Development and application of the adverse outcome pathway framework for understanding and predicting chronic toxicity: I. Challenges and research needs in ecotoxicology

Chemosphere - Tập 120 - Trang 764-777 - 2015
Ksenia J. Groh1,2, Raquel N. Carvalho3, James K. Chipman4, Nancy D. Denslow5, Marlies Halder6, Cheryl A. Murphy7, Dick Roelofs8, Alexandra Rolaki6, Kristin Schirmer1,9,10, Karen H. Watanabe11
1Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
2ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
3European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Water Resources Unit, 21027 Ispra, Italy
4University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
5University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Genetics Institute, 32611 Gainesville, FL, USA
6European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Systems Toxicology Unit, 21027 Ispra, Italy
7Michigan State University, Fisheries and Wildlife, Lyman Briggs College, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
8VU University, Institute of Ecological Science, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
9ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
10EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
11Oregon Health & Science University, Institute of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, 97239-3098 Portland, OR, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alvarez Mdel, 2006, Maternal body burdens of methylmercury impair survival skills of offspring in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), Aquat. Toxicol., 80, 329, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.09.010 Aniagu, 2008, Global genomic methylation levels in the liver and gonads of the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) after exposure to hexabromocyclododecane and 17beta-oestradiol, Environ. Int., 34, 310, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.03.009 Ankley, 2010, Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29, 730, 10.1002/etc.34 Arnot, 2012, Proritizing chemicals and data requirements for screening-level exposure and risk assessment, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1565, 10.1289/ehp.1205355 Ashauer, 2011, Toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic modeling of quantal and graded sublethal endpoints: a brief discussion of concepts, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 2519, 10.1002/etc.639 Ashauer, 2013, Highly time-variable exposure to chemicals – toward an assessment strategy, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 9, e27, 10.1002/ieam.1421 Ashauer, 2010, Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modeling explains carry-over toxicity from exposure to diazinon by slow organism recovery, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 44, 3963 Auperin, 2008, Plasma cortisol response to stress in juvenile rainbow trout is influenced by their life history during early development and by egg cortisol content, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 158, 234, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.07.002 Baas, 2010, Understanding toxicity as processes in time, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3735, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.066 Bachman, 2006, Altered methylation in gene-specific and GC-rich regions of DNA is progressive and nonrandom during promotion of skin tumorigenesis, Toxicol. Sci., 91, 406, 10.1093/toxsci/kfj179 Bard, 2000, Multixenobiotic resistance as a cellular defense mechanism in aquatic organisms, Aquat. Toxicol., 48, 357, 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00088-6 Basu, 2007, Decreased N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor levels are associated with mercury exposure in wild and captive mink, Neurotoxicology, 28, 587, 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.12.007 Bates, 2001, The role of half-transporters in multidrug resistance, J. Bioenerg. Biomembr., 33, 503, 10.1023/A:1012879205914 Beitel, 2014, Assessment of the sensitivity of three North American fish species to disruptors of steroidogenesis using in vitro tissue explants, Aquat. Toxicol., 152, 273, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.013 Bergmann, 2004, Similarities and differences in genome-wide expression data of six organisms, PLoS Biol., 2, 85 Bernal, 2010, Epigenomic disruption: the effects of early developmental exposures, Birth Defects Res. A, 88, 938, 10.1002/bdra.20685 Boehm, 2012, Evolution of the immune system in the lower vertebrates, Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 13, 127, 10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163747 Brausch, 2012, Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a review of recent toxicological studies and considerations for toxicity testing, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 218, 1 Brodin, 2013, Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations, Science, 339, 814, 10.1126/science.1226850 Celander, 2011, Species extrapolation for the 21st century, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 52, 10.1002/etc.382 Chapman, P.F., Reed, M., Hart, A., 2007. Methods of uncertainty analysis. Work package 4 in EUFRAM: concerted action to develop a European framework for probabilistic risk assessment of the environmental impacts of pesticides, <http://www.eufram.com>. Clark, 2003, Uncertainty and variability