Vanadium: Global (bio)geochemistry

Chemical Geology - Tập 417 - Trang 68-89 - 2015
Jen-How Huang1, Fang Huang2, Les Evans3, Susan Glasauer3
1Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland
2CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, USTC, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
3School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abon, 1997, Vanadium phosphorus oxides for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride, Appl. Catal., A, 157, 173, 10.1016/S0926-860X(97)00016-1 Adachi, 1997, Determination of vanadium in environmental samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Water Res., 31, 1247, 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00379-X Adam, 2006, Trace element partitioning between mica- and amphibole-bearing garnet lherzolite and hydrous basanitic melt: 1. Experimental results and the investigation of controls on partitioning behaviour., Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 152, 1, 10.1007/s00410-006-0085-4 Aide, 2005, Geochemical assessment of iron and vanadium relationships in oxic soil environments, Soil Sediment Contam., 14, 403, 10.1080/15320380500180382 Akinlua, 2015, Trace element geochemistry of crude oils and condensates from South African basins, Mar. Pet. Geol., 59, 286, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.07.023 Alcalde-Isorna, 2011, Selective determination of V(IV) and V(V) in seawater by solid phase extraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, At. Spectrosc., 32, 234, 10.46770/AS.2011.06.004 Algeo, 2004, Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of upper pennsylvanian Kansas-type cyclothems, Chem. Geol., 206, 289, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.009 Algeo, 2008, Trace-metal covariation as a guide to water-mass conditions in ancient anoxic marine environments, Geosphere, 4, 872, 10.1130/GES00174.1 Algeo, 2012, Paleoceanographic applications of trace-metal concentration data, Chem. Geol., 324, 6, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.002 Amrhein, 1993, The effects of redox on Mo, U, B, V, and as solubility in evaporation pond soils, Soil Sci., 155, 249, 10.1097/00010694-199304000-00003 Anbar, 2007, Metal stable isotopes in paleoceanography, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35, 717, 10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125029 Anders, 1989, Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 197, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X Ault, 2010, Characterization of the single particle mixing state of individual ship plume events measured at the port of Los angeles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1954, 10.1021/es902985h Aureli, 2008, Speciation of vanadium (IV) and (V) in mineral water by anion exchange liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after EDTA complexation, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, 1009, 10.1039/b805234b Baken, 2012, Ageing of vanadium in soils and consequences for bioavailability, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 63, 839, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01491.x Balan, 2006, The oxidation state of vanadium in titanomagnetite from layered basic intrusions, Am. Mineral., 91, 953, 10.2138/am.2006.2192 Ballhaus, 1993, Redox states of lithospheric and asthenospheric upper mantle, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 114, 331, 10.1007/BF01046536 Balsiger, 1969, Vanadium isotopic composition in meteoritic and terrestrial matter, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 6, 117, 10.1016/0012-821X(69)90129-0 Balsiger, 1976, Vanadium isotopic composition and contents in gas-rich meteorites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 28, 379, 10.1016/0012-821X(76)90199-0 Banerjee, 2003, Use of imidazole 4, 5-dicarboxylic acid resin in vanadium speciation, Microchim. Acta, 141, 107, 10.1007/s00604-002-0939-z Barwise, 1990, Role of nickel and vanadium in petroleum classification, Energy Fuel, 4, 647, 10.1021/ef00024a005 Bautista, 1972, Reduction of inorganic compounds by soil microorganisms, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 36, 918, 10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600060024x Bell, 2004, Methods evaluating vanadium tolerance in bacteria isolated from crude oil contaminated land, J. Microbiol. Methods, 58, 87, 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.03.006 Bengtsson, 1976 Blackmore, 1996, Treatment of a vanadium-containing effluent by adsorption/coprecipitation with iron oxyhydroxide, Water Res., 30, 2512, 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00080-2 Boehler, 2000, High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials, Rev. Geophys., 38, 221, 10.1029/1998RG000053 Boni, 2007, Genesis of vanadium ores in the otavi mountainland, Namibia, Econ. Geol., 102, 441, 10.2113/gsecongeo.102.3.441 Bordage, 2011, V oxidation state in Fe-Ti oxides by high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Miner., 38, 449, 10.1007/s00269-011-0418-3 Bortnikova, 2009, The hydrogeochemistry of thermal springs on mutnovskii volcano, southern Kamchatka, J. Volcanol. Seismol., 3, 388, 10.1134/S0742046309060025 Bosque-Sendra, 1998, Speciation of vanadium (IV) and vanadium (V) with eriochrome cyanine R in natural waters by solid phase spectrophotometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 360, 31, 10.1007/s002160050637 Boström, 1971, Volcanogenic uranium, vanadium and iron in Indian ocean sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 95, 10.1016/0012-821X(71)90148-8 Bredberg, 2004, Reduction of vanadium(V) with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Bioresour. Technol., 92, 93, 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.004 Breit, 1988, Vanadium: resources in fossil fuels. U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin, 1877 Breit, 1991, Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks – a review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis, Chem. Geol., 91, 83, 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90083-4 