medulla, Neuroscience, 14, 735, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90323-9 Falkensammer, 1985, Biogenesis of chromaffin granules: incorporation of sulfate into chromogranin B and into a proteoglycan, J. Neurochem., 45, 1475, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07215.x Fischer-Colbrie, 1986, Bovine chromaffin granules: immunological studies with antisera against neuropeptide Y, [Met]enkephalin and bombesin, Neuroscience, 18, 167, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90185-5 Fischer-Colbrie, 1985, Immunological characterization of secretory proteins of chromaffin granules: chromogranins A, chromogranins B and enkephalin-containing peptides, J. Neurochem., 44, 1854, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07179.x Fischer-Colbrie, 1986, Chromogranin C: a third component of the acidic proteins in chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem. Fischer-Colbrie, 1985, Immunological studies on the distribution of chromogranin A and B in endocrine and nervous tissue, Neuroscience, 16, 547, 10.1016/0306-4522(85)90191-5 Fischer-Colbrie, 1982, Dopamine β-hydroxylase and other glycoproteins from the soluble content and the membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules: isolation and carbohydrate analysis, J. Neurochem., 38, 725, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08691.x Fischer-Colbrie, 1984, Isolation and immunological characterization of a glycoprotein from adrenal chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 42, 1008, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12704.x Flatmark, 1981, Cytochrome b561 of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Molecular weight and hydrodynamic properties in micellar solutions of Triton X-100, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 99, 292, 10.1016/0006-291X(81)91744-7 Flatmark, 1982, Inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide of the MgATP-driven proton pump of chromaffin granules, FEBS Lett., 149, 71, 10.1016/0014-5793(82)81074-0 Flatmark, 1985, The assignment of the Ca2+-ATPase of chromaffin granules to the proton-translocating ATPase, FEBS Lett., 182, 25, 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81146-7 Flatmark, 1977, ATP-dependent H+-translocation in resealed chromaffin granule ghosts, FEBS Lett., 78, 53, 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80271-8 Flatmark, 1971, Electron carriers of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 226, 9, 10.1016/0005-2728(71)90173-3 Flatmark, 1971, Cytochrome b561 of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. A high-potential b-type cytochrome, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 253, 487, 10.1016/0005-2728(71)90052-1 Fleminger, 1983, Processing of enkephalin-containing peptides in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, 80, 6418 Fleminger, 1984, Intact proenkephalin is the major enkephalin-containing peptide produced in rat adrenal glands after denervation, 81, 7985 Franson, 1982, Lysophospholipase activity of bovine adrenal medulla, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 711, 75, 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90011-X Fricker, 1982, Enkephalin convertase: Purification and characterization of a specific enkephalin-synthesizing carboxypeptidase localized to adrenal chromaffin granules, 79, 3886 Fricker, 1983, Purification and characterization of enkephalin convertase, an enkephalin synthesizing carboxypeptidase, J. biol. Chem., 258, 10950, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44368-7 Fricker, 1982, Enkephalin convertase: a specific enkephalin synthesizing carboxypeptidase in adrenal chromaffin granules, brain and pituitary gland, Life Sci., 31, 1841, 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90224-7 Frischenschlager, 1983, Is lysolecithin an in vivo constituent of chromaffin granules?, J. Neurochem., 41, 1480, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb00848.x Gabizon, 1982, Photoinactivation and identification of the biogenic amine transporter in chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla, J. biol. Chem., 257, 15145, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33404-5 Gabizon, 1985, The amine transporter from bovine chromaffin granules Partial purification, J. biol. Chem., 260, 3001, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89464-9 Gasnier, 1985, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibits the monoamine carrier of bovine chromaffin granule membrane, Biochemistry, 24, 1239, 10.1021/bi00326a028 Gavine, 1984, Glycoproteins of the chromaffin granule membrane: separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identification by lectin binding, J. Neurochem., 43, 1243, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb05379.x Geissler, 1977, Composition and biogenesis of complex carbohydrates of ox adrenal chromaffin granules, Neuroscience, 2, 685, 10.1016/0306-4522(77)90023-9 Giraudat, 1980, Solubilization and reconstitution of the adenosine 5′-triphosphate-dependent proton translocase of bovine chromaffin granule membrane, Biochemistry, 19, 4499, 10.1021/bi00560a018 Goedert, 1983, Neurotensin in the adrenal medulla, Neurosci. Lett., 35, 155, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90543-8 Grafenstein, 1983, ATP-stimulated accumulation of calcium by chromaffin granules and mitochondria from the adrenal medulla, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 117, 245, 10.1016/0006-291X(83)91567-X Gratzl, 1984, Distribution of chromaffin secretory vesicles, acetylcholinesterase, and lysosomal enzymes in sucrose and Percoll gradients, Analyt. Biochem., 142, 148, 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90529-3 Gratzl, 1981, Latent acetylcholinesterase in secretory vesicles isolated from adrenal medulla, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 649, 355, 10.1016/0005-2736(81)90425-9 Grigoryan, 1981, An extremely acidic copper-containing protein from chromaffin granules, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 100, 921, 10.1016/0006-291X(81)91911-2 Grouselle, 1982, Reduction of membrane-bound dopamine β-hydroxylase from the cytoplasmic surface of the chromaffin-granule membrane, Biochem. J., 202, 759, 10.1042/bj2020759 Grüninger, 1983, Adenine nucleotide and phosphoenolpyruvate transport by bovine chromaffin granule “ghosts”, Neuroscience, 9, 917, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90280-4 Gubler, 1982, Molecular cloning establishes proenkephalin as precursor of enkephalin-containing peptides, Nature, 295, 206, 10.1038/295206a0 Hagn, 1986, An immunological characterization of five common antigens of chromaffin granules and of large dense cored vesicles of sympathetic nerve, Neuroscience Lett., 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90325-3 Häusler, 1981, Evidence for an inherent, ATP-stimulated uptake of calcium into chromaffin granules, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 315, 255, 10.1007/BF00499843 Harnadek, 1985, An electron transfer dependent membrane potential in chromaffin-vesicle ghosts, Biochemistry, 24, 384, 10.1021/bi00323a022 Helle, 1984, Membrane dopamine β-hydroxylase: a precursor for the soluble enzyme in the bovine adrenal medulla, Int. J. Biochem., 16, 641, 10.1016/0020-711X(84)90033-8 Helle, 1985, Osmotic properties of the chromogranins and relation to osmotic pressure in catecholamine storage granules, Acta physiol. scand., 123, 21, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07556.x Helle, 1981, Different forms of dopamine β-hydroxylase in vesicles?, 85 Hillarp, 1953, The isolation of granular fraction from the suprarenal medulla containing the sympathomimetic amines, Acta physiol. scand., 29, 251, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1953.tb01022.x Hogue-Angeletti, 1977, Nonidentity of chromogranin A and dopamine jB-monooxygenase, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 184, 364, 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90363-0 Hook, 1984, Carboxypeptidase B-like activity for the processing of enkephalin precursors in the membrane component of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin granules, Neuropeptides, 4, 117, 10.1016/0143-4179(84)90122-7 Hook, 1985, Differential distribution of carboxypeptidase-processing enzyme activity and immunoreactivity in membrane and soluble components of chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 45, 987, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04094.x Hook, 1984, Two peptidases that convert125I-Lys-Arg-(Met)enkephalin and125I-(Met)enkephalin-Arg6, respectively to125I-(Met)enkephalin in bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules, FEBS Lett., 172, 212, 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81128-X Hook, 1985, (Met)enkephalin and carboxypeptidase processing enzyme are co-released from chromaffin