in demography and population growth: a hierarchical approach, Ecology, 84, 1370, 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1370:UAVIDA]2.0.CO;2 Crews, 2006, Epigenetics, evolution, endocrine disruption, health, and disease, Endocrinology, 147, S4, 10.1210/en.2005-1122 Crowder, 1992, Empirical and theoretical approaces to size-based interactions and recruitment variability in fishes, 237 Dolinoy, 2008, Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease, Environ. Mol. Mut., 49, 4, 10.1002/em.20366 Domingo, 2010, Illicit drugs in the environment: implication for ecotoxicology, 53 Ellegren, 2008, Genetic basis of fitness differences in natural populations, Nature, 452, 168, 10.1038/nature06737 Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, 2009, Application of toxicogenomics to study mechanisms of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, Toxicol. Lett., 186, 36, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.08.017 Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, 2005, Comparison of the expression profiles induced by genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in rat liver, Mutat. Res., 575, 61, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.004 Ellison, 2011, A review of the use of in silico methods to predict the chemistry of molecular initiating events related to drug toxicity, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 7, 1481, 10.1517/17425255.2011.629186 Enoch, 2012, Development of new structural alerts suitable for chemical category formation for assigning covalent and non-covalent mechanisms relevant to DNA binding, Mutat. Res., 743, 10, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.029 Fang, 2013, Benzo(a)pyrene decreases global and gene specific DNA methylation during zebrafish development, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 36, 40, 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.014 Faulk, 2011, Timing is everything: the when and how of environmentally induced changes in the epigenome of animals, Epigenetics, 6, 791, 10.4161/epi.6.7.16209 Fay, 2014, Optimizing the use of rainbow trout hepatocytes for bioaccumulation assessments with fish, Xenobiotica, 44, 345, 10.3109/00498254.2013.845704 Feliciello, 2013, First evidence of DNA methylation in insect Triboleum castaneum: environmental regulation of DNA methylation within heterochromatin, Epigenetics, 8, 534, 10.4161/epi.24507 Feng, 2010, Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development, Science, 330, 622, 10.1126/science.1190614 Feng, 2013, Small RNAs, RNAi and the inheritance of gene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Genet. Genomics, 40, 153, 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.12.007 Fielden, 2011, Development and evaluation of a genomic signature for the prediction and mechanistic assessment of nongenotoxic carcinogens in the rat, Toxicol. Sci., 124, 54, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr202 Fischer, 2013, Abcb4 acts as multixenobiotic transporter and active barrier against chemical uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, BMC Biol., 11, 69, 10.1186/1741-7007-11-69 2011 Forbes, 2002, Population growth rate as a basis for ecological risk assessment of toxic chemicals, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 357, 1299, 10.1098/rstb.2002.1129 Fu, 2009, Methods for estimating the bioconcentration factor of ionizable organic chemicals, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 1372, 10.1897/08-233.1 Fuiman, 2006, Survival skills required for predator evation by fish larvae and their relationship to laboratory measures of performance, Anim. Behav., 30, 1389, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.11.013 Galic, 2014, Modeling the contribution of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes to the recover of Gammarus pulex populations after exposure to pesticides, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 1476, 10.1002/etc.2481 Garcia-Reyero, 2011, Conserved toxic responses across divergent phylogenetic lineages: a meta-analysis of the neurotoxic effects of RDX among multiple species using toxicogenomics, Ecotoxicology, 20, 580, 10.1007/s10646-011-0623-3 Garcia-Reyero, 2011, Systems biology: leading the revolution in ecotoxicology, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 265, 10.1002/etc.401 Ghoshal, 1984, The induction of liver cancer by dietary deficiency of choline and methionine without added carcinogens, Carcinogenesis, 5, 1367, 10.1093/carcin/5.10.1367 Gicquel, 2008, Epigenetic regulation and fetal programming, Best Practice Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 22, 1, 10.1016/j.beem.2007.07.009 Gleeson, 2008, Generation of a set of simple, interpretable ADMET rules of thumb, J. Med. Chem., 51, 817, 10.1021/jm701122q Greally, 2013, In vitro and in vivo testing methods of epigenomic endpoints for evaluating endocrine disruptors, ALTEX, 30, 445, 10.14573/altex.2013.4.445 Groh, K.J., Carvalho, R.N., Chipman, J.K., Denslow, N.D., Halder, M., Murphy, C.A., Roelofs, D., Rolaki, A., Schirmer, K., Watanabe, K.H, 2015. Development and application of the adverse outcome pathway framework for understanding and predicting chronic toxicity: II. A focus on growth impairment in fish. Chemosphere 120, 778–792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.006. Groh, 2014, Critical influence of chloride ions on silver ion-mediated