Briand, 1999, Vanadium recovery from solid catalysts by means of Thiobacilli action, Process Metall., 9, 263, 10.1016/S1572-4409(99)80026-1 Brinza, 2008, Adsorption studies of Mo and V onto ferrihydrite, Mineral. Mag., 72, 385, 10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.385 Brumsack, 2006, The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: implications for cretaceous black shale formation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 344, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.011 Burke, 2012, Speciation of arsenic, chromium, and vanadium in red mud samples from the ajka spill site, Hungary, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3085, 10.1021/es3003475 Caccia, 2003, The distribution and seasonal variation of dissolved trace metals in Florida bay and adjacent waters, Aquat. Geochem., 9, 111, 10.1023/B:AQUA.0000019486.07923.be Canada, 2010 Canadian_Environmental_Quality_Guidelines, 1999, Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health: Vanadium Canil, 1999, Vanadium partitioning between orthopyroxene, spinel and silicate melt and the redox states of mantle source regions for primary magmas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 557, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00287-7 Canil, 2002, Vanadium in peridotites, mantle redox and tectonic environments: archean to present, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195, 75, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00582-9 Canil, 2004, Mildly incompatible elements in peridotites and the origins of mantle lithosphere, Lithos, 77, 375, 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.014 Canil, 2006, Mantle redox in cordilleran ophiolites as a record of oxygen fugacity during partial melting and the lifetime of mantle lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248, 106, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.038 Cappuyns, 2012, Occurrence of vanadium in Belgian and european alluvial soils, Appl. Environ. Soil Sci., 2012, 1 Cappuyns, 2014, Release of vanadium from oxidized sediments: insights from different extraction and leaching procedures, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 2272, 10.1007/s11356-013-2149-0 Carpentier, 2003, Microbial reduction and precipitation of vanadium by Shewanella oneidensis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3636, 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3636-3639.2003 Challenge, 2010 Chasteen, 1983, The biochemistry of vanadium, Struct. Bond., 53, 105, 10.1007/BFb0111304 Chen, 2011, Geochemistry of environmentally sensitive trace elements in permian coals from the huainan coalfield, Anhui, China, Int. J. Coal Geol., 88, 41, 10.1016/j.coal.2011.08.002 Cheshire, 1977, Metal distribution and nature of some Cu, Mn and V complexes in humic and fulvic-acid fractions of soil organic-matter, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41, 1131, 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90108-9 Clark, 1993 Clarke, 1889, The relative abundance of the chemical elements, 131 Cloy, 2011, Scottish peat bog records of atmospheric vanadium deposition over the past 150years: comparison with other records and emission trends, J. Environ. Monit., 13, 58, 10.1039/C0EM00492H Colina, 2005, Determination of vanadium species in sediment, mussel and fish muscle tissue samples by liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 538, 107, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.044 Condie, 1993, Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales, Chem. Geol., 104, 1, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90140-E Cook, 1947, High-temperature heat contents of V2O3, V2O4 and V2O5, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 331, 10.1021/ja01194a051 Crans, 1998, Chemistry of relevance to vanadium in the environment, 73 Dauphas, 2009, Iron isotopes may reveal the redox conditions of mantle melting from archean to present, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 288, 255, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.029 Drake, 1989, V, Cr, and Mn in the earth, moon, EPB, and SPB and the origin of the moon: experimental studies, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 2101, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90328-1 Duce, 1976, Atmospheric vanadium transport to the ocean, Atmos. Environ., 10, 989, 10.1016/0004-6981(76)90207-9 Ekstrom, 1983, Determination of the crystal structure of a petroporphyrin isolated from oil shale, Nature, 306, 173, 10.1038/306173a0 Elston, 1959, Geology and mineralogy of the J. J. mine, montrose county, Colorado. U. S, Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 320, 203 Elvingson, 1996, Speciation in vanadium bioinorganic systems. 2. An NMR, ESR, and potentiometric study of the aqueous H+−vanadate-maltol system, Inorg. Chem., 35, 3388, 10.1021/ic951195s Emerson, 1991, Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater, Mar. Chem., 34, 177, 10.1016/0304-4203(91)90002-E Evans, 1987, The colorful vanadium minerals: a brief review and a new classification, Mineral. Rec., 18, 333 Evans, 1958, Thermodynamic equilibria of vanadium in aqueous systems as applied to the interpretation of the Colorado plateau ore deposits, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 15, 131, 10.1016/0016-7037(58)90015-2 Fallab, 1967, Reactions with molecular oxygen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 6, 496, 10.1002/anie.196704961 Ferrer, 2001, Reduction of vanadium(V) with ascorbic acid and isolation of the generated oxovanadium(IV) species, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 83, 111, 10.1385/BTER:83:2:111 Fleischer, 1987 Fox, 2003, Accumulation, release, and solubility of arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium in wetland sediments, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 2428, 10.2134/jeq2003.2428 Francavilla, 1975, Hydroxide effects on electron-paramagnetic resonance-spectrum of aqueous vanadyl(IV) ion, Inorg. Chem., 14, 2860, 