Electrification of road freight transport: Policy implications in British Columbia

Energy Policy - Tập 115 - Trang 109-118 - 2018
Hoda Talebian1, Omar E. Herrera1, Martino Tran1, Walter Mérida1
1Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3

Tài liệu tham khảo

Al-Subaie, 2017, Presenting the Implementation of Power-to-Gas to an Oil Refinery as a Way to Reduce Carbon Intensity of Petroleum Fuels, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42, 19376, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.067 APS Physics, 2010. Integrating Renewable Electricity on the Grid. ARB, 2015. Technology Assessment: Medium- and Heavy-duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles. Argonne National Laboratory, 2016. GREET (The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation Model)- GREET_1_2016. Bachu, S., 2004. Evaluation of CO2 Sequestration Capacity in Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. BC Hydro, 2011. Integrated Resource Plan Appendix 6B-1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scenarios for the Western Interconnection: (2010–2050). BC Hydro, 2013. The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/planning-for-our-future/irp/current-plan/document-centre/reports/november-2013-irp.html〉 (accessed 2 October 2017). BC Hydro, 2014. BC Hydro’s Greenhouse Gas Intensities 2004–2014 [WWW Document]. URL https://www.bchydro.com/content/dam/BCHydro/…/ghg-intensities-2004–2014.pdf%0A (accessed 19 January 2017). BC Hydro, 2017a. BC Hydro’s Service Plan 2017/18 – 2019/20. BC Hydro, 2017b. Site C Clean Energy Project [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www.sitecproject.com/〉 (accessed 7 May 2017). den Boer, E., Pagenkopf, J., Aarnink, S., Kleiner, F., 2013. Zero Emissions Trucks An Overview of State-of-the-art Technologies and their Potential. 〈doi: http://dx.doi.org/13.4841.21〉. CaFCP, 2016. Medium- & Heavy-duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck Action Plan for California. CalSTA, 2014. California Freight Mobility Plan. Canada Gazette Part II, 2010. Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations (SOR/2010-201) 144. Canada Gazette Part II, 2013. Canadian Environmental Protection Act,1999: Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations 147. Canada Gazette Part II, 2014. Regulations Amending the Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations SOR/2014-207 148. Canada Gazette Part II, 2017. Regulations Amending the Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations and Other Regulations Made Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 151. Cetinkaya, 2012, Life Cycle Assessment of Various Hydrogen Production Methods, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 37, 2071, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.064 CHFCA, 2016. Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Sector Profile. Damen, 2006, A comparison of electricity and hydrogen production systems with CO 2 capture and storage. Part A: review and selection of promising conversion and capture technologies, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 32, 215, 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.11.005 Edwards, R., Larivé, J.-.F., Rickeard, D., Weindorf, W., 2014. Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context, Well-to-Tank (WTT) Report – Appendix 2, Version4a. Eom, 2012, We Keep on truckin’: trends in Freight Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in 11 IEA Countries, Energy Policy, 45, 327, 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.040 Eudy, L., Post, M., Gikakis, C., 2015. Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2015. Fridriksson, T., Mateos, A., Audinet, P., Orucu, Y., 2016. Green house Gases from Geothermal Power Production: Interim Technical Note. Girvan, J. , & Hall, M., 2008. BC Fibre Model User Guide. Government of B.C, 2008a. Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements) Act, Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel RequirementsRegulation, B.C. Reg. 394/2008 [WWW Document]. Gov. Br. Columbia. URL 〈http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/394_2008〉 (accessed 15 February 2017). Government of B.C, 2008b. British Columbia’s Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax [WWW Document]. Gov. Br. Columbia. URL 〈http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/planning-and-action/carbon-tax〉 (accessed 20 December 2016). Government of B.C, 2010. Clean Energy Act [WWW Document]. [SBC 2010] CHAPTER 22. URL 〈http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/consol24/consol24/00_10022_01〉 (accessed 15 March 2017). Government of B.C, 2012. Clean Energy Act Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Clean energy)Regulation B.C. Reg. 102/2012 [WWW Document]. URL 〈http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/102_2012〉. Government of B.C, 2017a. Weigh2GoBC [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/vehicle-safety-enforcement/services/weigh2gobc-join〉 (accessed 12 January 2017). Government of B.C, 2017b. Site C Dam Information & Updates [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/electricity-alternative-energy/electricity/site-c〉 (accessed 15 December 2017). Government of B.C, 2005 Hao, 2015, Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions from China's Freight Transport Sector: scenarios through 2050, Energy Policy, 85, 94, 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.016 He, 2017, Hydrogen Refueling Station Siting of Expressway Based on the Optimization of Hydrogen Life Cycle Cost, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 42, 16313, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.073 Helmers, 2012, Electric Cars: technical Characteristics and Environmental Impacts, Environ. Sci. Eur., 24, 1, 10.1186/2190-4715-24-14 Hiscock, J., 2015. Smart Grid in Canada 2014. doi:015-018 RP-ANU 411-SGPLAN. Howarth, 2014, A Bridge to Nowhere: methane Emissions and the Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Natural Gas, Energy Sci. Eng., 2, 47, 10.1002/ese3.35 HSU, T., 2017. Nikola Tweaks Hydrogen Truck Design, Raises Funding [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www.trucks.com/2017/06/26/nikola-electric-truck-redesign/〉 (accessed 10 May 2017). Hua, 2014, Status of hydrogen fuel cell electric buses worldwide, J. Power Sources, 269, 975, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.055 Industrial Forestry Service, 2015. Wood Based Biomass in British Columbia and its Potential for New Electricity Generation. Lambert, F., 2017a. BYD Announces New Electric Truck Assembly Factory in Canada [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://electrek.co/2017/11/15/byd-new-electric-truck-assembly-factory-canada/〉 (accessed 12 May 2017). Lambert, F., 2017b. Tesla Semi [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://electrek.co/guides/tesla-semi/〉 (accessed 15 December 2017). Lambert, F., 2017c. US Cities' Massive Electric Vehicles Order Increases to 114,000 Vehicles, 40 Companies Competing [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://electrek.co/2017/03/15/electric-vehicle-order-114000-vehicles-40-companies-competing/〉 (accessed 12 October 2017). Levene, 2007, An analysis of hydrogen production from renewable electricity sources, Sol. Energy, 81, 773, 10.1016/j.solener.2006.10.005 Limanond, 2011, Projection of future transport energy demand of Thailand, Energy Policy, 39, 2754, 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.02.045 Maroufmashat, 2017, Transition of Future Energy System Infrastructure; Through Power-to-Gas Pathways, Energies, 10.3390/en10081089 McJeon, 2014, Limited Impact on Decadal-scale Climate Change from Increased Use of Natural Gas, Nature, 514, 482, 10.1038/nature13837 Mehra, 2017, Progress in hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) internal combustion engines - a comprehensive review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.061 Melaina, 2013 MNP, 2016. Clean Energy Vehicle Economic Opportunities Assessment. Natural Gas Use in Transportation Roundtable, 2010. Natural Gas Use in the Canadian Transportation Sector: Deployment Roadmap. NEB, 2016. Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040. NRCan, 2013. GHGenius Model 4.03. NRCan, 2016, Road transportation secondary energy use and GHG emissions,British Columbia and territories [www document], Nat. Resour. Can. NRCan, 2017, British Columbia's Shale and tight resources [www document], Nat. Resour. Can. NREL, 2013 O’Dell, J., 2017. Toyota’s Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Truck Finally Hits the Road [WWW Document]. URL 〈https://www.trucks.com/2017/10/12/toyota-hydrogen-fuel-cell-electric-truck-hits-road/〉 (accessed 11 May 2017). OECD, 2011. Moving Freight with Better Trucks: Improving Safety, Productivity and Sustainability. Poudyal, 2015, Compendium of hydrogen energy, Compend. Hydrog. Energy Ramachandran, 2015, Well to wheel analysis of low carbon alternatives for road traffic, R. Soc. Chem., 8, 3313 Ramsde, 2013, hydrogen pathways: updated Cost, well-to-wheels energy use, and emissions for the Current technology status of Ten hydrogen production, Deliv., Distrib. Scenar. Sawyer, D., Harding, R., Pozlott, C., Dickey, P., 2008. Carbon Capture and Storage — The Environmental and Economic Case and Challenges. Thomas, 2009, Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 34, 6005, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003 2011 Tractebel Engineering and Hinicio Consulting, 2017. Study on Early Business Cases for H2 in Energy Storage & More Broadly Power to H2 Applications. U.S. Department of Energy, 2013. State of the States: Fuel cells in America 2013. U.S. DRIVE Partnership, 2013. Hydrogen Delivery Technical Team Roadmap. Venkatesh, 2011, Uncertainty in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from united states natural gas end-uses and its effects on policy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8182, 10.1021/es200930h Veziroǧlu, 2008, 21st century's energy: hydrogen energy system, Energy Convers. Manag, 49, 1820, 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.08.015 Wolinetz, J., Moorhouse, M., 2016. Biofuels in Canada: Tracking Progress in Tackling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation Fuels.