acute toxicity, Nanotoxicology, 14, 1 Gunnarsson, 2008, Evolutionary conservation of human drug targets in organisms used for environmental risk assessments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5807, 10.1021/es8005173 Head, 2009, Correlation between an in vitro and in vivo measure of dioxin sensitivity in birds, Ecotoxicology, 19, 377, 10.1007/s10646-009-0421-3 Heijmans, 2008, Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 17046, 10.1073/pnas.0806560105 Hendren, 2013, Modeling approaches for characterizing and evaluating environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials in support of risk-based decision making, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 1190, 10.1021/es302749u Herath, 2006, Review of genetic and epigenetic alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 21, 15, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04043.x Heugens, 2001, A review of the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic organisms and analysis of uncertainty factors for use in risk assessment, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 31, 247, 10.1080/20014091111695 Jager, 2011, General unified threshold model of survival – a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic framework for ecotoxicology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2529, 10.1021/es103092a Jager, 2014, Dynamic energy budgets in population ecotoxicology: applications and outlook, Ecol. Model., 280, 140, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.06.024 Jager, 2005, Modeling receptor kinetics in the analysis of survival data for organophosphate pesticides, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8307, 10.1021/es050817y Jeliazkova, 2012, Web tools for predictive toxicology model building, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 8, 791, 10.1517/17425255.2012.685158 Jeon, 2013, Comparative toxicokinetics of organic micropollutants in freshwater crustaceans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8809 Knudsen, 2011, Activity profiles of 390 ToxCast™ chemicals evaluated across 292 biochemical targets, Toxicology, 282, 1, 10.1016/j.tox.2010.12.010 Kooijman, 1996, Analysis of toxicity tests on fish growth, Water Res., 30, 1633, 10.1016/0043-1354(96)00057-7 Kooijman, 2008, From food-dependent statistics to metabolic parameters, a practical guide to the use of dynamic energy budget theory, Biol. Rev., 83, 533, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00053.x Kramer, 2011, Adverse outcome pathways and ecological risk assessment: bridging to population-level effects, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 64, 10.1002/etc.375 Kretschmann, 2012, Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model for diazinon toxicity – mechanistic explanation of differences in the sensitivity of Daphnia magna and Gammarus pulex, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31, 2014, 10.1002/etc.1905 Krewski, 2010, Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B, 13, 51, 10.1080/10937404.2010.483176 Kucharski, 2008, Nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybees via DNA methylation, Science, 319, 1827, 10.1126/science.1153069 Kulkarni, 2005, In silico techniques for the study and prediction of xenobiotic metabolism: a review, Xenobiotica, 35, 955, 10.1080/00498250500354402 Kurelec, 1992, The multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in aquatic organism, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 22, 23, 10.3109/10408449209145320 Lagisz, 2005, Metal kinetics and respiration rates in F-1 generation of carabid beetles (Pterostichus oblongopunctatus F.) originating from metal-contaminated and reference areas, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 48, 484, 10.1007/s00244-004-0023-2 LaLone, 2013, Molecular target sequence similarity as a basis for species extrapolation to assess the ecological risk of chemicals with known modes of action, Aquat. Toxicol., 144–145, 141, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.004 Laskowski, 2010, Interactions between toxic chemicals and natural environmental factors – a meta-analysis and case studies, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3763, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.043 Li, 2009, Developmental mechanisms of arsenite toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio), Aquat. Toxicol., 91, 229, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.007 Li, 2011, A computational model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-trenbolone, BMC Syst. Biol., 5, 63, 10.1186/1752-0509-5-63 Li, 2011, A computational model for asynchronous oocyte growth dynamics in a batch-spawning fish, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 68, 1528, 10.1139/f2011-066 Lokke, 2013, Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors, Toxicology, 313, 73, 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.009 Lu, 2009, Cross species analysis of microarray expression data, Bioinformatics, 25, 1476, 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp247 Lyko, 2010, The honey bee epigenomes: differential methylation of brain DNA in queen and workers, PLoS Biol., 8, 11, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000506 Lyko, 2011, Insects as innovative models for functional studies of DNA methylation, Trends Genet., 27, 127, 10.1016/j.tig.2011.01.003 Mackay, 2003, A perspective on environmental