Induced Disease Resistance in Plants by Chemicals
Tóm tắt
Plants can be induced locally and systemically to become more resistant to diseases through various biotic or abiotic stresses. The biological inducers include necrotizing pathogens, non- pathogens or root colonizing bacteria. Through at network of signal pathways they induce resistance spectra and marker proteins that are characteristic for the different plant species and activation systems. The best characterized signal pathway for systemically induced resistance is SAR (systemic acquired resistance) that is activated by localized infections with necrotizing pathogens. It is characterized by protection against a broad range of pathogens, by a set of induced proteins and by its dependence on salicylic acid (SA) Various chemicals have been discovered that seem to act at various points in these defense activating networks and mimic all or parts of the biological activation of resistance. Of these, only few have reached commercialization. The best- studied resistance activator is acibenzolar-5-methyl (BION). At low rates it activates resistance in many crops against a broad spectrum of diseases, including fungi, bacteria and viruses. In monocots, activated resistance by BION typically is very long lasting, while the lasting effect is less pronounced in dicots. BION is translocated systemically in plants and can take the place of SA in the natural SAR signal pathway, inducing the same spectrum of resistance and the same set of molecular markers. Probenazole (ORYZEMATE) is used mainly on rice against rice blast and bacterial leaf blight. Its mode of action is not well understood partly because biological systems of systemically induced resistance are not well defined in rice. Treated plants clearly respond faster and in a resistant manner to infections by the two pathogens. Other compounds like beta-aminobutyric acid as wdl as extracts from plants and microorganisms have also been described as resistance inducers. For most of these, neither the mode of action nor reliable pre-challenge markers are known and still other pathways for resistance activation are suspected. Resistance inducing chemicals that are able to induce broad disease resistance offer an additional option for the farmer to complement genetic disease resistance and the use of fungicides. If integrated properly in plant health management programs, they can prolong the useful life of both the resistance genes and the fungicides presently used.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bostock RM (1999) Signal conflicts and synergies in induced resistance to multiple attackers. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 55: 99-109
Cohen Y (1995) Induced resistance against fungal diseases by aminobutyric acids. In: Lyr H, Russell PE and Sisler HD (eds) Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds (pp 461-466) Intercept, Andover, UK
Cohen Y, Gisi U and Moesinger E (1991) Systemic resistance of potato plants against Phytophthora infestans induced by unsaturated fatty acids. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 38: 255-263
Cohen Y, Niderman T, Moesinger E and Fluhr R(1994) Aminobutyric acid induces the accumulation of pathogenesis related proteins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants and resistance to late blight infection caused by Phytophthora infestans. Plant Physiology 104: 59-66
Darby RM, Maddison A, Mur LAJ, Bi Y-M and Draper J (2000) Cell-specific expression of salicylate hydroxylase in an attempt to separate localized HR and systemic signalling establishing SAR in tobacco. Molecular Plant Pathology 1: 115-124
Friedrich L, Lawton K, Ruess W, Masner P, Specker N, Gut Rella M, Meier B, Dincher S, Staub T, Uknes S, Metraux JP, Kessmann H and Ryals J (1996) A benzothiadiazole derivative induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. The Plant Journal 10: 61-70
Gaffney T, Friedrich L, Vernooij B, Negretto D, Nye G, Uknes S, Ward E, Kessmann H and Ryals J (1993) Requirement of salicylic acid for the induction of systemic acquired resistance. Science 261: 754-756
Goerlach J, Volrath S, Knauf-Beiter G, Hengy G, Beckhove U, Kogel KH, Oostendorp M, Staub T, Ward E, Kessmann H and Ryals J (1996) Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. The Plant Cell 8: 629-643
Inbar M, Doostdar H, Sonoda RN, Leibee GL and Mayer RT (1998) Elicitors of plant defence systems reduce insect densities and disease incidence. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 135-148
Kessmann H, Oostendorp M, Staub T, Goerlach J, Friedrich L, Lawton K and Ryals J (1996) CGA 245704, mode of action of a new plant activator. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases (pp 961-966), British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK
Kessmann H, Staub T, Hofmann C, Maetzke T, Herzog J, Ward E, Uknes S and Ryals J (1994) Induction of systemic acquired resistance in plants by chemicals. Annual Review of Plant Pathology 32: 439-459
Kuć J (1982) Induced immunity to plant diseases. BioScience 32: 854-860
Kuć J (1984) Systemic plant immunization. Tagungsbericht Akad Landw Wiss DDR 222: 189-198
Kunz W, Schurter R and Maetzke T (1997) The chemistry of benzothiadiazole plant activators. Pesticide Science 50: 275-282
Langcake P, Cartwright DW and Ride JP (1983) The dichlorocyclopropanes and other fungicides with indirect mode of action. In: Lyr, H and Polter C (eds) Systemische Verbindungen und antifungale Verbindungen (pp 199-210). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin
Lawton KA, Friedrich L, Hunt M, Weymann K, Delaney TP, Kessmann H, Staub T and Ryals J (1996) Benzothiadizole induces disease resistance in Arabidopsis by activation of the systemic acquired resistance signal transduction pathway. Plant Journal 10: 71-82
Lyon GD and Newton AC (1999) Implementation of elicitor mediated induced resistance in agriculture. In: Agrawal AA, Tuzun S and Bent E (eds) Induced Plant Defenses against Pathogens and Herbivores (pp 299-318). APS Press, St. Paul
Mauch-Mani B (1999) Arabidopsis-pathogen interaction: a model system for the analysis of acquired resistance (p 131). Proceedings 14th Int Plant Protection Congress, Jerusalem
Métraux JP, Ahl-Goy P, Staub T, Speich J, Steinemann A, Ryals J and Ward E (1991) Induced systemic resistance in cucumber in response to 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid and pathogens. In: Hennecke H and Verma DPS (eds) Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions Vol 1 (pp 432-439). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Molina A, Goerlach J, Volrath S and Ryals J (1999a) Wheat genes encoding two types of PR-1 proteins are pathogen inducible, but do not respond to activators of systemic acquired resistance. Molecuar Plant-Microbe Interactions 12: 53-58
Molina A, Volrath S, Guyer D, Maleck K, Ryals J and Ward E (1999b) Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase expression in Arabidopsis causes a lesion-mimic phenotype that induces systemic acquired resistance. The Plant Journal 17: 667-678
Morris SW, Vernooij B, Titatarn S, Starret M, Thomas S, Wiltse CC, Fredriksen RA, Bhandhufalck A, Hulbert S and Uknes S (1998) Induced resistance responses in maize. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 11: 643-658
Mucharromah E and Kuć J (1991) Oxalate and phosphates induce systemic resistance against diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses in cucumber. Crop Protection 10: 265-270
Owen KJ, Green CD and Deverall BJ (1998) Systemic acquired resistance against root-knot nematodes in grapevines (Abstr). APPS Conference, Perth, September 1998.