10.1021/ic50153a057 Francois, 1988, A study on the regulation of the concentrations of some trace-metals (Rb, Sr, Zn, Pb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, Mn and Mo) in saanich inlet sediments, British-Columbia, Canada, Mar. Geol., 83, 285, 10.1016/0025-3227(88)90063-1 French, 2013, Changes in Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 membrane stability upon growth in the presence of soluble Mn(II), V(IV), and U(VI), Geomicrobiol J., 30, 245, 10.1080/01490451.2012.665569 French, 2013, The dynamic nature of bacterial surfaces: implications for metal-membrane interaction, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 39, 196, 10.3109/1040841X.2012.702098 Frohne, 2015, Impact of systematic change of redox potential on the leaching of ba, Cr, Sr, and V from a riverine soil into water, J. Soils Sediments, 15, 623, 10.1007/s11368-014-1036-8 Frost, 2008, The redox state of the mantle during and just after core formation, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 366, 4315, 10.1098/rsta.2008.0147 Gäbler, 2009, Quantification of vanadium adsorption by German soils, J. Geochem. Explor., 103, 37, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.05.002 Gabrielli, 2005, Trace elements in vostok antarctic ice during the last four climatic cycles, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 249, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.001 Gao, 1998, Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in east China, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 1959, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00121-5 Gao, 1998, How mafic is the lower continental crust?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 106, 101, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00140-X Garrels, 1953, Some thermodynamic relations among the vanadium oxides, and their relation to the oxidation state of the uranium ores of the Colorado plateaus, Am. Mineral., 38, 1251 Gehring, 1994, Vanadium in sepiolite – a redox-indicator for an ancient closed brine system in the Madrid basin, central Spain, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3345, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90090-6 Gehring, 1993, The chemical form of vanadium (IV) in kaolinite, Clay Clay Miner., 41, 662, 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410604 Gehring, 1999, Mineral formation and redox-sensitive trace elements in a near-surface hydrothermal alteration system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2061, 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00134-9 Gessmann, 1998, The effect of temperature on the partitioning of nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, and vanadium at 9GPa and constraints on formation of the earth's core, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 867, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00023-4 Gessmann, 2000, The origin of the depletions of V, Cr and Mn in the mantles of the earth and moon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 95, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00323-X Ghazvini, 2009, Effect of salinity on vanadate biosorption by halomonas sp. GT-83: preliminary investigation on biosorption by micro-PIXE technique, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 2361, 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.025 Giuli, 2004, V oxidation state and coordination number in silicate glasses by XAS, Am. Mineral., 89, 1640, 10.2138/am-2004-11-1208 Glasauer, 2015 Gobeil, 2005, Contribution of municipal effluents to metal fluxes in the St. Lawrence river, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 456, 10.1021/es049335x Gomez, 1999, Leaching heavy metals from contaminated soil by using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Geomicrobiol J., 16, 233, 10.1080/014904599270613 Goodman, 1975, The bonding of vanadium in complexes with humic acid: an electron paramagnetic resonance study, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 39, 1711, 10.1016/0016-7037(75)90093-9 GOST-17.4.4.02-84, 1985, Nature Protection Guan, 2004, Corrosion protection of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 by vanadate conversion coatings, Corrosion, 60, 284, 10.5006/1.3287733 Hansley, 1992, Organic-matter diagenesis as the key to a unifying theory for the genesis of tabular uranium-vanadium deposits in the morrison formation, Colorado plateau, Econ. Geol., 87, 352, 10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.352 Harmens, 2007, Temporal trends in the concentration of arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, vanadium and zinc in mosses across europe between 1990 and 2000, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6673, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.062 Hass, 2010, Sequential selective extraction procedures for the study of heavy metals in soils, sediments and water materials – a critical review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 365, 10.1080/10643380802377992 Hernández, 1998, Metal accumulation and vanadium-induced multidrug resistance by environmental isolates of Escherichia hermannii and Enterobacter cloacae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 4317, 10.1128/AEM.64.11.4317-4320.1998 Hirayama, 1992, Mutual separation and preconcentration of vanadium (V) and vanadium (IV) in natural waters with chelating functional group immobilized silica gels followed by determination of vanadium by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Analyst, 117, 13, 10.1039/an9921700013 Hoffman, 1974, Residence time of some particulate trace metals in the oceanic surface microlayer: significance of atmospheric deposition, J. Rech. Atmosph., 8 Hope, 1997, An assessment of the global impact of anthropogenic vanadium, Biogeochemistry, 37, 1, 10.1023/A:1005761904149 Hope, 2008, A dynamic model for the global cycling of anthropogenic vanadium, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, 10.1029/2008GB003283 Hostetler, 1962, Transportation and precipitation of uranium and vanadium