Guía clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

Archivos de Bronconeumología - Tập 37 - Trang 297-316 - 2001
J.A. Barberà1, G. Peces-Barba2, A.G.N. Agustí3, J.L. Izquierdo4, E. Monsó5, T. Montemayor6, J.L. Viejo7
1Servei de Neumologia. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona
2Servei de Neumologia. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid
3Servei de Neumologia. Hospital Son Dureta. Palma de Mallorca
4Servei de Neumologia. Hospital General. Guadalajara
5Servei de Neumologia. Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona
6Servei de Neumologia. Hospital Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
7Servei de Neumologia. Hospital General Yagüe. Burgos

Tài liệu tham khảo

Montemayor, 1992 Montemayor, 1996, Normativa sobre diagnóstico de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, Arch Bronconeumol, 32, 285, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30754-7 Siafakas, 1995, Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Eur Respir J, 8, 1398, 10.1183/09031936.95.08081398 American Thoracic, 1995, Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, S77 Snider, 1985, The definition of emphysema: report of National Heart and Blood Institute, division of Lung Diseases, workshop, Am Rev Respir Dis, 132, 182 1991, Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 1202, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1202 1997, Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 52, S1, 10.1136/thx.52.suppl_5.1 Celli, 1999, Monitoring the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time for a new staging system, Eur Respir Rev, 9, 165 Celli, 2000, The SCORE: a new COPD staging system combining 6MWD, MRC dyspnea. FEV1 and PaO2 as predictor of health care resources utilization (HCUR), Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161, A749 Sobradillo, 1999, Estudio IBERPOC en España: prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios habituales y de limitación crónica al flujo aéreo, Arch Bronconeumol, 35, 159, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30272-6 Masa, 1999, Underdiagnosis and geographical differences in COPD prevalence in Spain, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, A921 Biglino, 1996 Sobradillo, 1995, Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Enfoque actual, 3 1995 Alonso, 1995 Seneff, 1995, Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Jama, 274, 1852, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530230038027 Hogg, 1968, Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease, N Engl J Med, 278, 1355, 10.1056/NEJM196806202782501 Cosio, 1978, The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary function tests, N Engl J Med, 298, 1277, 10.1056/NEJM197806082982303 Filkenstein, 1995, Alveolar inflammation and its relation to emphysema in smokers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 1666, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.5.7582312 O'Shaughnessy, 1997, Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: inverse relationship of CD8+ T lymphocytes with FEV1, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 852, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117016 Saetta, 1998, CD8+ T-lymphocytes in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 822, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9709027 Peinado, 1999, Inflammatory reaction in pulmonary muscular arteries of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1605, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9807059 Robinson, 1992, Predominant TH2-like broncho-alveolar T-lymphocite population in atopic asthma, N Engl J Med, 326, 298, 10.1056/NEJM199201303260504 Humbert, 1996, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from atopic and non atopic asthma. Evidence against “intrinsic” asthma beign a distinct immunopathological entity, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1497, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912771 Keatings, 1996, Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 530, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564092 Hill, 1999, The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 893, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9901091 Lang, 1994, Collagen content of alveolar wall tissue in emphysematous and non-emphysematous lungs, Thorax, 49, 319, 10.1136/thx.49.4.319 Timens, 1997, Extracellular matrix and inflammation: a role of fibroblast-mediated tissue repair in the pathogenesis of emphysema, Eur Respir Rev, 7, 119 Kim, 1991, Centrilobular and panlobular emphysema in smokers. Two distinct morphologic and functional entities, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 1385, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.6.1385 Barberà, 1994, Pulmonary vascular abnormalities and ventilation-perfusion relationships in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 423, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306040 Peinado, 1998, Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arteries of patients with mild COPD, Am J Physiol, 274, L908 Dinh-Xuan, 1991, Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary-artery relaxation in chronic obstructive lung disease, N Engl J Med, 324, 1539, 10.1056/NEJM199105303242203 Pérez-padilla, 1996, Exposure to biomass smoke of chronic airway disease in Mexican women. A case-control study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 701, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810608 Fletcher, 1977, The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction, Brit Med J, 1, 1645, 10.1136/bmj.1.6077.1645 Wolkove, 1989, The relationship between pulmonary function and dyspnea in obstructive lung disease, Chest, 96, 1247, 