cells by cholinergic stimulation, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 128, 563, 10.1016/0006-291X(85)90083-X Hook, 1982, A carboxypeptidase processing enzyme for enkephalin precursors, Nature, 295, 341, 10.1038/295341a0 Hook, 1985, Selective regulation of carboxypeptidase peptide hormone processing enzyme during enkephalin biosynthesis in cultured bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, J. biol. Chem., 260, 5991, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88927-X Hook, 1985, Immunochemical characterization of carboxypeptidase B-like peptide-hormone-processing enzyme, 82, 4745 Hörtnagl, 1973, Immunological studies on a membrane protein (chromomembrin B) of catecholamine-storing vesicles, J. Neurochem., 20, 977, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00068.x Hörtnagl, 1974, Immunological studies on the acidic chromogranins and on dopamine β-hydroxylase (E.C. 1.14.2.1) of bovine chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 22, 197, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb12201.x Hörtnagl, 1971, Membranes of chromaffin granules: isolation and partial characterization of two proteins, Biochem. J., 122, 229, 10.1042/bj1220298 Huber, 1979, Characterization and topography of the glycoproteins of adrenal chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 32, 35, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04507.x Hunter, 1982, Determination of the proportion of sealed vesicles in a preparation of chromaffin granule membrane ghosts, FEBS Lett., 144, 51, 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80567-X Ingebretsen, 1977, The H+-ATPase of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, A4 Ingebretsen, 1977, The H+-ATPase of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, 601 Ingebretsen, 1980, Subcellular distribution of ascorbate in bovine adrenal medulla. Evidence for accumulation in chromaffin granules against a concentration gradient, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 628, 182, 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90365-7 Isambert, 1981, Solubilization and reconstitution of the adenosine 5′-triphosphate dependent noradrenaline uptake system of bovine chromaffin granule membrane, Biochimie, 63, 211, 10.1016/S0300-9084(81)80194-0 Isambert, 1985, Photoaffinity labelling of the tetrabenazine binding sites of bovine chromaffin granule membranes, Biochemistry, 24, 3660, 10.1021/bi00335a039 Joh, 1983, Evidence for the existence of homologous gene coding regions for catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, 48, 327 Johnson, 1982, H+-ATPase of chromaffin granules. Kinetics, regulation and stoichiometry, J. biol. Chem., 257, 10701, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33879-1 Johnson, 1976, Internal pH of isolated chromaffin vesicles, J. biol. Chem., 251, 2189, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33677-3 Johnson, 1981, The electron transport chain of serotonin-dense granules of platelets, J. biol. Chem., 256, 11966, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43214-0 Kiang, 1982, Glycoproteins and proteoglycans of the chromaffin granule matrix, J. biol. Chem., 257, 1651, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68086-5 Kilpatrick, 1983, Biosynthetic relationship between the major matrix proteins of adrenal chromaffin granules, FEBS Lett., 164, 383, 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80322-6 Kilpatrick, 1984, Denervation of rat adrenal glands markedly increases preproenkephalin mRNA, 81, 7221 Klingenberg, 1970, Metabolic transport in mitochondria: an example for intracellular membrane function, Essays Biochem., 6, 119 Klinman, 1980, Deduction of kinetic mechanism in multisubstrate enzyme reactions from tritium isotope effects. Application to dopamine β-hydroxylase, J. biol. Chem., 255, 11648, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70179-3 Klinman, 1984, Evidence for two copper atoms/subunit in dopamine β-monooxygenase catalysis, J. biol. Chem., 259, 3399, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43106-1 Knoth, 1981, Amine transport in chromaffin granule ghosts. pH-dependence implies cationic form is translocated, J. biol. Chem., 256, 6541, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69022-8 König, 1976, The arrangement of dopamine β-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.2.1) and chromomembrin B in the membrane of chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 27, 1539, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb02642.x Kostron, 1977, Uptake of calcium by chromaffin granules in vitro, J. Neurochem., 28, 487, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10419.x Kostron, 1977, Uptake of adenosine triphosphate by isolated chromaffin granules: a carrier-mediated process, Neuroscience, 2, 159, 10.1016/0306-4522(77)90077-X Krieger-Bauer, 1982, Uptake of Ca2+ by isolated vesicles from adrenal medulla, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 691, 61, 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90214-0 Krieger-Bauer, 1983, Effects of monovalent and divalent cations on Ca2+ fluxes across chromaffin secretory membrane vesicles, J. Neurochem., 41, 1269, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb00821.x Kruggel, 1985, The amino terminal sequences of bovine and human chromogranin A and secretory protein I are identical, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 127, 380, 10.1016/S0006-291X(85)80170-4 Laduron, 1975, Evidence for a localization of dopamine β-hydroxylase within the chromaffin granules, FEBS Lett., 52, 132, 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80654-5 LaGamma, 1984, Impulse activity differentially regulates (Leu)enkephalin and catecholamine characters in the adrenal medulla, Science, 224, 1102, 10.1126/science.6144183 Lang, 1983, Evidence against co-storage of enkephalins with noradrenaline in bovine adrenal medullary granules, Eur. J. Pharmac., 86, 117, 10.1016/0014-2999(82)90408-3 Leboulenger, 1983, Coexistence of vasoactive intestinal peptide and enkephalins in the adrenal chromaffin granules of the frog, Neurosci. Lett., 37, 221, 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90434-2 Ledbetter, 1978, Synthesis of chromogranins and dopamine β-hydroxylase by perfused bovine adrenal glands, Am. J. Physiol., 235, E475 Lee, 1983, Tyrosine-O-sulfated proteins of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and their sulfation by a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11326, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44421-8 Lemaire, 1984, Dynorphin and enkephalins in adrenal paraneurones. Opiates in the adrenal medulla, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac., 62, 484, 10.1139/y84-078 Lewis, 1981, Marked increases in large enkephalin-containing polypeptides in the rat adrenal gland following denervation, J. Neurosci., 1, 80, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-01-00080.1981 Lindberg, 1982, An enkephalin-generating enzyme in bovine adrenal medulla, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 106, 186, 10.1016/0006-291X(82)92076-9 Lindberg, 1982, Characterization of a partially purified trypsin-like enkephalin generating enzyme in bovine adrenal medulla, Life Sci., 31, 1713, 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90192-8 Lindberg, 1984, Further characterization of an enkephalin-generating enzyme from adrenal medullary chromaffin granules, J. Neurochem., 42, 1411, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02802.x Livett, 1982, Co-storage of enkephalins and adrenaline in the bovine adrenal medulla, Neuroscience, 7, 1323, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)91138-1 Lloyd, 1984, Immunohistochemical detection of chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, Am. J. Surg. Path., 8, 607, 10.1097/00000478-198408000-00004 Lloyd, 1983, Specific endocrine tissue marker defined by a monoclonal antibody, Science, 222, 628, 10.1126/science.6635661 Malmstrom, 1973, Cytochrome c oxidase: some current biochemical and biophysical problems, Q. Rev. Biophys., 6, 389, 10.1017/S0033583500001578 Margolis, 1984, Structural studies on glycoprotein oligosaccharides of chromaffin granule membranes and dopamine β-hydroxylase, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 228, 443, 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90009-2 Maron, 1979, Solubilization and reconstitution of the catecholamine transporter from bovine chromaffin granules, Biochemistry, 18, 4781, 10.1021/bi00589a003 Maron, 1983, Functional asymmetry of the amine transporter from chromaffin granules, J. biol. Chem., 258, 11476, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44251-7 Matthew, 1981, Identification of a synaptic-vesicle specific membrane protein with a wide distribution in neuronal and neurosecretory tissue, J. Cell Biol., 91, 257, 