Fibroblasts form a body-wide cellular network
Tóm tắt
“Loose” connective tissue forms a network extending throughout the body including subcutaneous and interstitial connective tissues. The existence of a cellular network of fibroblasts within loose connective tissue may have considerable significance as it may support yet unknown body-wide cellular signaling systems. We used a combination of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, confocal scanning laser microscopy (confocal microscopy), and electron microscopy to investigate the extent and nature of cell-to-cell connections within mouse subcutaneous connective tissue. We found that fibroblasts formed a reticular web throughout the tissue. With confocal microscopy, 30% of fibroblasts’ processes could be followed continuously from one cell to another. Connexin 43 immunoreactivity was present at apparent points of cell-to-cell contact. Electron microscopy revealed that processes from adjacent cells were in close apposition to one another, but gap junctions were not observed. Our findings indicate that soft tissue fibroblasts form an extensively interconnected cellular network, suggesting they may have important and so far unsuspected integrative functions at the level of the whole body.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Banes AJ, Tsuzaki M, Yamamoto J, Fischer T, Brigman B, Brown T, Miller L (1995) Mechanoreception at the cellular level: the detection, and diversity of responses to mechanical signals. Biochem Cell Biol 73:349–365
Bevelander G, Ramaley JA (1979) Essentials of histology, 8th edn. Mosby, St. Louis
Bloom W, Faucett DW (1994) A textbook of histology, 12th edn, Chapman and Hall, New York
Brown RA, Prajapati R, McGrouther DA, Yannas IV, Eastwood M (1998) Tensional homeostasis in dermal fibroblasts: mechanical responses to mechanical loading in three-dimensional substrates. J Cell Physiol 175:323–332
Charles AC, Naus CC, Zhu D, Kidder GM, Dirksen ER, Sanderson MJ (1992) Intercellular calcium signaling via gap junctions in glioma cells. J Cell Biol 118:195–201
Cheng X (1987) Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion. Foreign Language Press, Beijing
Dolber PC, Beyer EC, Junker JL, Spach MS (1992) Distribution of gap junctions in dog and rat ventricle studied with a double-label technique. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24:1443–1457
Ebihara L (2003) New roles for connexons. News Physiol Sci 18:100–103
Elias MH, Amenta PS (1986) Elias-Pauly’s histology and human microanatomy, 5th edn. Wiley, New York
Gabbiani G, Chaponnier C, Huttner I (1978) Cytoplasm filaments and gap junctions in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts during wound healing. J Cell Biol 76:561–568
Gartner LP, Hiatt JL (2001) Color textbook of histology, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Gilula NB, Reeves OR, Steinbach A (1972) Metabolic coupling, ionic coupling and cell contacts. Nature 235:262–265
Gutierrez J, Perr H (1999) Mechanical stretch modulates TGF-β1 and alpha 1(I) collagen expression in fetal human intestinal smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 277:G1074–G1080
Ham RG (1980) Dermal fibroblasts. In: Harris CC, Trump BF, Stoner GD (eds) Methods in cell biology, vol 21A. Academic, New York, pp 255–276
Harris AL (2001) Emerging issues of connexin channels: biophysics fills the gap. Q Rev Biophys 34:325–472
Iatridis JC, Wu J, Yandow JA, Langevin HM (2003) Subcutaneous tissue mechanical behavior is linear and viscoelastic under uniaxial tension. Connect Tissue Res 44:208–217
Jester JV, Petroll WM, Barry PA, Cavanagh HD (1995) Temporal, 3-dimensional, cellular anatomy of corneal wound tissue. J Anat 186:301–311
Kaptchuk TJ (2000) The web that has no weaver: understanding Chinese medicine. Contemporary, Chicago
Kessel RG (1998) Basic medical histology. Oxford Press, New York
Ko K, Arora P, Lee W, McCulloch C (2000) Biochemical and functional characterization of intercellular adhesion and gap junctions in fibroblasts. Am J Cell Physiol 279:C147–C157
Lal R, Lin H (2001) Imaging molecular structures and physiological function of gap junctions and hemijunctions by multimodal atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 52:273–288
Langevin HM, Yandow JA (2002) Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. Anat Rec 269:257–265
Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Fox JR, Badger GJ, Garra BS, Krag MH (2001a) Biomechanical response to acupuncture needling in humans. J Appl Physiol 91:2471–2478
Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Cipolla MJ (2001b) Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB J 15:2275–2282
Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Wu J, Badger GJ, Yandow JA, Fox JR, Krag MH (2002) Evidence of connective tissue involvement in acupuncture. FASEB J 16:872–874
Larson DM, Wrobleski MJ, Sagar GD, Westphale EM, Beyer EC (1997) Differential regulation of connexin43 and connexin37 in endothelial cells by cell density, growth, and TGF-beta1. Am J Physiol 272:404-415
Li H, Liu TF, Lazrak A, Peracchia C, Goldberg GS, Lampe PD (1996) Properties and regulation of gap junctional hemichannels in the plasma membrane of cultured cells. J Cell Biol 134:1019–1030
McNeilly M, Banes AJ, Benjamin M, Ralphs JR (1996) Tendon cells in vivo form a three dimensional network of cell processes linked by gap junctions. J Anat 189:593–600
Novotny GEK, Gnoth C (1991) Variability of fibroblast morphology in vivo: a silver impregnation study on human digital dermis and subcutis. J Anat 177:195–207
Novotny GEK, Gommert-Novotny E (1990) A simple procedure for demonstrating the overall morphology of fibroblasts in routine histological preparations of adult tissues, using silver impregnation. J Microsc 159:99–107
Petridou S, Masur SK (1996) Immunodetection of connexins and cadherins in corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1740–1748
Ralphs JR, Benjamin M, Waggett AD, Russell DC, Messner K, Gao J (1998) Regional differences in cell shape and gap junction expression in rat Achilles tendon: relation to fibrocartilage differentiation. J Anat 193:215–222
Rustom A, Saffrich R, Markovic I, Walther P, Gerdes HH (2004) Nanotubular highways for intercellular organelle transport. Science 303:1007–1010
Shore BC, Berkovitz BKB, Moxham BJ (1980) Intercellular contacts between fibroblasts in the periodontal connective tissues of the rat. J Anat 133:67–76
Skutek M, van Griensven M, Zeichen J, Brauer N, Bosch U (2001) Cyclic mechanical stretching modulates secretion pattern of growth factors in human tendon fibroblasts. Eur J Appl Physiol 6:48–52
Stoltz J, Dumas D, Wang X, Payan E, Mainard D, Paulus F, Maurice G, Netter P, Muller S (2000) Influence of mechanical forces on cells and tissues. Biorheology 37:3–14
Stout CE, Costantin JL, Naus CCG, Charles AC (2002) Intercellular calcium signaling in astrocytes via ATP release through connexin hemichannels. J Biol Chem 277:10482–10488
Studer D, Graber W, Al-Amoudi A, Eggli P (2001) A new approach for cryofixation by high-pressure freezing. J Microsc 203:285–294
Swartz MA, Tschumperlin DJ, Kamm RD, Drazen JM (2001) Mechanical stress is communicated between different cell types to elicit matrix remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6180–6185
Tanji K, Shimiz T, Satou T, Hashimoto S, Bonilla E (1995) Gap junctions between fibroblasts in rat myotendon. Arch Histol Cytol 58:97–102
Ye ZC, Wyeth MS, Baltan-Tekkok S, Ransom BR (2003) Functional hemichannels in astrocytes: a novel mechanism of glutamate release. J Neurosci 23:3588–3596
Zhang S (1999) An atlas of histology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York