10.1378/chest.96.6.1247 Borg, 1982, Psychophysical basis of perceived exertion, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14, 377, 10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 Mahler, 1984, The measurement of dyspnea: contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes, Chest, 85, 751, 10.1378/chest.85.6.751 Mahler, 1987, Comparison of clinical dyspnea ratings and psychophysical measurements of respiratory sensation in obstructive airway disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 165, 1229, 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.6.1229 Kesten, 1993, Physician perceptions and management of COPD, Chest, 104, 254, 10.1378/chest.104.1.254 Schols, 1998, Weight loss in a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1791, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9705017 Burge, 1996, The acute effects of oral prednisolone in patients with COPD in the ISOLDE trial: responders and non-responders, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, A126 Cooper, 1996, Results of 150 consecutive bilateral lung volume reduction procedures in patients with severe emphysema, J Thorac Cardiovascular Surg, 112, 1319, 10.1016/S0022-5223(96)70147-2 O'Donnell, 1998, Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 1557, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9804004 Agustí, 1998, Responses to exercise in lung diseases, Eur Respir Mon, 6, 32 Baarends, 1997, Peak exercise response in relation to tissue depletion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 10, 2807, 10.1183/09031936.97.10122807 Ferguson, 1998, Improved exercise performance following lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1195, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9705008 Togores, 1996, Trastornos respiratorios durante el sueño en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, Arch Bronconeumol, 32, 32, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30836-X Douglas, 1990, Breathing during sleep in patients with obstructive lung disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 1055, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.4_Pt_1.1055 Connaughton, 1988, Do sleep studies contribute to the management of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 341, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.341 Fletcher, 1992, A double blind trial of nocturnal supplement oxygen for sleep desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime PaO2 above 60 mmHg, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1070, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1070 Thurlbeck, 1978, Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema, Am J Roentgenol, 130, 429, 10.2214/ajr.130.3.429 Sanders, 1991, The radiographic diagnosis of emphysema, Radiol Clin North Am, 29, 1019 Chetty, 1982, Identification of pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from routine chest radiographs, Am Rev Respir Dis, 126, 338 Skillrid, 1986, Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic pulmonary disease. A prospective matched case-controlled study, Ann Intern Med, 105, 503, 10.7326/0003-4819-105-4-503 Klein, 1992, High-resolution CT diagnosis of emphysema in symptomatic patients with normal chest radiographs and isolated low diffusing capacity, Radiology, 182, 817, 10.1148/radiology.182.3.1535900 Kuwano, 1990, The diagnosis of mild emphysema. Correlation of computed tomography and pathology scores, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 169, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.1.169 Guyatt, 1987, Quality of life in patients with chronic airflow limitation, Br J Dis Chest, 81, 45, 10.1016/0007-0971(87)90107-0 Jones, 1992, A selfcomplete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1321, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1321 Güell, 1995, Traducción española y validación de un cuestionario de calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, Arch Bronconeumol, 31, 202, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30925-X Ferrer, 1996, Validity and reliability of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire after adaptation to a different language and culture: The Spanish example, Eur Respir J, 9, 1160, 10.1183/09031936.96.09061160 Jones, 1999, Health status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir Rev, 9, 169 Anthonisen, 1994, Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1: the Lung Health Study, Jama, 272, 1497, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520190043033 Jiménez, 1999, Normativa para el tratamiento del tabaquismo, Arch Bronconeumol, 35, 499, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30025-9 Silagy, 1994, Meta-analysis of efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation, Lancet, 343, 139, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90933-4 Blondal, 1999, Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up, Brit Med J, 318, 285, 10.1136/bmj.318.7179.285 Hurt, 1997, A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation, N Engl J Med, 337, 1195, 10.1056/NEJM199710233371703 Jorenby, 1999, A controlled trial of sustained bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation, N Engl J Med, 340, 685, 10.1056/NEJM199903043400903 Glurlay, 2000, Clinidine for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review) 1988, The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction: a report of the surgeon general White, 1997, Acupunture in smoking cessation (Cochrane Review) Nichol, 1994, The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination agaisnt influenza among elderly persons living in the community, N Engl J Med, 331, 778, 10.1056/NEJM199409223311206 Örtqvist, 1998, Randomized trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly people, Lancet, 351, 399, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07358-3 Anthonisen, 1997, OM-85 for COPD, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1713, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.ed15-97 Hay, 1992, Bronchodilator reversibility, exercice performance and brethlessness in stable obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 5, 659 Fernández, 1995, Evaluación de la respuesta broncodilatadora con agonistas beta en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, Arch Bronconeumol, 31, 270, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30912-1 Barnes, 1996, New developments in anticholinergic drugs, Eur Respir Rev, 6, 290 1997, Routine nebulized ipratropium and albuterol together are better than either alone in COPD, Chest, 112, 1514, 10.1378/chest.112.6.1514 Cazzola, 1999, Should long acting beta-2-agonist be considered an alternative first choice option for the treatment and stable COPD?, Respir Med, 93, 227, 10.1016/S0954-6111(99)90017-3 Appleton, 1999 Mahler, 1999, Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD, Chest, 115, 957, 10.1378/chest.115.4.957 Newhouse, 1990, Is theophylline obsolete?, Chest, 98, 1, 10.1378/chest.98.1.1 Jenne, 1990, Teophylline is no more obsolete than two puffs qid of current beta-2 agonists, Chest, 98, 3, 10.1378/chest.98.1.3 Niewoehner, 1990, Theophylline therapy. A continuing dilemma, Chest, 98, 5, 10.1378/chest.98.1.5a Murciano, 1989, A randomized controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 320, 1521, 10.1056/NEJM198906083202304 Iravani, 1987, Theophylline and mucocilliary function, Chest, 92, 38S, 10.1378/chest.92.1_Supplement.38S Matthay, 1986, Theophylline improves global cardiac function and reduces dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disesase, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 793, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90063-1 Viires, 1984, Effects of aminophylline on diaphragmatic fatigue during acute respiratory failure, Am Rev Respir Dis, 129, 396 Taccola, 1999, Salmeterol versus slow-release theophylline in patients with reversible obstructive pulmonary disease, Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 54, 302 Ramsdell, 1995, Use of theophylline in the treatment of COPD, Chest, 107, 206S, 10.1378/chest.107.5_Supplement.206S Izquierdo, 1999, Corticoides inhalados en la EPOC, Arch Bronconeumol, 35, 365, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30051-X Burge, 1999, EUROSCOP, ISOLDE and the Copenhagen city lung study, Thorax, 54, 287, 10.1136/thx.54.4.287 Vestbo, 1999, Longterm effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 353, 1819, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10019-3 Pauwels, 1999, Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking, N Engl J Med, 340, 1948, 10.1056/NEJM199906243402503 Paggiaro, 1998, Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lancet, 351, 773, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03471-5 Burge, 2000, Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial, Brit Med J, 320, 1297, 10.1136/bmj.320.7245.1297 Callahan, 1991, Oral corticosteroid theraphy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 114, 216, 10.7326/0003-4819-114-3-216 1989, Guidelines for the approach to the patient with severe hereditary alpha 1-antitripsin deficiency, Am Rev Respir Dis, 27, 1494 Miravitlles, 1999, Estado actual del tratamiento sustitutivo en el enfisema congénito por déficit de alfa-1-antitripsina. Informe del registro nacional, Arch Bronconeumol, 35, 446, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30041-7 1998, Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha- 1-antitrypsin, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 49, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9712017 Seersholm, 1997, Does alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in pattients with severe hereditary alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency?, Eur Respir J, 10, 2260, 10.1183/09031936.97.10102260 Bhagat, 1995, Clinical trials needed for alpha-1-antitrypsin replacement therapy, Chest, 108, 586, 10.1378/chest.108.2.586-a Bardsley, 1993, Chronic respiratory failure in COPD: is there a place for a respiratory stimulant?, Thorax, 48, 781, 10.1136/thx.48.8.781 Poole, 1999, Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis (Cochrane Review) Grandjean, 2000, Efficacy of oral long-term N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of published double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, Clin Ther, 22, 209, 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88479-9 De Lucas, 2000, Normativa sobre la rehabilitación respiratoria, Arch Bronconeumol, 36, 257, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30167-8 Güell, 1994, Rehabilitación respiratoria, Arch Bronconeumol, 30, 63, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)31118-2 1997, Pulmonary rehabilitation: Joing ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based guidelines, Chest, 112, 1363, 10.1378/chest.112.5.1363 Montemayor, 1998, Rehabilitación respiratoria, 619 Wedzicha, 1998, Randomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC dyspnoea scale, Eur Respir J, 12, 363, 10.1183/09031936.98.12020363 Lacasse, 1996, Meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lancet,, 348, 1115, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04201-8 Cambach, 1999, The longterm effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a research synthesis. Meta-analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1, 103, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90316-7 Hamilton, 1995, Muscle strenght, symptom intensity, and exercise capacity