Recent developments in pressure retarded osmosis for desalination and power generation

Zhu, 2010, Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet, Annu Rev Plant Biol, 61, 235, 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112206 Alami, 2020, Materials and logistics for carbon dioxide capture, storage and utilization, Sci Total Environ, 717, 137221, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137221 Hussain, 2017, Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: state of the art, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 71, 12, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033 Tawalbeh, 2020, Microbial desalination cells for water purification and power generation: a critical review, Energy, 209, 118493, 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118493 Jia, 2014, Blue energy: current technologies for sustainable power generation from water salinity gradient, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 31, 91, 10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.049 Skilhagen, 2008, Osmotic power - power production based on the osmotic pressure difference between waters with varying salt gradients, Desalination, 220, 476, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.045 He, 2015, Stand-alone seawater RO (reverse osmosis) desalination powered by PV (photovoltaic) and PRO (pressure retarded osmosis), Energy, 86, 423, 10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.046 Tamburini, 2016, Pressure retarded osmosis: a membrane process for environmental sustainability, Int Conf Nanotechnol Based Innov Appl Environ, 47, 355 Post, 2007, Salinity-gradient power: evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis, J Membr Sci, 288, 218, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.018 Sivertsen, 2018, Concentration and temperature effects on water and salt permeabilities in osmosis and implications in pressure-retarded osmosis, Membranes, 8, 39, 10.3390/membranes8030039 Pattle, 1954, vol. 174 Kim, 2015, Recent advances in osmotic energy generation via pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO): a review, Energies, 8, 11821, 10.3390/en81011821 New Norway power plant uses salt to make electricity n.d. Alami, 2018, Facile preparation of graphene coated copper electrodes via centrifugal milling for capacitive deionization applications, Desalination, 446, 51, 10.1016/j.desal.2018.09.003 Zotalis, 2014, Desalination technologies: hellenic experience, Water, 6, 1134, 10.3390/w6051134 Hilal, 2018, Exploring the current state of play for cost-effective water treatment by membranes, Npj Clean Water, 1, 8, 10.1038/s41545-018-0008-8 Al-Qodah, 2020, Combined electrocoagulation processes as a novel approach for enhanced pollutants removal: a state-of-the-art review, Sci Total Environ, 744, 140806, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140806 Nair, 2013, Water desalination and challenges: the Middle East perspective: a review, Desalin Water Treat, 51, 2030, 10.1080/19443994.2013.734483 Khawaji, 2008, Advances in seawater desalination technologies, Desalination, 221, 47, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067 Al-Othman, 2018, Novel multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant driven by parabolic trough collectors and a solar pond: a simulation study in UAE, Desalination, 443, 237, 10.1016/j.desal.2018.06.005 Voutchkov, 2012 Ullah, 2018, Recent developments in solar thermal desalination technologies: a review, Energies, 12, 119, 10.3390/en12010119 Al-Othman, 2019, Nuclear desalination: a state-of-the-art review, Desalination, 457, 39, 10.1016/j.desal.2019.01.002 Zourmand, 2015, Mass transfer modeling of desalination through an electrodialysis cell, Desalination, 359, 41, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.008 Lee, 2011, A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination-Development to date and future potential, J Membr Sci, 370, 1, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036 Shahzad, 2017, Energy-water-environment nexus underpinning future desalination sustainability, Desalination, 413, 52, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.03.009 Gonzales, 2018, Modification of nanofiber support layer for thin film composite forward osmosis membranes via layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition, Membranes, 8, 70, 10.3390/membranes8030070 Kim, 2017, Review on methodology for determining forward osmosis (FO) membrane characteristics: water permeability (A), solute permeability (B), and structural parameter (S), Desalination, 422, 5, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.08.006 Grigg, 2004, Review of water desalting planning guide for water utilities by water desalting committee, American water works association, J Water Resour Plann Manag, 130, 198, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:5(424) Junjie, 2007, Improvement of a multi-stage flash seawater desalination system for cogeneration power plants, Desalination, 217, 191, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.016 Shaobo, 2008, Performance optimization of solar multi-stage flash desalination process using Pinch technology, Desalination, 220, 524, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.052 Semiat, 2008, Energy issues in desalination processes, Environ Sci Technol, 42, 8193, 10.1021/es801330u Ghalavand, 2015, A review on energy consumption of desalination processes, Desalin Water Treat, 54, 1526 González, 2017, Membrane distillation: perspectives for sustainable and improved desalination, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 80, 238, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.078 Ghalavand, 2015, A review on energy consumption of desalination processes, Desalin