models and QSARs, SAR QSAR Environ. Res., 14, 7, 10.1080/1062936021000058746 Martin, 2013, Extrapolating ecotoxicological effects from individuals to populations: a generic approach based on Dynamic Energy Budget theory and individual-based modeling, Ecotoxicology, 22, 574, 10.1007/s10646-013-1049-x McCarroll, 2004, Comparing genomic expression patterns across species identifies shared transcriptional profile in aging, Nat. Genet., 36, 197, 10.1038/ng1291 Meredith-Williams, 2012, Uptake and depuration of pharmaceuticals in aquatic invertebrates, Environ. Pollut., 165, 250, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.029 Miller, 2004, Modeling impacts on populations: fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposure to the endocrine disruptor 17beta-trenbolone as a case study, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59, 1, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.05.005 Miller, 2007, Linkage of biochemical responses to population-level effects: a case study with vitellogenin in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26, 521, 10.1897/06-318R.1 Mirbahai, 2013, Epigenetic memory of environmental organisms: a reflection of lifetime stressor exposure, Mutat. Res., 764–765, 10 Mirbahai, 2013, Disruption of DNA methylation via S-adenosylhomocysteine is a key process in high incidence liver carcinogenesis in fish, J. Proteome Res., 12, 2895, 10.1021/pr400195u Mirbahai, 2011, DNA methylation in liver tumorigenesis in fish from the environment, Epigenetics, 6, 1319, 10.4161/epi.6.11.17890 Morgan, 2007, Microevolution and ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1085, 10.1021/es061992x Morgan, 2005, Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals, Human Mol. Genet., 14, R47, 10.1093/hmg/ddi114 Munns, 2008, Modeling approaches to population-level ecological risk assessment, 179 Murphy, 2008, Modeling larval fish behavior: scaling the sublethal effects of methylmercury to population relevant endpoints, Aquat. Toxicol., 86, 470, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.12.009 Murphy, 2009, Testing and applying a fish vitellogenesis model to evaluate laboratory and field biomarkers of endocrine disruption in Atlantic croaker exposed to hypoxia, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 1288, 10.1897/08-304.1 Murphy, 2005, Modeling vitellogenesis in female fish exposed to environmental stressors: predicting the effects of endocrine disturbance due to exposure to a PCB mixture and cadmium, Reprod. Toxicol., 19, 395, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.09.006 Nakamura, 2008, The effects of pH on fluoxetine in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): acute toxicity in fish larvae and bioaccumultion in juvenile fish, Chemosphere, 70, 865, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.089 Nesan, 2012, Embryo exposure to elevated cortisol level leads to cardiac performance dysfunction in zebrafish, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 363, 85, 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.010 Nesan, 2013, Role of glucocorticoid in developmental programming: evidence from zebrafish, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 181, 35, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.006 Newbold, 2000, Proliferative lesions and reproductive tract tumors in male descendants of mice exposed developmentally to diethylstilbestrol, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1355, 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1355 Nichols, 2004, Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish. II. Simulation of chronic exposure scenarios, Toxicol. Sci., 77, 219, 10.1093/toxsci/kfh032 Nichols, 2007, In vitro – in vivo extrapolation of quantitatie hepatic biotransformation data for fish. II. Modeled effects on chemical bioaccumulation, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26, 1304, 10.1897/06-259R.1 Nichols, 2013, Toward improved models for predicting bioconcentration of well-metabolized compounds by rainbow trout using measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32, 1611 Nichols, 1990, A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals in fish, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 106, 433, 10.1016/0041-008X(90)90338-U Nichols, 2006, In vitro – in vivo extrapolation of quantitative hepatic biotransformation data for fish – I. A review of methods, and strategies for incorporating intrinsic clearance estimates into chemical kinetic models, Aquat. Toxicol., 78, 74, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.017 Nyman, 2014, Importance of toxicokinetics for interspecies variation in sensitivity to chemicals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 5946, 10.1021/es5005126 Nyman, 2012, Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modelling of survival of Gammarus pulex in multiple pulse exposures to propiconazole: model assumptions, calibration data requirements and predictive power, Ecotoxicology, 21, 1828, 10.1007/s10646-012-0917-0 Oliveira, 2012, Social plasticity in fish: integrating mechanisms and function, J. Fish Biol., 81, 2127, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03477.x Olsvik, 2014, Impacts of TCDD and MeHg on DNA methylation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) across two generations, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 165C, 17 Perkins, 2013, Current