at low temperatures, with special reference to sandstone-type uranium deposits, Econ. Geol., 57, 137, 10.2113/gsecongeo.57.2.137 Huang, 2014, Impact of microorganisms on arsenic biogeochemistry: a review, Water Air Soil Pollut., 225, 10.1007/s11270-013-1848-y Huggins, 2009, Elemental modes of occurrence in an Illinois #6 coal and fractions prepared by physical separation techniques at a coal preparation plant, Int. J. Coal Geol., 78, 65, 10.1016/j.coal.2008.10.002 Hurlbut, 1977 Jen, 1994, Simultaneous speciation determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) as EDTA complexes by liquid-chromatography with UV-detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 289, 97, 10.1016/0003-2670(94)80012-X Jeong, 2007, Effect of competing solutes on arsenic(V) adsorption using iron and aluminum oxides, J. Environ. Sci. China, 19, 910, 10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60151-X Jia, 2012, First order speciation of vanadium and chromium in water samples by on-line continuous membrane separation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Methods, 4, 575, 10.1039/c2ay05740a Jiao, 2008, Techniques on soil remediation and disposal of vanadium pollution, Chin. J. Soil Sci., 39, 448 Joerissen, 2004, Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems, J. Power Sources, 127, 98, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.066 Johnson, 1990, Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2661, 10.1029/JB095iB03p02661 Kalinowski, 2004, Microbial leaching of uranium and other trace elements from shale mine tailings at ranstad, Geoderma, 122, 177, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.007 Kamika, 2014, Microbial diversity of emalahleni mine water in South africa and tolerance ability of the predominant organism to vanadium and nickel, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0086189 Karner, 2006, Comparative planetary mineralogy: pyroxene major- and minor-element chemistry and partitioning of vanadium between pyroxene and melt in planetary basalts, Am. Mineral., 91, 1574, 10.2138/am.2006.2103 Karner, 2006, Application of a new vanadium valence oxybarometer to basaltic glasses from the earth, moon, and mars, Am. Mineral., 91, 270, 10.2138/am.2006.1830 Karner, 2008, Valence state partitioning of V between pyroxene-melt: effects of pyroxene and melt composition, and direct determination of V valence states by XANES. Application to martian basalt QUE 94201 composition, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 43, 1275, 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00697.x Kawakubo, 1997, Speciation of vanadium in rain water by size-fractionation and catalytic spectrofluorometry, Anal. Sci., 13, 1033, 10.2116/analsci.13.1033 Kay, 2011, Diel cycles in dissolved barium, lead, iron, vanadium, and nitrate in a stream draining a former zinc smelter site near hegeler, Illinois, Chem. Geol., 283, 99, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.10.009 Kelley, 2009, Water and the oxidation state of subduction zone magmas, Science, 325, 605, 10.1126/science.1174156 Kish, 1972, Vandium in titaniferous magnetite of Quebec, Can. Min. Metall. Bull., 65, 117 Krachler, 2003, Atmospheric deposition of V, Cr, and Ni since the late glacial: effects of climatic cycles, human impacts, and comparison with crustal abundances, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2658, 10.1021/es0263083 Kuo, 2007, Speciation of chromium and vanadium in environmental samples using HPLC-DRC-ICP-MS, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 22, 636, 10.1039/b701112a Kustin, 1974, Interaction of catechol and catechol derivatives with dioxovanadium(V) .1. kinetics of complex-formation in acidic media, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 96, 7410, 10.1021/ja00831a600 López, 2004, Geochemical implications of trace elements and sulfur in the saturate, aromatic and resin fractions of crude oil from the Mara and Mara oeste fields, Venezuela, Fuel, 83, 365, 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.06.001 López, 1995, V/Ni ratio in maltene and asphaltene fractions of crude oils from the west venezuelan basin: correlation studies, Chem. Geol., 119, 255, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00100-M Lebedel, 2013, Geochemical and palaeoecological record of the cenomanian-turonian anoxic event in the carbonate platform of the preafrican trough, morocco, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 369, 79, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.005 Lee, 2010, The redox state of arc mantle using Zn/Fe systematics, Nature, 468, 681, 10.1038/nature09617 Lee, 2005, Similar V/Sc systematics in MORB and arc basalts: implications for the oxygen fugacities of their mantle source regions, J. Petrol., 46, 2313, 10.1093/petrology/egi056 Lewan, 1984, Factors controlling the proportionality of vanadium to nickel in crude oils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 2231, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90219-9 Li, 2009, Study on microbial reduction of vanadium matallurgical waste water, Hydrometallurgy, 99, 13, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.05.019 Li, 2007, Speciation of vanadium in oilsand coke and bacterial culture by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 602, 17, 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.004 Li, 2004, The constancy of upper mantle fO2 through time inferred from V/Sc ratios in basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 483, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.006 Lipinski, 2003, Trace metal signatures of jurassic/cretaceous black shales from the Norwegian shelf and the barents sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 190, 459, 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00619-3 Liu, 2012, Vanadium-based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3, Prog. Chem., 24, 445 Lopez, 2015, Evidence for mixed and biodegraded crude oils in the socororo field, eastern Venezuela basin, Org. Geochem., 82, 12, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.02.006 Lositskii, 1966, Welding of chemical equipment made from two-layer sheet with titanium protective layer, Chem. Pet. Eng., 2, 854, 10.1007/BF01146317 Lu, 1998, Reaction of vanadate with aquatic humic substances: an ESR and V-51 NMR study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2257, 10.1021/es970930r Lyalikova, 1992, Role of microorganisms in vanadium concentration and dispersion, Geomicrobiol J., 10, 15, 10.1080/01490459209377901 Macdonald, 2000, The lesser antilles volcanic chain: a study in arc magmatism, Earth-Sci. Rev., 49, 1, 10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00069-0 Mallmann, 2009, The crystal/melt partitioning of V during mantle melting as a function of oxygen fugacity compared with some other elements (Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Zr and Nb), J. Petrol., 50, 1765, 10.1093/petrology/egp053 Mandiwana, 2004, Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of vanadium(V) in soil after leaching with Na2CO3, Anal. Chim. Acta, 517, 201, 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.068 Mandiwana, 2005, The leaching of V(V) with PO43− in the speciation analysis of soil, Anal. Chim. Acta, 545, 239, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.075 Mann, 2009, Evidence for high-pressure core-mantle differentiation from the metal–silicate partitioning of lithophile and weakly-siderophile elements, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 7360, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.006 Manning, 2004, Intelligent window coatings: atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide, Chem. Mater., 16, 744, 10.1021/cm034905y Martell, 2004, NIST critically selected stability constants of metal complexes Maylotte, 1981, X-ray absorption spectroscopic investigation of trace vanadium sites in coal, Science, 214, 554, 10.1126/science.214.4520.554 McCann, 2013, A thermodynamic model for vanadate in aqueous solution – equilibria and reaction enthalpies, Dalton Trans., 42, 2622, 10.1039/C2DT31993D McDonough, 2003, Compositional model for the earth's core, Treatise Geochem., 2, 547, 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02015-6 McDonough, 1995, The composition of the earth, Chem. Geol., 120, 223, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 Michibata, 1991, Isolation of highly acidic and vanadium-containing blood cells from among several types of blood cell from ascidiidae species by density gradient centrifugation, J. Exp. Zool., 257, 306, 10.1002/jez.1402570304 Mikkonen, 1994, Retention of vanadium (V) by three Finnish mineral soils, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 45, 361, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00520.x Millman, 1960, The descloizite-mottramite series of vanadates from minas-do-lueca, Angola, Am. Mineral., 45, 763 Minelli, 2000, Vanadium in italian waters: monitoring and speciation of V(IV) and V(V), Microchem. J., 67, 83, 10.1016/S0026-265X(00)00102-8 Miramand, 1998, Bioaccumulation and transfer of vanadium in marine organisms, 167 Mizuno, 2008, Changes in the heavy mineral content and element concentration of tarumae-a tephra with distance from the source volcano, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 54, 839, 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2008.00307.x Morford, 2005, Diagenesis of oxyanions (V, U, Re, and Mo) in pore waters and sediments from a continental margin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 5021, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.05.015 Moskalyk, 2003, Processing of vanadium: a review, Miner. Eng., 16, 793, 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00213-9 Motschi, 1984, Al-27 endor study of VO2+ adsorbed on delta-alumina: direct evidence for inner coordination with surface functional-groups, Colloid Polym. Sci., 262, 579, 10.1007/BF01451522 Naeem, 2007, Vanadium removal by metal (hydr)oxide adsorbents, Water Res., 41, 1596, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.002 Nakano, 1990, Fractional determination of nanogram amounts of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in natural-water by a catalytic method combined with solvent-extraction, Anal. Sci., 6, 435, 10.2116/analsci.6.435 Nazer, 1980, Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of hydroxylamine by aqua-vanadium(V) ions in aqueous perchlorate-media, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 9, 1532, 10.1039/dt9800001532 Nielsen, 2011, Determination of precise and accurate 51V/50V isotope ratios by MC-ICP-MS, part 1: chemical separation of vanadium and mass spectrometric protocols, Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 35, 293, 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2011.00106.x Nielsen, 2014, Vanadium isotopic difference between the silicate earth and meteorites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 389, 167, 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.030 Nriagu, 1998, History, occurrence, and use of vanadium, 1 Ogunlaja, 2014, The ratios of vanadium-to-nickel and phenanthrene-to-dibenzothiophene as means of identifying petroleum source and classification of Nigeria crude oils, Pet. Sci. Technol., 32, 2283, 10.1080/10916466.2013.795970 Ortiz-Bernad, 2004, Vanadium respiration by Geobacter metallireducens: novel strategy for in situ removal of vanadium from groundwater, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 3091, 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3091-3095.2004 Ovari, 2001, Speciation of beryllium, nickel, and vanadium in soil samples from csepel island, Hungary, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 370, 768, 10.1007/s002160100877 Pajdowski, 1966, A spectrophotometric study of the hydrolysis of vanadium (III) ion, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 28, 433, 10.1016/0022-1902(66)80322-6 Pajdowski, 1966, A magnetochemical study of the hydrolysis of vanadium (III) ion, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 28, 443, 10.1016/0022-1902(66)80323-8 Palme, 1988, Chemical