Travel Demand Management Targeting Reduced Private Car Use: Effectiveness, Public Acceptability and Political Feasibility

Journal of Social Issues - Tập 63 Số 1 - Trang 139-153 - 2007
Tommy Gärling1, Geertje Schuitema2
1Göteborg University#TAB#
2University of Groningen

Tóm tắt

The private car is fast, comfortable, and convenient. However, worldwide massive car use causes serious environmental problems. Although breakthroughs in clean automobile technology may be under way, reducing car use seems necessary in order to achieve a sustainable transportation system. Several travel demand management (TDM) measures have therefore been proposed and some have been implemented with this aim. The article reviews research addressing the question of how effective, acceptable to the public, and politically feasible such measures are. The conclusion is that noncoercive TDM measures alone are unlikely to be effective in reducing car use. Therefore, coercive TDM measures such as increasing cost for or prohibiting car use may be necessary but are difficult to implement because of public opposition and political infeasibility. If combined with noncoercive TDM measures providing attractive travel alternatives and communicating the benefits of car‐use reduction to the public, coercive TDM measures are likely to become more effective, acceptable, and politically feasible.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Austin J. T., 1996, Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content, Psychological Bulletin, 80, 286

10.1080/01441649208716826

10.1006/jevp.2002.0278

10.1016/B978-008044199-3/50015-3

10.1177/0013916502250134

Beckenkamp M., 1999, Resolving social dilemmas: Dynamic, structural and intergroup aspects, 165

10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19

10.1017/CBO9781139174794

10.1037/0021-9010.62.4.369

Deutsch M., 1985, Distributive justice: A social psychological perspective

Eagly A. H., 1993, The psychology of attitudes

Energy Information Administration, 2004, Annual Energy Review

10.1016/S0965-8564(02)00032-0

10.1016/B978-008044379-9/50202-8

10.1023/A:1021230223001

10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00035-X

10.1023/A:1005004311776

10.1016/S0966-6923(97)00013-6

10.1006/cogp.1998.0708

10.1177/0013916591232004

10.1016/j.trf.2003.10.001

10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00005-6

10.1068/c19s

Jones P. M., 1991, Gaining public support for road pricing through a package approach, Traffic Engineering and Control, 32, 194

10.1016/B978-008044199-3/50003-7

10.1016/S0967-070X(97)00018-8

Lee T. W., 1989, Goal concepts in personality and social psychology, 291

Locke E. A., 1990, A theory of goal‐setting and task performance

10.2307/258352

Loukopoulos P., Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.04.006

10.1016/j.trd.2004.02.003

10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00037-9

10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00030-6

OECD, 1997, Towards sustainable transportation

10.1787/9789264188563-en

10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00005-X

10.1023/B:PORT.0000007234.98158.6b

10.1016/B978-008044199-3/50001-3

Schlag B., 1997, Public acceptability of transport pricing, IATSS Research, 21, 134

Schuitema G., 2003, Human decision making and environmental perception: Understanding and assisting human decision making in real‐life settings, 83

Schuitema G., 2005, Factors that affect the acceptability of pricing policies in transport

10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5

Steg E. M.(1996).Gedragsverandering ter vermindering van het autogebruik. (Behavior Change for Reducing Car Use.)PhD thesis University of Groningen (NL) Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences(in Dutch with extensive English summary).

10.1016/B978-008044199-3/50012-8

10.1177/0013916505278519

Steg L., Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions

10.1111/1467-9302.00154

10.1111/0022-4537.00175

Stern P. C., 1999, A value‐belief‐norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmental concern, Human Ecology Review, 6, 81

Tertoolen G., 1998, Psychological resistance against private car use reduction, Transportation Research Part A, 32, 171

10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403

U.S. Department of Energy, 2002, Annual energy review 2000

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1978.tb00775.x

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199709/10)27:5<539::AID-EJSP831>3.0.CO;2-A

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00583.x

Vining J., 2002, Handbook of environmental psychology, 541

Vlek C. A. J., 1992, Why we should and how we could decrease the use of motor vehicles in the near future, IATSS Research, 15, 82

Whitelegg J., 1993, Traffic and health