Water Treat, 54, 1526 2010, vol. 2 Tsilingiris, 1995, The analysis and performance of large-scale stand-alone solar desalination plants, 103, 249 Alkaisi, 2017, A review of the water desalination systems integrated with renewable energy, Energy Procedia, 110, 268, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.138 Al-Karaghouli, 2013, Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 24, 343, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.064 Subramani, 2015, Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment : a critical review, Water Res, 75, 164, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.032 Mcginnis, 2007, Energy requirements of ammonia – carbon dioxide forward osmosis, Desalination, 207, 370, 10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.012 Camacho, 2013, 94 Cath, 2006, Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments, J Membr Sci, 281, 70, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048 Altaee, 2014, Dual-stage forward osmosis/pressure retarded osmosis process for hypersaline solutions and fracking wastewater treatment, Desalination, 350, 79, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.013 Altaee, 2014, Comparison between forward osmosis-reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis processes for seawater desalination, Desalination, 336, 50, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.002 Chekli, 2012, A review of draw solutes in forward osmosis process and their use in modern applications, Desalin Water Treat, 43, 167, 10.1080/19443994.2012.672168 Alsvik, 2013, Pressure retarded osmosis and forward osmosis membranes: materials and methods, Polymers, 5, 303, 10.3390/polym5010303 Mecha, 2018, Applications of reverse and forward osmosis processes in wastewater treatment: evaluation of membrane fouling. Osmotically driven membr process - approach, Dev Curr Status, 235–53 Zelman, 1972, GENERALIZATION OF THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT METHOD Jv, Biophys J, 12, 414, 10.1016/S0006-3495(72)86093-4 Achilli, 2010, Pressure retarded osmosis: from the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first prototype installation - Review, Desalination, 261, 205, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.017 Feinberg, 2013, Thermodynamic analysis of osmotic energy recovery at a reverse osmosis desalination plant, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 2982, 10.1021/es304224b Yip, 2012 Sandler, 1998 Anissimov, 2016, 1 Al-Anzi, 2018, One-dimensional analytical modeling of pressure- retarded osmosis in a parallel flow configuration for the desalination industry in the State of Kuwait, Sustain Times, 10, 1 Zhang, 2010, Well-constructed cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis: minimized internal concentration polarization with an ultra-thin selective layer, J Membr Sci, 360, 522, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.05.056 Song, 2013, Energy recovery from concentrated seawater brine by thin-film nanofiber composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes with high power density, Energy Environ Sci, 6, 1199, 10.1039/c3ee23349a Gray, 2006, Internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis: role of membrane orientation, Desalination, 197, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.003 McCutcheon, 2006, Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis, J Membr Sci, 284, 237, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.07.049 Lee K, 1981, vol. 8 Achilli, 2009, Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: an experimental and theoretical investigation, J Membr Sci, 343, 42, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006 Yip, 2011, Thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes for sustainable power generation from salinity gradients, Environ Sci Technol, 45, 4360, 10.1021/es104325z Seppälä, 2003, The effect of solute leakage on the thermodynamical performance of an osmotic membrane, J Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn, 28, 269, 10.1515/JNETDY.2003.016 Sharqawy, 2011, Second law analysis of reverse osmosis desalination plants: an alternative design using pressure retarded osmosis, Energy, 36, 6617, 10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.056 Straub, 2016, Pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients: is it viable?, Energy Environ Sci, 9, 31, 10.1039/C5EE02985F Arar, 2019, Chapter 11 - synthesis of nanomaterial-incorporated pressure retarded osmosis membrane for energy generation, Adv. Nanomater. Membr. Synth. its Appl., 253 Seppälä, 1999, Thermodynamic optimizing of pressure-retarded osmosis power generation systems, J Membr Sci, 161, 115, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00108-8 He, 2014, Energy and thermodynamic analysis of power generation using a natural salinity gradient based pressure retarded osmosis process, Desalination, 350, 86, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.015 Islam, 2018, Highly effective organic draw solutions for renewable power generation by closed-loop pressure retarded osmosis, Energy Convers Manag, 171, 1226, 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.031 Adhikary, 2020, Increased power density with low salt flux using organic draw solutions for pressure-retarded osmosis at elevated temperatures, Desalination, 484, 114420, 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114420 Touati, 2014, Impact of temperature on power recovery in osmotic power production by pressure retarded osmosis, Energy Procedia, 50, 960, 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.115 Touati, 2016, Effect of the operating temperature on hydrodynamics and membrane parameters in pressure retarded osmosis, Desalin Water Treat, 57, 10477, 