Developing a model of help giving towards people with a mental health problem: a qualitative study of Mental Health First Aid participants
Tóm tắt
Members of the public frequently perform mental health first aid actions in daily life, and people with mental health problems often cite informal supports as motivators of professional treatment seeking. However, a thorough understanding of how, when and why these actions are undertaken is lacking. This research aimed to investigate the helping experiences of community members trained in Mental Health First Aid, understand the factors that might facilitate and deter helping behaviours, and develop a preliminary model that outlines the process of providing help to someone with a mental health problem. Community members who had received Mental Health First Aid training (n = 16) were recruited from an urban Australian university and completed an in-depth, semi-structured interview about their experiences of helping someone with a mental health problem. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Member checking was used to assess the accuracy and transferability of the findings. The results suggested that several common elements were present in participants’ narratives, including recognising a recipient in distress, considering reasons to intervene or not, choosing a course of action, and noting the outcomes of help. These themes were collated to form the main stages of a preliminary model of helping. The findings of this study highlight the many considerations involved in deciding whether and how to assist a person with a mental health problem, and the complex, dynamic nature of the helping process itself. The preliminary model of helping may be used to enhance the content of educational programs and public health messages.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Kitchener BA, Jorm AF, Kelly CM. Mental health first aid manual. 3rd ed. Melbourne: Mental Health First Aid Australia; 2013.
Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):476–93.
Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S. Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(2):153–60.
Kohn R, Saxena S, Levav I, Saraceno B. The treatment gap in mental health care. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(11):858–66.
Thompson A, Issakidis C, Hunt C. Delay to seek treatment for anxiety and mood disorders in an Australian clinical sample. Behav Change. 2008;25(2):71–84.
Wang PS, Angermeyer M, Borges G, Bruffaerts R, Chiu WT, de Girolamo G, Fayyad J, Gureje O, Haro JM, Huang YQ, et al. Delay and failure in treatment seeking after first onset of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):177–85.
Reavley NJ, Jorm AF. Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(11):947–56.
Riedel-Heller SG, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC. Mental disorders: who and what might help? Help-seeking and treatment preferences of the lay public. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:167–74.
Downs MF, Eisenberg D. Help seeking and treatment use among suicidal college students. J Am Coll Health. 2012;60(2):104–14.
Cusack J, Deane FP, Wilson CJ, Ciarrochi J. Who influence men to go to therapy? Reports from men attending psychological services. Int J Adv Couns. 2004;26(3):271–83.
Yap MBH, Wright A, Jorm AF. First aid actions taken by young people for mental health problems in a close friend or family member: findings from an Australian national survey of youth. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188:123–8.
Yap MBH, Jorm AF. The influence of stigma on first aid actions taken by young people for mental health problems in a close friend or family member: findings from an Australian national survey of youth. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1–3):473–7.
Yap MBH, Reavley NJ, Jorm AF. Intentions and helpfulness beliefs about first aid responses for young people with mental disorders: findings from two Australian national surveys of youth. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:430–42.
Kelly CM, Jorm AF. Adolescents’ intentions to offer assistance to friends with depression or conduct disorder: associations with psychopathology and psychosocial characteristics. Early Intervent Psychiatry. 2007;1:150–6.
Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental Health First Aid: an international programme for early intervention. Early Intervent Psychiatry. 2008;2:55–61.
Hadlaczky G, Hokby S, Mkrtchian A, Carli V, Wasserman D. Mental Health First Aid is an effective public health intervention for improving knowledge, attitudes and behaviour: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(4):467–75.
Owens C, Owen G, Belam J, Lloyd K, Rapport F, Donovan J, Lambert H. Recognising and responding to suicidal crisis within family and social networks: qualitative study. Br Med J. 2011;343(7828):d5801.
Herzog H. Interview location and its social meaning. In: Gubrium JF, Holstein JA, Marvasti AB, McKinney KD, editors. The SAGE handbook of interview research: the complexity of the craft. Thousand Oaks: SAGE; 2012. p. 207–19.
Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods. 2006;18(1):59–82.
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, Mugford SK. Experiences in applying skills learned in a mental health first aid training course: a qualitative study of participants’ stories. BMC Psychiatry. 2005;5:43.
Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry. 2002;2:10.
Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN13249129]. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:23.
Morawska A, Fletcher R, Pope S, Heathwood E, Anderson E, McAuliffe C. Evaluation of mental health first aid training in a diverse community setting. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2012;22(1):85–92.
Minas H, Colucci E, Jorm AF. Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid training with members of the Vietnamese community in Melbourne, Australia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2009;3:19.
Leahy C. Peer responses to psychologically distressed tertiary students: the detection of distress and the helping behaviours of student colleagues from medicine, compared to psychology, law and mechanical engineering students. Doctoral dissertation. Adelaide: The University of Adelaide; 2009.
Ploper V, Jones R, Kraus DJ, Schmidt A, Corrigan P. Feedback from American participants of a Mental Health First Aid training course. J Public Ment Health. 2015;14(2):118–21.
Latané B, Darley JM. Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968;10(3):215–21.
Griffiths KM, Crisp DA, Barney L, Reid R. Seeking help for depression from family and friends: a qualitative analysis of perceived advantages and disadvantages. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:196–207.
Shemmings D, Ellingsen IT. Using Q methodology in qualitative interviews. In: Gubrium JF, Holstein JA, Marvasti AB, McKinney KD, editors. The SAGE handbook of interview research: the complexity of the craft. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications; 2012. p. 415–27.