10.1083/jcb.91.1.257 McHugh, 1985, Sulfation and constitutive secretion of dopamine β-hydroxylase from rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, J. biol. Chem., 260, 4409, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89280-8 Meyer, 1982, New perspectives on c-type cytochromes, Adv. Prot. Chem., 35, 105, 10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60469-6 Mizobe, 1984, Parallel but separate release of catecholamines and acetyl cholinesterase from stimulated adrenal chromaffin cells in culture, J. Neurochem., 42, 1433, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02805.x Mizuno, 1985, A putative prohormone processing protease in bovine adrenal medulla specifically cleaving in between Lys-Arg sequences, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 128, 884, 10.1016/0006-291X(85)90129-9 Mizuno, 1982, A unique proenkephalin-converting enzyme purified from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 108, 1235, 10.1016/0006-291X(82)92132-5 Nelson, 1986, Chromaffin granule proton pump, Meth. Enzymol. Neuman, 1984, Biochemical and functional properties of large and small-dense core vesicles in sympathetic nerves of rat and ox vas deferens, Neuroscience, 13, 921, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90106-4 Niedermaier, 1981, Two different ATP-dependent mechanisms for calcium uptake into chromaffin granules and mitochondria, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., 316, 69, 10.1007/BF00507231 Njus, 1983, Electron transfer across the chromaffin granule membrane, J. biol. Chem., 258, 27, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33212-5 Njus, 1981, Proton-linked transport in chromaffin granuls, Curr. Top. Bioenerg., 11, 107, 10.1016/B978-0-12-152511-8.50010-4 Njus, 1978, Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of active proton translocation in chromaffin granules, Biochemistry, 17, 4337, 10.1021/bi00613a035 Noda, 1982, Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for bovine adrenal preproenkephalin, Nature, 295, 202, 10.1038/295202a0 Nolan, 1985, A monoclonal antibody to dopamine β-monooxygenase: detection of biosynthetic intermediates, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 240, 257, 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90031-1 Nolan, 1985, Neurons and neuroendocrine cells contain chromogranin: detection of the molecule in normal bovine tissues by immunochemical and immunohistochemical methods, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 33, 791, 10.1177/33.8.3894497 Nolan, 1985, J. Neurochem. O'Connor, 1983, Chromogranin: widespread immunoreactivity in polypeptide hormone producing tissues and in serum, Regulat. Pept., 6, 263, 10.1016/0167-0115(83)90145-3 O'Connor, 1983, Chromogranin A: Immunohistology reveals its universal occurrence in normal polypeptide hormone producing endocrine glands, Life Sci., 33, 1657, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90721-X O'Connor, 1983, Immunoreactive human chromogranin A in diverse polypeptide hormone producing human tumors and normal endocrine tissues, J. clin. Endocr. Metab., 57, 1084, 10.1210/jcem-57-5-1084 O'Connor, 1984, Chromogranin A, the major catecholamine storage vesicle soluble protein, J. biol. Chem., 259, 3237, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43286-8 Patey, 1984, Characterization of new enkephalin-containing peptides in the adrenal medulla by immunoblotting, FEBS Lett., 172, 303, 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81146-1 Patey, 1985, Characterization of a new 23 kDalton enkephalin-containing protein in the bovine adrenal medulla, Neuropeptides, 5, 513, 10.1016/0143-4179(85)90067-8 Paul, 1953, The molar light absorption of pyridine ferroprotoporphyrin (Pyridine haemochromogren), Acta chem. scand., 7, 1284, 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.07-1284 Percy, 1985, Isolation of ATPase I, the proton translocator of chromaffin granule membranes, Biochem. J., 231, 557, 10.1042/bj2310557 Phillips, 1974, Steady-state kinetics of catecholamine transport by chromaffin granule ghosts, Biochem. J., 144, 319, 10.1042/bj1440319 Phillips, 1981, Transport of Ca2+ and Na+ across the chromaffin-granule membrane, Biochem. J., 200, 99, 10.1042/bj2000099 Phillips, 1982, Dynamic aspects of chromaffin granule structure, Neuroseienee, 7, 1595, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90017-3 Pryde, 1986, Fractionation of membrane proteins by