abundances in meteorites, 28, 10.1007/978-3-642-74188-3_2 Palme, 2003, Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition, Treatise Geochem., 2, 1 Pang, 2008, Abundant Fe–Ti oxide inclusions in olivine from the panzhihua and hongge layered intrusions, SW China: evidence for early saturation of Fe–Ti oxides in ferrobasaltic magma, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 156, 307, 10.1007/s00410-008-0287-z Parkinson, 2007, High-temperature lithium isotope fractionation: insights from lithium isotope diffusion in magmatic systems, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257, 609, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.023 Peacock, 2004, Vanadium(V) adsorption onto goethite (α-FeOOH) at pH1.5 to 12: a surface complexation model based on ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1723, 10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.018 Peacor, 2000, Authigenic illite and organic matter: the principal hosts of vanadium in the mecca quarry shale at velpen, Indiana, Clay Clay Miner., 48, 311, 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480301 Pelletier, 1930, The zinc, lead and vanadium deposit of broken hill, N. Rhodesia, S. Afr. Min. Eng., 40, 91 Pelly, 1970, Vanadium isotopic composition and contents in chondrites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 34, 1033, 10.1016/0016-7037(70)90085-2 Petterson, 1983, Multi component polyanions, Chem. Scrip., 22, 254 Poledniok, 2003, Speciation of vanadium in soil, Talanta, 59, 1, 10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00322-3 Ponyatovskii, 2009, Superconductivity of vanadium and vanadium-titanium alloys at high pressure, JETP Lett., 89, 253, 10.1134/S0021364009050087 Pourret, 2012, Assessment of vanadium distribution in shallow groundwaters, Chem. Geol., 294-295, 89, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.033 Prathap, 2010, Adsorption of vanadate(V) on Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide waste, Environ. Chem. Lett., 8, 363, 10.1007/s10311-009-0234-x Premović, 1986, Vanadium in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1923, 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90248-6 Prytulak, 2011, Determination of precise and accurate 51V/50V isotope ratios by multi-collector ICP-MS, part 2: isotopic composition of six reference materials plus the allende chondrite and verification tests, Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 35, 307, 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2011.00105.x Prytulak, 2013, The stable vanadium isotope composition of the mantle and mafic lavas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 365, 177, 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.010 Punanova, 2014, Supergene transformed naphthides: peculiarities of trace-element composition, Geochem. Int., 52, 57, 10.1134/S0016702913110086 Rehder, 2008 Rehder, 2008, Is vanadium a more versatile target in the activity of primordial life forms than hitherto anticipated?, Org. Biomol. Chem., 6, 957, 10.1039/b717565p Reimann, 1998 Reynolds, 1985, Contrasting mineralogy and textural relationships in the uppermost titaniferous magnetite layers of the bushveld complex in the bierkraal area north of rusternburg, Econ. Geol., 80, 1027, 10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1027 Righter, 2006, Partitioning of Ni, Co and V between spinel-structured oxides and silicate melts: importance of spinel composition, Chem. Geol., 227, 1, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.05.011 Righter, 2011, The effect of fO2 on the partitioning and valence of V and Cr in garnet/melt pairs and the relation to terrestrial mantle V and Cr content, Am. Mineral., 96, 1278, 10.2138/am.2011.3690 Riley, 1972, The concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and zinc in part of the tropical north-east atlantic ocean, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 19, 307, 10.1016/0011-7471(72)90024-1 Riley, 1982, Association of organic matter and vanadium in oil shale from the toolebuc formation of the eromanga basin, Australia, Chem. Geol., 37, 265, 10.1016/0009-2541(82)90082-1 Ringwood, 1966, The chemical composition and origin of the earth, 287 Ringwood, 1991, Partitioning of Cr, V, and Mn between mantles and cores of differentiated planetesimals: implications for giant impact hypothesis of lunar origin, Icarus, 89, 122, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90092-8 Ripley, 1998, Evidence for sulfide and Fe–Ti–P-rich liquid immiscibility in the duluth complex, Minnesota, Econ. Geol., 93, 1052, 10.2113/gsecongeo.93.7.1052 Roach, 1959, Sedimentary structures and localization and oxidation of ore at the Peanut Mine, Montrose County, Colorado. U. S., Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 320, 197 Rudnick, 2003, 1 Sadiq, 1988, Thermodynamic solubility relationships of inorganic vanadium in the marine environment, Mar. Chem., 23, 87, 10.1016/0304-4203(88)90024-2 Sakata, 2011, Atmospheric dry deposition of trace elements at a site on Asian-continent side of Japan, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1075, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.043 Sato, 1978, Vanadium in sea waters and deposits from Tokyo bay, suruga bay and harima nada, J. Fac. Mar. Sci. Technol. Tokai Univ., 11, 1 Sato, 1982, Molybdenum and vanadium in coastal water, J. Fac. Mar. Sci. Technol. Tokai Univ., 15, 43 Schroeder, 1970 Schwertmann, 1994, Structural vanadium in synthetic goethite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 4349, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90338-7 Schwertmann, 1996, Structural vanadium and chromium in lateritic iron oxides: genetic implications, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4279, 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00259-1 Selin, 2009, Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: a review, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 34, 43, 10.1146/annurev.environ.051308.084314 Shafer, 2012, Chemical speciation of vanadium in particulate matter