perspectives on the use of alternative species in human health and ecological hazard assessments, Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 1002, 10.1289/ehp.1306638 Perkins, E.J., Antczak, P., Burgoon, L., Falciani, F., Gutsell, S., Hodges, G., Kienzler, A., Knapen, D., McBride, M., Willett, C., 2014. Using adverse outcome pathways for regulatory applications. Toxicol. Sci. (submitted for publication). Pianka, 1972, R and K selection or b and d selection?, Am. Nat., 106, 581, 10.1086/282798 Piechota, 2013, Pragmatic approaches to using computational methods to predict xenobiotic metabolism, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 53, 1282, 10.1021/ci400050v Pierron, 2011, Effects of chronic metal exposure on wild fish populations revealed by high-throughput cDNA sequencing, Ecotoxicology, 20, 1388, 10.1007/s10646-011-0696-z Posthuma, L., Traas, T.P., Suter, G.W., 2002. General introduction to species sensitivity distributions. In: Posthuma, L., Suter, G.W., Traas, T.P. (Eds.), Species sensitivity distroibution in ecotoxicology, Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 3–10. Qureshi, 2013, Understanding neurological disease mechanisms in the era of epigenetics, JAMA Neurol., 70, 703, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1443 Raimondo, 2010 Rana, 2012, Receptor databases and computational websites for ligand binding, Methods Mol. Biol., 897, 1, 10.1007/978-1-61779-909-9_1 Relyea, 2006, Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a review and synthesis in freshwater systems, Ecol. Lett., 9, 1157, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x Rendal, 2011, Optimal choice of pH for toxicity and bioaccumulation studies of ionizing organic chemicals, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 2395, 10.1002/etc.641 Rodriguez-Cortez, 2011, Epigenomic deregulation in the immune system, Epigenomics, 3, 697, 10.2217/epi.11.99 Roelofs, 2009, Adaptive differences in gene expression associated with heavy metal tolerance in the soil arthropod Orchesella cincta, Mol. Ecol., 18, 3227, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04261.x Roelofs, 2010, The significance of genome-wide transcriptional regulation in the evolution of stress tolerance, Evolutionary Ecol., 24, 527, 10.1007/s10682-009-9345-x Roff, 2002 Rose, 2005, Lack or relationship between simulated fish population responses and their life history traits: inadequate models, incorrect analysis or site-specific factors?, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 62, 886, 10.1139/f05-049 Rubach, 2010, Toxicokinetic variation in 15 freshwater arthropod species exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29, 2225, 10.1002/etc.273 Sebire, 2011, Short-term exposure to a treated sewage effluent alters reproductive behaviour in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Aquat. Toxicol., 105, 78, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.05.014 Skinner, 2010, Epigenetic transgenerational actions of environmental factors in disease etiology, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 21, 214, 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.007 Sousa, 2010, Dynamic energy budget theory restores coherence in biology, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365, 3413, 10.1098/rstb.2010.0166 Spromberg, 2005, Modeling the effects of chronic toxicity on fish populations: the influence of life-history strategies, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24, 1532, 10.1897/04-160.1 Stadnicka, 2012, Predicting concentrations of organic chemicals in fish by using toxicokinetic models, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3273, 10.1021/es2043728 Stadnicka, 2014, Measured and modeled toxicokinetics in cultured fish cells and application to in vitro – in vivo toxicity extrapolation, PLoS One, 9, e92303, 10.1371/journal.pone.0092303 Stearns, 1989 Stroemqvist, 2010, DNA methylation levels in the 5′ flanking region of the vitellogenin I gene in liver and brain of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) – sex and tissue differences and effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol exposure, Aquat. Toxicol., 98, 275, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.023 Sturla, 2014, Systems toxicology: from basic research to risk assessment, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 27, 314, 10.1021/tx400410s Suter, G.W., 2002. North American history of species sensitivity distributions. In: Posthuma, L., Suter, G.W., Traas, T.P. (Eds.). Species sensitivity distribution in ecotoxicology. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 11–18. Suzuki, 2008, DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics, Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 465, 10.1038/nrg2341 Svechnikov, 2014, Similar causes of various reproductive disorders in early life, Asian J. Androl., 16, 50, 10.4103/1008-682X.122199 Szyf, 2009, The early life environment and the epigenome, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1790, 878, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.009 TenBrook, 2010, The university of California-Davis methodology for deriving aquatic life pesticide water quality criteria, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 209, 1 Thomas, 2007, A comparison of transcriptomic and metabolomic technologies for identifying biomarkers predictive of two-year rodent cancer bioassays, Toxicol. Sci., 