Penninckx IAMA, Thomma BPHJ, Buchala A, Metraux JP and Broekaert WF (1998) Concommitant activation of jasmonate and ethylene response pathways is required for induction of a plant defensin in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 10: 2103-2113
Pieterse CMJ, vanWees SCM, van Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, Gerrits H, Weisbeek PJ and van Loon LC (1998) A novel signaling pathway controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10: 1571-1580
Romero AM, Kousik CS and Ritchie DF (1998) Systemic acquired resistance delays race shifts to major resistance genes in pepper (Abstr). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Las Vegas
Ross FA (1961) Systemic acquired resistance induced by localized virus infection in plants. Virology 14: 340-358
Rossignol Z, Rambach O, Petit M and Ruess W (1997) L'acibenzolar-S-methyl: Une nouvelle categorie de produits pour la protection des cultures (pp 1079-1086) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Plant Diseases, ANPP, Paris
Ruess W, Mueller K, Knauf-Beiter G and Staub T (1996) Plant activator CGA-245704: an innovative approach for disease control in cereals and tobacco. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases (pp 53-60)
Ryals JA, Neuenschwander UH, Willits MG, Molina A, Steiner H and Hunt MD (1996) Systemic acquired resistance. The Plant Cell 8: 1809-1819
Sakamoto K, Tada Y, Yokozeki Y, Akagi H, Hayashi N, Fujimura T and Ichikawa N (1999) Chemical induction of disease resistance in rice is correlated with the expression of a gene encoding a nucleotide binding site and a leucine-rich repeat. Plant Molecular Biology 40: 847-855
Siegrist J, Muehlenbeck S and Buchenauer H (1998) Cultured parsley cells, a model system for the rapid testing of abiotic and natural substances as inducers of systemic acquired resistance. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 53: 223-238
Siegrist J, Orober M and Buchenauer H (2000) β-Aminobutyric acid-mediated enhancement of resistance in tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus depends on the accumulation of salicylic acid. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 56: 95-106
Sisler HD and Ragsdale NN (1995) Disease control by nonfungitoxic compounds. In: Lyr H (ed) Modern Selective Fungicides (pp 543-564). Fischer, Jena
Staub T, Ahl-Goy P and Kessmann H (1992) Chemically induced disease resistance in plants. In: Lyr H and Polter C (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Systemic Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds (pp 239-249). Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart
Staub T, Ruess W, Neuenschwander U and Oostendorp M (1997) Les stimulateurs des defenses naturelles des plantes: perspectives d'utilisation pour la protection contre les maladies. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Plant Diseases (pp 77-86). ANPP, Paris
Sticher L, Mauch-Mani B and Metraux JP (1997) Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review Plant Pathology 35: 235-270
Tally A, Oostendorp M, Lawton K, Staub T and Bassi B (1999) Commercial development of elicitors of induced resistance to pathogens. In: Agrawal AA, Tuzun S and Bent E (eds) Induced Plant Defenses against Pathogens and Herbivores (pp 357-369). APS Press, St. Paul
Thieron R, Pontzen R and Kuahashi Y (1998) Carpropamid: ein Reisfungizid mit zwei Wirkungsmechanismen. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 51: 259-280
Tosi L, Luigetti R and Zazzerini A (1998) Induced resistance against Plasmopara helianthi in sunflower plants by DL-betaamino-n-butyric acid. Journal of Phytopathology 146: 295-299
Uchiyama M, Abe H, Sato R, Shimura M and Watanabe T (1973) Fate of 3-allyloxy-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide (Oryzemater) in rice plants. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 37: 737-745
Vallelian-Bindschedler L, Metraux JP and Schweizer P (1998) Salicylic acid accumulation in barley is pathogen specific but not required for defense-gene activation. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions 11: 702-705
van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM and Pieterse CM (1998) Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria. Annual Review Phytopathology 36: 453-483
Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Morse A, Reist R, Kolditz-Hawhar R, Ward E, Uknes S, Kessmann H and Ryals J (1994) Salicylic acid is not the translocated signal responsible for inducing systemic acquired resistance but is required in signal transduction. The Plant Cell 6: 959-965
Watanabe T (1977) Effects of probenazole (Oryzemater) on each stage of rice blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) in its life cycle. Journal of Pesticide Science 2: 395-404
Watanabe T, Sekizawa Y, Shimura M, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto K, Iwata M and Mase S (1979) Effects of probenazole (Oryzemate®) on rice plants with reference to controlling rice blast. Journal of Pesticide Science 4: 53-59
White RF (1979) Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco. Virology 99: 410-412