10.1080/19443994.2015.1039600 Abdelkader, 2019, Temperature effects and entropy generation of pressure retarded osmosis process, Entropy, 21, 1158, 10.3390/e21121158 Wang, 2019, Investigation of the reduced specific energy consumption of the RO-PRO hybrid system based on temperature-enhanced pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 581, 439, 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.079 Loeb, 1976, Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 1, 49, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82257-7 Mehta, 1978, Internal polarization in the porous substructure of a semipermeable membrane under pressure-retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 4, 261, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)83301-3 D Mehta, 1978, vol. 4 Loeb, 1990, Comparative mechanical efficiency of several plant configurations using a pressure-retarded osmosis energy converter, J Membr Sci, 51, 323, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80354-3 Loeb, 2002, Large-scale power production by pressure-retarded osmosis, using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules, Desalination, 143, 115, 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00233-3 Statkraft, 2009 Sarp, 2015, Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO): past experiences, current developments, and future prospects, Desalination, 389, 2, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.12.008 Xu, 2010, Effect of draw solution concentration and operating conditions on forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis performance in a spiral wound module, J Membr Sci, 348, 298, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.013 Su, 2010, Effects of annealing on the microstructure and performance of cellulose acetate membranes for pressure-retarded osmosis processes, J Membr Sci, 364, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.034 Arena, 2011, Surface modification of thin film composite membrane support layers with polydopamine: enabling use of reverse osmosis membranes in pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 375, 55, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.060 2014 She, 2012, Osmotic power production from salinity gradient resource by pressure retarded osmosis: effects of operating conditions and reverse solute diffusion, J Membr Sci, 401–402, 262, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.014 Sivertsen, 2012, Modelling mass transport in hollow fibre membranes used for pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 417–418, 69, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.06.014 Saito, 2012, Power generation with salinity gradient by pressure retarded osmosis using concentrated brine from SWRO system and treated sewage as pure water, Desalin Water Treat, 41, 114, 10.1080/19443994.2012.664696 Han, 2015, Hybrid pressure retarded osmosis-membrane distillation (PRO-MD) process for osmotic power and clean water generation, Environ Sci Water Res Technol, 1, 507, 10.1039/C5EW00127G Lee, 2015, Numerical study of a hybrid multi-stage vacuum membrane distillation and pressure-retarded osmosis system, Desalination, 363, 82, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.043 O'Toole, 2016, River-to-sea pressure retarded osmosis: resource utilization in a full-scale facility, Desalination, 389, 39, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.012 Maisonneuve, 2016, Experimental investigation of pressure retarded osmosis for renewable energy conversion: towards increased net power, Appl Energy, 164, 425, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.007 Hickenbottom, 2016, Assessing the current state of commercially available membranes and spacers for energy production with pressure retarded osmosis, Desalination, 389, 108, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.09.029 Chen, 2016, Identification of safe and stable operation conditions for pressure retarded osmosis with high performance hollow fiber membrane, J Membr Sci, 503, 90, 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.041 Zhang, 2016, Unique roles of aminosilane in developing anti-fouling thin film composite (TFC) membranes for pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), Desalination, 389, 119, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.12.024 Liu, 2016, Fabrication and characterization of nanocomposite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes with excellent anti-biofouling property and enhanced water permeability, Desalination, 389, 137, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.037 Al-Othman, 2004, Regeneration of HCl and production of saleable gypsum by reaction of spent CaCl2 leach solutions with H2SO4, 453 Han, 2016, Investigations of inorganic and organic fouling behaviors, antifouling and cleaning strategies for pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membrane using seawater desalination brine and wastewater, Water Res, 103, 264, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.040 Tawalbeh, 2018, Membrane separation as a pre-treatment process for oily saline water, Desalination, 447, 182, 10.1016/j.desal.2018.07.029 Kim, 2016, Changing membrane orientation in pressure retarded osmosis for sustainable power generation with low fouling, Desalination, 389, 197, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.008 Altaee, 2017, Evaluation the potential and energy efficiency of dual stage pressure retarded osmosis process, Appl Energy, 199, 359, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.031 Wang, 2017, Analysis and optimization of dual-stage pressure retarded osmosis for renewable power generation, Chem Eng Trans, 61, 1813 Chou, 2013, Robust and High performance hollow fiber membranes for energy