96, 40, 10.1093/toxsci/kfl171 Thomson, 2012, Non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure induces defined changes in the 5-hydroxymethylome, Genome Biol., 13, R93, 10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r93 Tirosh, 2007, Comparative biology: beyond sequence analysis, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 18, 371, 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.07.003 Tirosh, 2006, A genetic signature of interspecies variations in gene expression, Nat. Genet., 38, 830, 10.1038/ng1819 Vahter, 2007, Interactions between arsenic-induced toxicity and nutrition in early life, J. Nutr., 137, 2798, 10.1093/jn/137.12.2798 Van Straalen, 2003, Ecotoxicology becomes stress ecology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 324A, 10.1021/es0325720 Vandegehuchte, 2011, Epigenetics and its implications for ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicology, 20, 607, 10.1007/s10646-011-0634-0 Varsamos, 2006, Husbandry stress during early life stages affects the stress response and health status of juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 20, 83, 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.005 Vedani, 2012, VirtualToxLab – a platform for estimating the toxic potential of drugs, chemicals and natural products, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 261, 142, 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.018 Villeneuve, D.L., Crump, D., Garcia-Reyero, N., Hecker, M., Hutchinson, T.H., LaLone, C.A., Landesmann, B., Lettieri, T., Munn S., Nepelska, M., Ottinger, M., Vergauwen, L., Whelan, M., in press-a. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development I: Strategies and principles. Tox. Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu199. Villeneuve, D.L., Crump, D., Garcia-Reyero, N., Hecker, M., Hutchinson, T.H., LaLone, C.A., Landesmann, B., Lettieri, T., Munn, S., Nepelska, M., Ottinger, M.A., Vergauwen, L., Whelan, M., in press-b. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development II: Best practices. Tox. Sci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu200. Villeneuve, 2014, Investigating alternatives to fish early-life stage test: a strategy for discovering and annotating adverse outcome pathways for early fish development, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 158, 10.1002/etc.2403 Vinken, 2013, The adverse outcome pathway concept: a pragmatic tool in toxicology, Toxicology, 312, 158, 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.011 Volz, 2011, Adverse outcome pathways during early fish development: a conceptual framework for identification of chemical screening and prioritization strategies, Toxicol. Sci., 123, 349, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr185 Walker, 2008, Ecotoxicity testing: science, politics and ethics, Altern. Lab Anim., 36, 103, 10.1177/026119290803600111 Wang, 2009, DNA hypomethylation induced by tributyltin, triphenyltin, and a mixture of these in Sebastiscus marmoratus liver, Aquat. Toxicol., 95, 93, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.06.008 Watanabe, 2009, A computational model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male fathead minnows exposed to 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and 17beta-estradiol, Toxicol. Sci., 109, 180, 10.1093/toxsci/kfp069 Weaver, 2007, Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior and pharmacological intervention, Epigenetics, 2, 22, 10.4161/epi.2.1.3881 Wenger, 2011, 17b-estradiol affects the response of complement components and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by bacterial infection, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 31, 90, 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.04.007 Wetmore, 2012, Integration of dosimetry, exposure, and high-throughput screening data in chemical toxicity assessment, Toxicol. Sci., 125, 157, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr254 Whitehead, 2013, Common functional targets of adaptive micro- and macro-evolutionary divergence in killifish, Mol. Ecol., 22, 3780, 10.1111/mec.12316 Williams, 2014, The toxicological application of transcriptomics and epigenomics in zebrafish and other teleosts, Brief Funct. Genomics, 13, 157, 10.1093/bfgp/elt053 Wu, 2013, Framework for identifying chemicals with structural features associated with the potential to act as developmental or reproductive toxicants, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 26, 1840, 10.1021/tx400226u Xie, 2004, Fitness cost of resistance to cadmium in the least killifish (Heterandria formosa), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 1499, 10.1897/03-96 Yang, 2012, Beyond size, ionization state, and lipophilicity: influence of molecular topology on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity for drug-like compounds, J. Med. Chem., 55, 3667, 10.1021/jm201548z Yue, 2014, Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to a fish gil cell line: role of medium composition, Nanotoxicology, 12, 1 Zama, 2010, Epigenetic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on female reproduction: an ovarian perspective, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 31, 420, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.06.003 Zimmer, 2012, Juvenile food limitation in standardized tests: a warning to ecotoxicologists, Ecotoxicology, 21, 2195, 10.1007/s10646-012-0973-5