in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 2021, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520771 Gosselink, 1996, Peripheral muscle weakness contributes to exercise limitation in COPD, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 976, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630582 Bernard, 1998, Peripheral muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 629, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.2.9711023 Simpson, 1992, Randomised controlled trial of weight-lifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation, Thorax, 47, 70, 10.1136/thx.47.2.70 Bernard, 1999, Aerobic and strenght training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 896, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9807034 Toral, 1999, Comparación entre diferentes modalidades de entrenamiento muscular periférico en la rehabilitación de pacientes con EPOC estables, Arch Bronconeumol, 35, 1S Smith, 1992, Respiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: a metaanalysis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 533, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.3.533 Lisboa, 1994, Inspiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: comparison of two different training loads using a threshold device, Eur Respir J, 7, 1266, 10.1183/09031936.94.07071266 De Lucas, 1998, Entrenamiento de los músculos inspiratorios en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: su repercusión en parámetros funcionales y tolerancia al ejercicio, Arch Bronconeumol, 34, 64, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30483-X Cejudo, 1988, Home ventilatory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Eur Respir J, 12, 3S Ferreira, 2000, Nutritional support for individuals with COPD: a meta-analysis, Chest, 117, 672, 10.1378/chest.117.3.672 Wijkstra, 1994, Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves after rehabilitation in the home, Eur Respir J, 7, 269, 10.1183/09031936.94.07020269 Strijbos, 1996, A comparison between an outpatient hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program and a home-care rehabilitation program in patients with COPD, Chest, 109, 366, 10.1378/chest.109.2.366 Gravil, 1998, Home treatment of exarcerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by an acute respiratory assessment service, Lancet, 351, 1853, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11048-0 Shepperd, 1998, Randomised controlled trial comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital care. II: cost minimisation analysis, Brit Med J, 316, 1791, 10.1136/bmj.316.7147.1791 1981, Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema, Lancet, 1, 681 1980, Continous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical trial, Ann Intern Med, 93, 391, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-3-391 Sánchez-Agudo, 1998, Normativa para la indicación y empleo de la oxigenoterapia continua domiciliaria (OCD), Arch Bronconeumol, 34, 87, 10.1016/S0300-2896(15)30487-7 Chaouat, 1999, A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Eur Respir J, 14, 1002, 10.1183/09031936.99.14510029 Smeets, 1994, Travel for technology-dependent patients with respiratory disease, Thorax, 49, 77, 10.1136/thx.49.1.77 Hosenpud, 1998, The Registry of the Internationl Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: fifteenth official report-1998, J Heart Lung Transplant, 17, 656 Trulock, 1997, Lung transplantation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 789, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117010 Hosenpud, 1998, Effect of diagnosis on survival benefit of lung transplantation for end-stage lung disease, Lancet, 351, 24, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06405-2 Patterson, 1991, Comparison of outcomes of double and single lung transplantation for obstructive lung disease. The Toronto Lung Transplant Group, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 101, 623, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)36692-9 Levy, 1993, Exercise performance after lung transplantation, J Heart Lung Transplant, 12, 27 Gross, 1995, Long-term health status and quality of life outcomes of lung transplant recipients, Chest, 108, 1587, 10.1378/chest.108.6.1587 Varela, 1996 Maurer, 1998, International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates, J Heart Lung Transplant, 17, 703 Cooper, 1995, Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 109, 106, 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70426-4 Fein, 1996, Lung volume reduction surgery, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1151, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887620 1999, Rationale and design of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial: a prospective randomized trial of lung volume reduction surgery, Chest, 116, 1750, 10.1378/chest.116.6.1750 Geddes, 2000, Effect of lung-volume-reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema, N Engl J Med, 343, 239, 10.1056/NEJM200007273430402 Russi, 1997, Lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema, Eur Respir J, 10, 208, 10.1183/09031936.97.10010208 Gelb, 1999, Lung function 4 years after lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema, Chest, 116, 1608, 10.1378/chest.116.6.1608 Slone, 1997, Lung volume reduction surgery: comparison of preoperative radiologic features and clinical outcome, Radiology, 204, 685, 10.1148/radiology.204.3.9280244 Yusen, 1997, Evaluation and preoperative management of lung volume reduction surgery candidates, Clin Chest Med, 18, 199, 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70372-5 Snider, 1996, Reduction pneumoplasty for giant bullous emphysema. Implications for surgical treatment of nonbullous