harvesting from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 448, 44, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.063 Banchik, 2014, Limits of power production due to finite membrane area in pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 468, 81, 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.021 Helfer, 2014, Osmotic power with pressure retarded osmosis: theory, performance and trends - a review, J Membr Sci, 453, 337, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.053 Li, 2014, Anti-Fouling behavior of hyperbranched polyglycerol-grafted poly(ether sulfone) hollow fiber membranes for osmotic power generation, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 9898, 10.1021/es5017262 Zhang, 2014, Gypsum scaling in pressure retarded osmosis: experiments, mechanisms and implications, Water Res, 48, 387, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.051 Straub, 2014, Module-scale analysis of pressure retarded osmosis: performance limitations and implications for full-scale operation, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 12435, 10.1021/es503790k Han, 2014, Conceptual demonstration of novel closed-loop pressure retarded osmosis process for sustainable osmotic energy generation, Appl Energy, 132, 383, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.029 Sim, 2013, Strategic co-location in a hybrid process involving desalination and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), Membranes, 3, 98, 10.3390/membranes3030098 Achilli, 2014, Experimental results from RO-PRO: a next generation system for low-energy desalination, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 6437, 10.1021/es405556s Kim, 2013, Reverse osmosis (RO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) hybrid processes: model-based scenario study, Desalination, 322, 121, 10.1016/j.desal.2013.05.010 Li, 2017, Reducing specific energy consumption of seawater desalination: staged RO or RO-PRO?, Desalination, 422, 124, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.08.023 Cheng, 2018, The forward osmosis-pressure retarded osmosis (FO-PRO) hybrid system: a new process to mitigate membrane fouling for sustainable osmotic power generation, J Membr Sci, 559, 63, 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.036 Alkhudhiri, 2012, Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review, DES, 287, 2, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.027 Kim, 2012, Overview of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process and hybrid application to sea water reverse osmosis process, Desalin Water Treat, 43, 193, 10.1080/19443994.2012.672170 Touati, 2015 Lee, 2018, Hybrid desalination processes for beneficial use of reverse osmosis brine: current status and future prospects, Desalination, 1 Jeon, 2016, Development of thin-film composite PRO membranes with high power density, Desalin Water Treat, 57, 10093, 10.1080/19443994.2015.1040265 Prante, 2014, RO-PRO desalination: an integrated low-energy approach to seawater desalination, Appl Energy, 120, 104, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.013 Wan, 2016, Energy recovery by pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) in SWRO–PRO integrated processes, Appl Energy, 162, 687, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.067 Lin, 2014, Hybrid pressure retarded osmosis-membrane distillation system for power generation from low-grade heat: thermodynamic analysis and energy efficiency, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 5306, 10.1021/es405173b Mehta, 1982, Further results on the performance of present-day osmotic membranes in various osmotic regions, J Membr Sci, 10, 3, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82183-3 Gerstandt, 2008, Membrane processes in energy supply for an osmotic power plant, Desalination, 224, 64, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.080 Arena, 2014, Solute and water transport in forward osmosis using polydopamine modified thin film composite membranes, Desalination, 343, 8, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.009 Kim, 2013, Potential of osmotic power generation by pressure retarded osmosis using seawater as feed solution: analysis and experiments, J Membr Sci, 429, 330, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.039 Han, 2013, High performance thin film composite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes for renewable salinity-gradient energy generation, J Membr Sci, 440, 108, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.001 Tian, 2015, Synthesis and characterization of high-performance novel thin film nanocomposite PRO membranes with tiered nanofiber support reinforced by functionalized carbon nanotubes, J Membr Sci, 486, 151, 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.054 Kim, 2012, Adverse impact of feed channel spacers on the performance of pressure retarded osmosis, Environ Sci Technol, 46, 4673, 10.1021/es3002597 She, 2013, Effect of feed spacer induced membrane deformation on the performance of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO): implications for PRO process operation, J Membr Sci, 445, 170, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.061 Straub, 2013, Raising the bar: increased hydraulic pressure allows unprecedented high power densities in pressure-retarded osmosis, Environ Sci Technol Lett, 1, 55, 10.1021/ez400117d Sivertsen, 2013, Pressure retarded osmosis efficiency for different hollow fibre membrane module flow configurations, Desalination, 312, 107, 10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.019 Dahi, 2014, Polyimide/ionic liquid composite membranes for fuel cells operating at high temperatures, Electrochim Acta, 130, 830, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.071 