temperature-induced phase separation in Triton X-114: application to subcellular fractions of the adrenal medulla, Biochem. J., 233, 525, 10.1042/bj2330525 Quach, 1984, Enkephalin biosynthesis in adrenal medulla. Modulation of proenkephalin mRNA content of cultured chromaffin cells by 8-bromo-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, Molec. Pharmac., 26, 255 Ramu, 1983, Chemical evidence that catecholamines are transported across the chromaffin granule membrane as noncationic species, 80, 2107 Reiffen, 1986, Chromogranins, widespread in endocrine and nervous tissue bind Ca2+, FEBS Lett., 195, 327, 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80187-9 Roisin, 1983, Enkephalins are associated with adrenergic granules in bovine adrenal medulla, Neuroscience, 10, 83, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90082-9 Roisin, 1982, Purification and reconstitution of the32P1-ATP exchange activity of chromaffin granule membrane, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 681, 292, 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90034-2 Roisin, 1980, Synthesis of ATP by an artificially imposed electrochemical proton gradient in chromaffin granule ghosts, FEBS Lett., 115, 143, 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80745-9 Rosa, 1985, The major tyrosine-sulfated protein of the bovine anterior pituitary is a secretory protein present in gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, mammotrophs, and corticotrophs, J. Cell Biol., 100, 928, 10.1083/jcb.100.3.928 Rosa, 1985, Secretogranins I and II: two tyrosine-sulfated secretory proteins common to a variety of cells secreting peptides by the regulated pathway, J. Cell Biol., 1999, 10.1083/jcb.101.5.1999 Rosa, 1985, The Secretogranins—a family of distinct but related proteins found in various endocrine, neuroendocrine and neuronal cells, J. Neurochem., 44 Rosa, 1981, Characterization of adenohypophysial polypeptides by two-dimensional gel electro phoresis. II. Sulfated and glycosylated polypeptides, Molec. cell. Endocr., 24, 181, 10.1016/0303-7207(81)90058-7 Rosa, 1983, Purification of a sulfated secretory protein from the adenohypophysis. Immunochemical evidence that similar macromolecules are present in other glands, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 31, 94 Rudnick, 1986, ATP-driven H+ pumping into intracellular organelles, Am. Rev. Physiol., 48, 10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.002155 Russell, 1984, pH, H+-diffusion potentials and Mg2+-ATPase in neurosecretory vesicles isolated from bovine neurohypophyses, J. biol. Chem., 259, 9496, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42727-X Russell, 1985, Electron transfer across posterior pituitary neurosecretory vesicle membranes, J. biol. Chem., 260, 226, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89720-4 Sabban, 1984, Subcellular site of biosynthesis of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in bovine adrenal medulla, J. Neurochem., 43, 1663, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06093.x Sabban, 1983, Mechanism of biosynthesis of soluble and membrane-bound forms of dopamine β-hydroxylase in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, J. biol. Chem., 258, 7812, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)32251-8 Saito, 1984, Co-storage and co-secretion of somatostatin and catecholamine in bovine adrenal medulla, Neurosci. Lett., 52, 43, 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90348-3 Sams, 1984, Chemical modification of dopamine β-hydroxylase, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 787, 61, 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90108-0 Saxena, 1983, Isolation and reconstitution of the membrane-bound form of dopamine β-hydroxylase, J. biol. Chem., 258, 4147, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)32597-3 Scherman, 1981, PH-dependence of the ATP-driven uptake of noradrenaline by bovine chromaffin granule ghosts, Eur. J. Biochem., 116, 535, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05369.x Scherman, 1983, Solubilization of the catecholamine carrier of chromaffin granule membranes in a form that binds substrates and inhibitors of uptake, Biochemistry, 22, 2805, 10.1021/bi00281a006 Scherman, 1983, The catecholamine carrier of bovine chromaffin granules. Form of the bound amine, Molec. Pharmac., 23, 431 Scherman, 1984, Reserpine binding to chromaffin granule membranes. Characterization