On the power law and quadratic forms for representing the leakage-pressure relationship – Case studies of sheltered chambers

M.H. Sherman, R. Chan. Building Airtightness: Research and Practice. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report (2004), Report No. LBNL-53356. Jokisalo, 2009, Building Leakage, infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses, Build. Environ., 44, 377, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.03.014 G. Raman, K. Chelliah, M. Prakash, R.T. Muehleisen. Detection and quantification of building air infiltration using remote acoustic methods. Inter. Noise 2014, Melbourne, Australia. 16-19 November, 2014. National Institute of Standards and Technology (1996). NIST estimates nationwide energy impact of air leakage in U.S. buildings. Journal of Research of the NIST 101(3): 413. S.J. Emmerich, A.K. Persily, Energy impacts of infiltration and ventilation in U.S. office buildings using multizone airflow simulation. IAQ and Energy 98, pp.191–203. Jokisalo, 2009, Building Leakage, infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses, Build, Environ,, 44, 377, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.03.014 H. Ross, “Air Infiltration,” Lecture at Public Meeting. DoE, Division of Building and Community Systems, Architectural and Engineering Systems Branch, 21 September 1978. Kirkwood, 1977, Fuel consumption in industrial buildings, Build. Services Engineer, 45, 23 D.J. Nevrala, D.W. Etheridge, Natural ventilation in well-insulated houses. In: Proceedings of International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer, International Seminar, UNESCO, Volume. Caffey, 1979, Residential air infiltration, ASHRAE Trans., 85, 919 Zheng, 2020, A practical review of alternatives to the steady pressurisation method for determining building airtightness, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 132, 110049, 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110049 Gillott, 2016, Improving the airtightness in an existing UK dwelling: the challenges, the measures and their effectiveness, Build Environ, 95, 227, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.017 Nofal, 2011, Biological damage function models for durability assessments of wood and wood-based products in building envelopes, Eur. J. Wood Prod., 69, 619, 10.1007/s00107-010-0508-9 Zabel, 1992, 476 Sherman, 1992, A power law formulation of laminar flow in short pipes, J. Fluid Eng., 114, 601, 10.1115/1.2910073 Boussinesq, 1891, Mem. Pres. Acad. Sci. Paris, 23, 46 Schiller, 1922, Math. Mech., 2, 96 Langharr, 1942, Steady flow in the transition length of a straight tube, J Appl Mech, 9, A55, 10.1115/1.4009183 Cooper, 2007, Determining the adventitious leakage of buildings at low pressure. Part 1: uncertainties Building Serv, Eng. Res. Technol., 28, 71 Etheridge, 1998, A note on crack flow equations for ventilation modelling, Build. Environ., 33, 325, 10.1016/S0360-1323(97)00072-3 Etheridge, 1977, Crack flow equations and scale effect, Build. Environ., 12, 181, 10.1016/0360-1323(77)90016-6 Chiu, 2002, Calculations and notes on the quadratic and power law equations for modelling infiltration, Int. J. Vent., 1, 65, 10.1080/14733315.2002.11683623 Walker, 1998, A comparison of the power law to quadratic formulations for air infiltration calculations, Energy Build., 27, 293, 10.1016/S0378-7788(97)00047-9 I.S Walker, D.J. Wilson, M.H. Sherman. Does the power law rule for low pressure building envelope leakage?. Proceedings of 17th AIVC Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden. 17-20 September 1996. Etheridge, 2002, Nondimensional methods for natural ventilation design, Build. Environ., 37, 1057, 10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00091-9 Okuyama, 2012, Reconsideration of parameter estimation and reliability evaluation methods for building airtightness measurement using fan pressurization, Build. Environ., 47, 373, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.06.027 Cooper, 2019, Field trialling of a pulse airtightness tester in a range of UK homes, Int. J. Ventilation, 18, 1, 10.1080/14733315.2016.1252155 Zheng, 2019, Experimental insights into the airtightness measurement of a house-sized chamber in a sheltered environment using blower door and pulse methods, Build. Environ., 162, 106269, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106269 Zheng, 2020, Airtightness measurement of an outdoor chamber using the Pulse and blower door methods under various wind and leakage scenarios, Build. Environ., 179, 106950, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106950 M. Orme, M. Liddament, A. Wilson, An Analysis and Data Summary of the AIVC's Numerical Database. Technical Note 44, Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre, Coventry, 1994 M.H. Sherman, D. Dickerhoff. Air-Tightness of U.S. Dwellings. 15th AIVC Conference: The Role of Ventilation (1994), Vol. 1, pp. 225-234. (LBNL-35700). R.J. Lowe, D. Johnston, M. Bell. Airtightness in UK Dwellings: A Review of Some Recent Measurements. In Proceedings: The Second International Conference on Buildings and the Environment, Paris, June 9-12, 1997. D. Wolf, F. Tyler. Characterization of air leakage in residential structures—part 1: joint leakage. Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelope of Whole Buildings XII International Conference. Kronvall J. Air flows in building components. Report TVBH-1002, Lund University of Technology, Sweden. D. Etheridge, M. Sandberg. Building Ventilation:Theory and Measurement. Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-471-96087-4, December 1996. ASHRAE duct design, Chapter 35, 2005 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals (SI).. Swamee, 1976, Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems, J. Hydraulics Division, 102, 657, 10.1061/JYCEAJ.0004542 X.F. Zheng, L. Smith, A. Moring, C.J. Wood, Refined assessment and comparison of airtightness measurement of indoor chambers using the blower door and Pulse methods, in Proceedings: ‘From energy crisis to sustainable indoor climate-40 years of AIVC’, 40th Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Conference, Ghent, Belgium, October 15-16, 2019. ATTMA Technical standard L1. Measuring air permeability in the envelopes of dwellings. The Air Tightness Testing & Measurement Association (2016). D. Wolf, F. Tyler, Characterization of air leakage in residential structures-part 1: joint leakage. 2013 ASHRAE. Stephen, 2000 S. Murakami, H. Yoshino, Air-Tightness of Residential Buildings in Japan. in Proceedings: Air Infiltration Reduction in Existing Buildings, 4th Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Conference, Elm, Switzerland, September 26-28, 1983. K. Kovanen, J. Sateri, Airtightness of Apartments Before and After Renovation. in Proceedings: Ventilation and Cooling, 18th Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Conference, Athens, Greece, September 23-26, 1997, pp. 117–125. Etheridge, 1984, Air leakage characteristics of houses—a new approach, Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., 5, 32, 10.1177/014362448400500105 Sherman, 1995, Uncertainty in fan pressurisation measurements, 266 Jeppson, 1977, Analysis of flow in Pipe networks, Ann Arbor Sci., 53 Schlichting, 1968, 598