emitted from diesel vehicles and urban atmospheric aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 189, 10.1021/es200463c Shaheen, 2014, Biogeochemical factors governing cobalt, nickel, selenium, and vanadium dynamics in periodically flooded egyptian north nile delta rice soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 78, 1065, 10.2136/sssaj2013.10.0441 Shaheen, 2014, Lysimeter trials to assess the impact of different flood-dry-cycles on the dynamics of pore water concentrations of as, Cr, Mo and V in a contaminated floodplain soil, Geoderma, 228, 5, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.12.030 Shaw, 1990, Early diagenesis in differing depositional-environments – the response of transition-metals in pore water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 1233, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90149-F Shearer, 2006, Valence state partitioning of vanadium between olivine-liquid: estimates of the oxygen fugacity of Y980459 and application to other olivine-phyric martian basalts, Am. Mineral., 91, 1657, 10.2138/am.2006.2155 Shearer, 2006, Pyroxene europium valence oxybarometer: effects of pyroxene composition, melt composition, and crystallization kinetics, Am. Mineral., 91, 1565, 10.2138/am.2006.2098 Shiller, 1987, Dissolved vanadium in rivers and estuaries, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 86, 214, 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90222-6 Shiller, 2000, Dissolved vanadium in rivers: effects of silicate weathering, Chem. Geol., 165, 13, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00160-6 Shotyk, 2014, Sphagnum mosses from 21 ombrotrophic bogs in the athabasca bituminous sands region show no significant atmospheric contamination of “heavy metals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12603, 10.1021/es503751v Sia, 2011, Concentration and association of minor and trace elements in mukah coal from Sarawak, Malaysia, with emphasis on the potentially hazardous trace elements, Int. J. Coal Geol., 88, 179, 10.1016/j.coal.2011.09.011 Siebert, 2013, Terrestrial accretion under oxidizing conditions, Science, 339, 1194, 10.1126/science.1227923 Smedley, 2002, A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17, 517, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5 Smichowski, 2003, Trace elements content in size-classified volcanic ashes as determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Microchem. J., 75, 109, 10.1016/S0026-265X(03)00089-4 Song, 2009, Chemical characteristics of precipitation at metropolitan newark in the US east coast, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4903, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.024 Spirakis, 1996, The roles of organic matter in the formation of uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks, Ore Geol. Rev., 11, 53, 10.1016/0169-1368(95)00015-1 Sun, 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 42, 313, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19 Sutton, 2005, Vanadium K edge XANES of synthetic and natural basaltic glasses and application to microscale oxygen barometry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 2333, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.10.013 Szalay, 1967, The association of vanadium with humic acids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 31, 1, 10.1016/0016-7037(67)90093-2 Taylor, 1994, Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in each other's presence, Rev. Anal., 119, 1263, 10.1039/an9941901263 Taylor, 1970, The association of vanadium and molybdenum with iron oxides in soils, J. Soil Sci., 21, 203, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1970.tb01169.x Taylor, 1981, The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth element evidence from sedimentary rocks, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 301, 381, 10.1098/rsta.1981.0119 Taylor, 1985 Taylor, 1995, The geochemical evolution of the continental crust, Rev. Geophys., 33, 241, 10.1029/95RG00262 Templeton, 1980, Vanadium-fulvic acid chemistry – conformational and binding-studies by electron-spin probe techniques, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 741, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90163-5 Teng, 2011, Environmental vanadium distribution, mobility and bioaccumulation in different land-use districts in panzhihua region, SW China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 176, 605, 10.1007/s10661-010-1607-0 Theodosi, 2010, The significance of atmospheric inputs of soluble and particulate major and trace metals to the eastern mediterranean seawater, Mar. Chem., 120, 154, 10.1016/j.marchem.2010.02.003 Tian, 2015, Uptake and speciation of vanadium in the rhizosphere soil of rape (Brassica juncea L.), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-014-4031-0 Trefry, 1989, Role of hydrothermal precipitates in the geochemical cycling of vanadium, Nature, 342, 531, 10.1038/342531a0 Tribovillard, 2006, Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update, Chem. Geol., 232, 12, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012 Tsadilas, 2010, Distribution of total and ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA-extractable soil vanadium from Greece and Egypt and their correlation to soil properties, Soil Sci., 175, 535, 10.1097/SS.0b013e3181fba8fe Tuff, 2011, The effect of Si on metal–silicate partitioning of siderophile elements and implications for the conditions of core formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 673, 10.1016/j.gca.2010.10.027 Turekian, 1961, Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72, 175, 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2 Van der Weijden, 2002, Pitfalls of normalization of marine geochemical data using a common divisor, Mar. Geol., 184, 167, 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00297-3 van Marwijk, 2009, Reduction of vanadium (V) by Enterobacter cloacae EV-SA01 isolated from a South African deep gold mine, Biotechnol. Lett., 31, 845, 10.1007/s10529-009-9946-z Verweij Vine, 