and comparison with dihydrotetrabenazine binding, Molec. Pharmac., 25, 113 Schmidt, 1982, Adrenal chromaffin granules: evidence for an ultrastructural equivalent of the proton-pumping ATPase, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 27, 96 Schneider, 1967, Secretion from the adrenal medulla: biochemical evidence for exocytosis, Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 31, 94, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01980.x Schuldiner, 1978, Role of a transmembrane pH gradient in epinephrine transport by chromaffin granule membrane vesicles, 5, 3713 Schultzberg, 1978, Enkephalin like immunoreactivity in gland cells and nerve terminals of the adrenal medulla, Neuroscience, 3, 1169, 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90137-9 Seizinger, 1985, Isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla, Nature, 313, 57, 10.1038/313057a0 Serck-Hanssen, 1984, Immunological identification and characterization of chromogranins coded by Poly(A) mRNA from bovine adrenal medulla and pituitary gland and human phaeochromocytoma, J. biol. Chem., 259, 11597, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90905-1 Settleman, 1985, Relationship of multiple forms of chromogranin, J. biol. Chem., 260, 1645, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89643-0 Settleman, 1985, Chromogranin, an integral membrane protein, J. biol. Chem., 260, 1641, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89642-9 Siegel, 1985, Multiple populations of neuropeptide-containing cells in cultures of the bovine adrenal medulla, Devl Brain Res., 17, 267, 10.1016/0165-3806(85)90152-X Silsand, 1974, Purification of cytochrome b-561. An integral heme protein of the adrenal chromaffin granule membrane, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 395, 257, 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90223-2 Skotland, 1980, Direct spectrophotometric detection of ascorbate free radical formed by dopamine β-monooxygenase and by ascorbate oxidase, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 630, 30, 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90134-8 Skotland, 1977, NH2-terminal sequence of dopamine β-hydroxylase from bovine adrenal medulla, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 74, 1483, 10.1016/0006-291X(77)90609-X Slater, 1981, Purification of membrane-bound dopamine β-monooxygenase from chromaffin granules: relation to soluble dopamine β-monooxygenase, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 211, 288, 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90456-2 Smith, 1968, Biochemistry of adrenal chromaffin granules, 239 Smith, 1972, Fundamental mechanisms of the release of catecholamines, Vol. 33, 538 Sokoloff, 1985, Dopamine β-hydroxylase: structural comparisons of membrane-bound versus soluble forms from adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma, J. Neurochem., 44, 411, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05431.x Solioz, 1984, Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide as a probe for proton-translocating enzymes, Trends Biochem. Sci., 9, 309, 10.1016/0968-0004(84)90298-6 Somogyi, 1975, A possible structural basis for the extracellular release of acetylcholinesterase, B191, 271 Somogyi, 1984, Chromogranin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system. Immunochemical characterization, distribution and relationship to catecholamine and enkephalin pathways, Brain Res. Rev., 8, 193, 10.1016/0165-0173(84)90007-9 Srivastava, 1984, Cytochrome b-561 catalyzes transmembrane electron transfer, J. biol. Chem., 259, 8072, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39692-8 Supattapone, 1984, Purification and characterization of a membrane-bound enkephalin-forming carboxypeptidase, “enkephalin convertase”, J. Neurochem., 42, 1017, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12705.x Sutton, 1981, Isolation of a DCCD-binding protein from bovine chromaffin-granule membranes, FEBS Lett., 130, 103, 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80675-8 Taugner, 1981, Phosphoryl group transfer by a fraction of the soluble proteins of catecholamine storage vesicles, J. Neurochem., 36, 1879, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb10811.x Taugner, 1980, Reversibility of ATP hydrolysis in catecholamine storage vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path Pharmak., 315, 129, 10.1007/BF00499255 Terland, 1975, Ascorbate