Han, 2013, Highly robust thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) hollow fiber membranes with high power densities for renewable salinity-gradient energy generation, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 8070, 10.1021/es4013917 Ingole, 2014, Preparation, characterization and performance evaluations of thin film composite hollow fiber membrane for energy generation, Desalination, 345, 136, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.04.025 Li, 2017, Modification of thin film composite hollow fiber membranes for osmotic energy generation with low organic fouling tendency, Desalination, 424, 131, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.005 Huang, 2013, Novel hydrophilic nylon 6,6 microfiltration membrane supported thin film composite membranes for engineered osmosis, J Membr Sci, 437, 141, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.046 Kim, 2018, A robust thin film composite membrane incorporating thermally rearranged polymer support for organic solvent nanofiltration and pressure retarded osmosis, J Membr Sci, 550, 322, 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.008 Han, 2018, Advanced anti-fouling membranes for osmotic power generation from wastewater via pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), Environ Sci Technol, 52, 6686, 10.1021/acs.est.7b05933 Li X, Chung T-S. Effects of Free Volume in Thin-Film Composite Membranes on Osmotic Power Generation. Aiche J n.d.;59:4749–4761. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14217. Han G, others. High performance thin film composite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes for renewable salinity-gradient energy generation n.d.;vol. 440:108–121. Cui, 2014, Enhanced osmotic energy generation from salinity gradients by modifying thin film composite membranes, Chem Eng J, 242, 195, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.078 Bui, 2014, Nanofiber supported thin-film composite membrane for pressure-retarded osmosis, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 4129, 10.1021/es4037012 Chou, 2012, Thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes for pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process with high power density, J Membr Sci, 389, 25, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.002 Zhang, 2014, Design of robust hollow fiber membranes with high power density for osmotic energy production, Chem Eng J, 241, 457, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.063 Sun, 2013, Outer-selective pressure-retarded osmosis hollow fiber membranes from vacuum-assisted interfacial polymerization for osmotic power generation, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 13167, 10.1021/es403270n Han, 2014, Robust and high performance pressure retarded osmosis hollow fiber membranes for osmotic power generation, AIChE J, 60, 1107, 10.1002/aic.14342 Li, 2018, Integral hollow fiber membrane with chemical cross-linking for pressure retarded osmosis operated in the orientation of active layer facing feed solution, J Membr Sci, 550, 163, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.074 Fu, 2014, Pressure retarded osmosis dual-layer hollow fiber membranes developed by co-casting method and ammonium persulfate (APS) treatment, J Membr Sci, 469, 488, 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.063 She, 2013, Organic fouling in pressure retarded osmosis: experiments, mechanisms and implications, J Membr Sci, 428, 181, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.10.045 Chung, 2018, Economic framework for net power density and levelized cost of electricity in pressure-retarded osmosis, Desalination, 448, 13, 10.1016/j.desal.2018.09.007 Chung, 2017, On the present and future economic viability of stand-alone pressure-retarded osmosis, Desalination, 408, 133, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.001 Long, 2019, Pressure retarded osmosis : operating in a compromise between power density and energy ef fi ciency, Energy, 172, 592, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.169 Ansari, 2017, Modeling and economic evaluation of pressure retarded osmosis ( PRO ) power plant Case study, Int J Ambient Energy, 1 Wan, 2018, Techno-economic evaluation of various RO + PRO and RO + FO integrated processes, Appl Energy, 212, 1038, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.124 Conveyor, 2018, 1 Giwa, 2019 Ho, 2018, A simulation study with a new performance index for pressure-retarded osmosis processes hybridized with seawater reverse osmosis and membrane distillation, Desalination, 444, 118, 10.1016/j.desal.2018.07.019 Barbera, 2020, Simultaneous clean water and power production from seawater using Osmosis : process simulation and techno-economic analysis, Renew Energy Sustain Build, 121, 10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_9 Altaee, 2017, Single and dual stage closed-loop pressure retarded osmosis for power generation : feasibility and performance, Appl Energy, 191, 328, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.073 Tran, 2017, System scaling approach and thermoeconomic analysis of a pressure retarded osmosis system for power production with hypersaline draw solution : a Great Salt Lake case study, Energy, 126, 97, 10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.002 Hickenbottom, 2017, Techno-economic assessment of a closed-loop osmotic heat engine, J Membr Sci, 535, 178, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.04.034 Touati, 2017, Green energy generation by pressure retarded osmosis: state of the art and technical advancement—review, Int J Green Energy, 14, 337, 10.1080/15435075.2016.1255633 Quak, 2009, Feasiblity of a power plant: blue energy in the Dutch Delta, Hydraul Eng, 119