1970, Geochemistry of black shale deposits-a summary report, Econ. Geol., 65, 253, 10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.253 Wällstedt, 2010, Increasing concentrations of arsenic and vanadium in (southern) Swedish streams, Appl. Geochem., 25, 1162, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.05.002 Wänke, 1986, Geochemical evidence for the formation of the moon by impact induced fission of the proto-earth, 649 Wade, 2005, Core formation and the oxidation state of the earth, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 78, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.017 Wang, 2009, Vanadium speciation and cycling in coastal waters, Mar. Chem., 117, 52, 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.06.001 Wang, 2009, Vanadium speciation and cycling in coastal waters, Mar. Chem., 117, 52, 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.06.001 Wang, 2008, Statistical analysis of the concentrations of trace elements in a wide diversity of coals and its implications for understanding elemental modes of occurrence, Fuel, 87, 2211, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.012 Wang, 2003, Competitive adsorption and transport of vanadium and phosphorus in soils, J. Agro-Environ. Sci., 22, 536 Wann, 1997, Determination of vanadium species in water samples by liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 357, 211, 10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00570-9 Wanty, 1992, Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1471, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90217-7 Wasson, 1988, Compositions of chondrites, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 325, 535, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0066 Weeks, 1961, Mineralogy and geochemistry of vanadium in the Colorado plateau, J. Less-Common Met., 3, 443, 10.1016/0022-5088(61)90029-7 Weeks, 1950, Hummerite and montroseite, two new vanadium minerals from montrose county, Colorado, Geol. Soc. America Bull., 61, 1513 Wehrli, 1987 Wehrli, 1988, Oxygenation of vanadyl(IV). effect of coordinated surface hydroxyl groups and hydroxide ion, Langmuir, 4, 753, 10.1021/la00081a045 Wehrli, 1989, Vanadyl in natural waters: adsorption and hydrolysis promote oxygenation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 69, 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90273-1 Wells, 1970, Kinetics of oxidation of quinol by aquovanadium(V) ions in perchlorate media, J. Chem. Soc. A, 8, 1372, 10.1039/j19700001372 Westall, 1979 WHO, 1988 Wilson, 1979, An EPR study of the reduction of vanadium(V) to vanadium(IV) by fulvic acid, Chem. Geol., 26, 345, 10.1016/0009-2541(79)90056-1 Wood, 2008, Accretion and core formation: constraints from metal-silicate partitioning, Phil. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 366, 4339, 10.1098/rsta.2008.0115 Wood, 2008, Core formation and the oxidation state of the earth: additional constraints from Nb, V and Cr partitioning, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 1415, 10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.036 Wright, 2010, Factors controlling the regional distribution of vanadium in groundwater, Ground Water, 48, 515, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00666.x Wu, 2015, First-principles investigation of vanadium isotope fractionation in solution and during adsorption, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 426, 216, 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.048 Wu, 2005, Speciation of vanadium in water with quinine modified resin micro-column separation/preconcentration and their determination by fluorination assisted electrothermal vaporization (FETV)-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Talanta, 67, 854, 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.04.014 Xiong, 2010, On-line separation/preconcentration of V(IV)/V(V) in environmental water samples with CTAB-modified alkyl silica microcolumn and their determination by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, J. Hazard. Mater., 178, 164, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.058 Xu, 2013, Geochemistry of soils derived from black shales in the ganziping mine area, western Hunan, China, Environ. Earth Sci., 70, 175, 10.1007/s12665-012-2114-0 Yang, 2014, Leaching characteristics of vanadium in mine tailings and soils near a vanadium titanomagnetite mining site, J. Hazard. Mater., 264, 498, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.063 Yasnygina, 2015, Trace elements and Sr isotopes in the crude oils from the sakhalin offshore fields, Russ. J. Pac. Geol., 9, 109, 10.1134/S1819714015020074 Yelton, 2013, Vanadate and acetate biostimulation of contaminated sediments decreases diversity, selects for specific taxa, and decreases aqueous V5+ concentration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 6500, 10.1021/es4006674 Zhang, 2014, Microbial reduction and precipitation of vanadium by mesophilic and thermophilic methanogens, Chem. Geol., 370, 29, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.01.014 Zhao, 2004, The interactions of arsenate or vanadium with cadmium and the effects of arsenate and vanadium on the adsorption of adnium by soils, Environ. Chem., 23, 409 Zhao, 2006, Speciation analysis of inorganic vanadium (V(IV)/V(V)) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry following ion-exchange separation, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 86, 931, 10.1080/03067310600687633 Zhong, 2006, Geochronology of layered mafic intrusions from the pan–xi area in the emeishan large igneous province, SW China, Mineral. Deposita, 41, 599, 10.1007/s00126-006-0081-7 Zhou, 2005, Geochemistry, petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the panzhihua gabbroic layered intrusion and associated Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits, Sichuan province, SW China, J. Petrol., 46, 2253, 10.1093/petrology/egi054 Zoller, 1973, The sources and distribution of vanadium in the atmosphere, trace elements in the environment, 31, 10.1021/ba-1973-0123.ch003