as a natural constituent of chromafinn granules from the bovine adrenal medulla, FEBS Lett., 59, 52, 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80339-5 Terland, 1980, Oxidoreductase activities of chromaffin granule ghosts isolated from the bovine adrenal medulla, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 597, 318, 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90109-1 Thoenen, 1969, Trans-synaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 169, 249 Tirell, 1979, The uptake of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic by chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla, Neuroscience, 4, 181, 10.1016/0306-4522(79)90227-6 Treiman, 1983, 3′,5′-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate- and Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent endogenous protein phosphorylation vesicles: identification of two phosphorylated components as tyrosine hydroxylase and protein kinase regulatory type II, J. Neurochem., 40, 661, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08031.x Trifaro, 1972, Membranes of adrenal chromaffin granules. Solubilization and partial characterization of the Mg-dependent ATPase, Molec. Pharmac., 8, 159 Troy, 1982, Processing of enkephalin precursors by chromaffin granule enzymes, Life Sci., 31, 1717, 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90193-X Uchida, 1985, Purification and properties of H+-translocating Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase from vacuolar membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. biol. Chem., 260, 1090, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)71211-1 Udenfriend, 1983, Biochemistry of the enkephalins and enkephalin-containing peptides, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 221, 309, 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90149-2 Ungar, 1983, Regulation of the adrenal medulla, Physiol. Rev., 63, 787, 10.1152/physrev.1983.63.3.787 Viveros, 1979, Opiate-like materials in the adrenal medulla: evidence for storage and secretion with catecholamines, Molec. Pharmac., 16, 1101 Wakefield, 1984, Isolation of a membrane protein by chromatofocusing: cytochrome b-561 of the adrenal chromaffin granule, J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 9, 331, 10.1016/0165-022X(84)90017-4 Weber, 1983, Specificity and properties of the nucleotide carrier in chromaffin granules from bovine adrenal medulla, Biochem. J., 210, 789, 10.1042/bj2100789 Weber, 1981, Specificity and mechanism of nucleotide uptake by adrenal chromaffin granules, Neuroscience, 6, 2269, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90016-6 Wilson, 1984, Detection of chromogranin in neuroendocrine cells with a monoclonal antibody, Am. J. Path., 115, 458 Wilson, 1981, Reserpine increases opiate-like peptide content and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells in culture, Neuroscience, 6, 71, 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90244-X Wilson, 1984, Regulation of opioid peptide synthesis and processing in adrenal chromaffin cells by catecholamines and cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate, J. Neurosci., 4, 2993, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-12-02993.1984 Winkler, 1976, The composition of adrenal chromaffin granules: an assessment of controversial results, Neuroscience, 1, 65, 10.1016/0306-4522(76)90001-4 Winkler, 1977, The biogenesis of chromaffin granules, Neuroscience, 2, 657, 10.1016/0306-4522(77)90022-7 Winkler, 1974, Membranes of the adrenal medulla: their role in exocytosis, Vol. 2, 127 Winkler, 1980, The molecular organization of adrenal chromaffin granules, Neuroscience, 5, 1803, 10.1016/0306-4522(80)90031-7 Winkler, 1982, The chromaffin granule, 3 Winkler, 1984, Life cycle of the catecholaminergic vesicles: from biogenesis to secretion, 65 Wood, 1985, Purification of chromaffin granule membrane glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on lectin columns, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 13, 643, 10.1042/bst0130710 Zaremba, 1982, NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase from bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules, Archs Biochem. Biophys., 219, 297, 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90160-6 Zaremba, 1985, A reliable method for assessing topographical arrangement of proteins in the chromaffin granule membrane, Neurochem. Res., 10, 19, 10.1007/BF00964769