emphysema, Chest, 109, 540, 10.1378/chest.109.2.540 Marshall, 1993, The physiologic evaluation of the lung resection cadidate, Clin Chest Med, 14, 305, 10.1016/S0272-5231(21)00893-5 Bolliger, 1998, Functional evaluation of the lung resection candidate, Eur Respir J, 11, 198, 10.1183/09031936.98.11010198 Markos, 1989, Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbility after lung resection, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 902, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.902 Ribas, 1998, Invasive exercise testing in the evaluation of patients at high-risk for lung resection, Eur Respir J, 12, 1429, 10.1183/09031936.98.12061429 Landreneau, 1997, Wedge resection versus lobectomy for stage I (T1 N0 M0) non-small-cell lung cancer, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 113, 691, 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70226-5 Tschernko, 1996, Early postoperative stress: viedo-assisted wedge resection/lobectomy vs conventional axillary thoracotomy, Chest, 109, 1636, 10.1378/chest.109.6.1636 Bolliger, 1995, Exercise capacity as a predictor of postoperative complications in lung resection candidates, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1472, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735602 Soler, 1998, Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1498, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9711044 MacFarlane, 1993, Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lowerrespiratory tract infections in the community, Lancet, 341, 511, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90275-L Huchon, 1996, Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey, Eur Respir J, 9, 1590, 10.1183/09031936.96.09081590 Xu, 1993, Association of indoor and outdoor particulate pollution level with chronic respiratory illness, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 1516, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.6_Pt_1.1516 Tashkin, 1994, The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. XI. Impact of air pollution and smoking on annual change in forced expiratory volume in one second, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1067, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173761 Murata, 1989, Use of emergency medical services by patients with decompensated obstructive lung disease, Ann Emerg Med, 18, 501, 10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80833-9 Postma, 1998, When can an exacerbation of COPD be trated at home?, Lancet, 351, 1827, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78798-5 Gross, 1989, Dose-response to ipratropium as a nebulized solution in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 1185, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1188 Moayyedi, 1995, Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamil alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 50, 834, 10.1136/thx.50.8.834 Anthonisen, 1987, Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ann Intern Med, 106, 196, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196 Saint, 1995, Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis, Jama, 273, 957, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520360071042 Ball, 1995, Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations, Chest, 108, 43S, 10.1378/chest.108.2_Supplement.43S Albert, 1980, Controlled clinical trials of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency, Ann Intern Med, 92, 753, 10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-753 Davies, 1999, Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 354, 456, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11326-0 Niewoehner, 1999, Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group, N Engl J Med, 340, 1941, 10.1056/NEJM199906243402502 Emerman, 1991, Spirometric criteria for hospital admission of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, Chest, 99, 595, 10.1378/chest.99.3.595 Kessler, 1999, Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 158, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803117 Connors, 1996, Outcomes following acute exacerbations of severe chronic obstructive lung disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 959, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887592 Barberà, 1997, Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 10, 1285, 10.1183/09031936.97.10061285 Agustí, 1999, Oxygen therapy during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 14, 934, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d34.x Aubier, 1980, Central respiratory drive in acute respiratory failure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 122, 191, 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.5.747 Aubier, 1980, Effects of the administration of O2 on ventilation and blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure, Am Rev Respir Dis, 122, 747, 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.5.747 Bott, 1993, Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease, Lancet, 341, 1555, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90696-E Brochard, 1995, Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 333, 817, 10.1056/NEJM199509283331301 Kramer, 1995, Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1799, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767523 Barbé, 1996, Non-invasive ventilatory support does not facilitate recovery from acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 9, 1240, 10.1183/09031936.96.09061240 Nava, 1998, Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, 128, 721, 10.7326/0003-4819-128-9-199805010-00004 Plant, 2000, Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 355, 1931, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02323-0