Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal and infant nutrition

Innis, 1991, Essential fatty acids in growth and development, Prog. Lipid Res., 30, 39, 10.1016/0163-7827(91)90006-Q

Innis, 2003, Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, J. Pediatr., 143, S1, 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00396-2

Sargent, 1997, Fish oils and human diet, Br. J. Nutr., 78, S5, 10.1079/BJN19970131

Muskiet, 2004, Is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) essential? Lessons from DHA status regulation, our ancient diet, epidemiology and randomized controlled trials, J. Nutr., 134, 183, 10.1093/jn/134.1.183

Burdge, 2005, Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults, Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 45, 581, 10.1051/rnd:2005047

Fokkema, 2000, Polyunsaturated fatty acid status of Dutch vegans and omnivores, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 63, 279, 10.1054/plef.2000.0215

Fokkema, 2000, Short-term supplementation of low-dose γ-linolenic acid (GLA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), or GLA plus ALA does not augment LCPω3 status of Dutch vegans to an appreciable extent, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 63, 287, 10.1054/plef.2000.0216

Fokkema, 2005, Short-term carnitine supplementation does not augment LCPω3 status of vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 24, 58, 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719444

Smit, 2004, The possible role of essential fatty acids in the pathophysiology of malnutrition: a review, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 71, 241, 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.019

Cunnane, 2006, Suckling rats actively recycle carbon from alpha-linolenate into newly synthesized lipids even during extreme dietary deficiency of n-3 polyunsaturates, Pediatr. Res., 59, 107, 10.1203/01.pdr.0000190569.07991.ed

Nelson, 1997, The effect of dietary arachidonic acid on plasma lipoprotein distributions, apoproteins, blood lipid levels, and tissue fatty acid composition in humans, Lipids, 32, 427, 10.1007/s11745-997-0056-6

Kurlak, 1999, Plausible explanations for effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on neonates, Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed., 80, F148, 10.1136/fn.80.2.F148

1999, Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico, Lancet, 354, 447, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07072-5

Calder, 2004, n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored, Clin. Sci. (London), 107, 1, 10.1042/CS20040119

McLennan, 2005, Membrane basis for fish oil effects on the heart: linking natural hibernators to prevention of human sudden cardiac death, J. Membr. Biol., 206, 85, 10.1007/s00232-005-0787-y

Ghosh, 2001, Abnormal aortic fatty acid composition and small artery function in offspring of rats fed a high fat diet in pregnancy, J. Physiol., 533, 815, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00815.x

Godfrey, 2000, Fetal nutrition and adult disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 1344S, 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1344s

Clarke, 2004, The multi-dimensional regulation of gene expression by fatty acids: polyunsaturated fats as nutrient sensors, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 15, 13, 10.1097/00041433-200402000-00004

Duplus, 2002, Is there a single mechanism for fatty acid regulation of gene transcription?, Biochem. Pharmacol., 64, 893, 10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01157-7

Jump, 2004, Fatty acid regulation of gene transcription, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 41, 41, 10.1080/10408360490278341

Lapillonne, 2004, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and gene expression, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 7, 151, 10.1097/00075197-200403000-00008

Kitajka, 2002, The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain: Modulation of rat brain gene expression by dietary n-3 fatty acids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 2619, 10.1073/pnas.042698699

Kitajka, 2004, Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 10931, 10.1073/pnas.0402342101

Chalon, 1998, Dietary fish oil affects monoaminergic neurotransmission and behavior in rats, J. Nutr., 128, 2512, 10.1093/jn/128.12.2512

Gibbons, 2002, Becoming human. In search of the first hominids, Science, 295, 1214, 10.1126/science.295.5558.1214

Broadhurst, 1998, Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo, Br. J. Nutr., 79, 3, 10.1079/BJN19980004

Broadhurst, 2002, Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 131, 653, 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00002-7

Crawford, 2001, Docosahexaenoic acid and cerebral evolution, World Rev. Nutr. Diet, 88, 6, 10.1159/000059743

Holick, 2003, Evolution and function of vitamin D, Recent Results Cancer Res., 164, 3, 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_1

Cordain, 2005, Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 341, 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341

Willett, 2002, Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention, Science, 296, 695, 10.1126/science.1071055

Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases 2003, Geneva, 28 January–1 February 2002. ISBN: 92-4-120916, ISSN: 0512-3054.

Key, 2002, The effect of diet on risk of cancer, Lancet, 360, 861, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09958-0

Ingman, 2000, Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Nature, 408, 708, 10.1038/35047064

Gibbons, 2003, Paleoanthropology. Oldest members of Homo sapiens discovered in Africa, Science, 300, 1641, 10.1126/science.300.5626.1641

Simopoulos, 1999, Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 560S, 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.560s

Prentice, 2005, Early influences on human energy regulation: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes, Physiol. Behav., 86, 640, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.055

Hales, 2001, The thrifty phenotype hypothesis, Br. Med. Bull., 60, 5, 10.1093/bmb/60.1.5

Eaton, 2002, Evolutionary health promotion: a consideration of common counterarguments, Prev. Med., 34, 119, 10.1006/pmed.2001.0966

Dyerberg, 1975, Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids in Greenland Eskimos, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28, 958, 10.1093/ajcn/28.9.958

Bang, 1980, The composition of the Eskimo food in north western Greenland, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33, 2657, 10.1093/ajcn/33.12.2657

Hibbeln, 1998, Fish consumption and major depression, Lancet, 351, 1213, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79168-6

Hibbeln, 2002, Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers’ milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis, J. Affect Disord., 69, 15, 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00374-3

de Lorgeril, 1999, Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study, Circulation, 99, 779, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.779

Peet, 2005, Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, Drugs, 65, 1051, 10.2165/00003495-200565080-00002

Gluckman, 2005, Environmental influences during development and their later consequences for health and disease: implications for the interpretation of empirical studies, Proc. Biol. Sci., 272, 671, 10.1098/rspb.2004.3001

Gluckman, 2005

Gluckman, 2005, Life-long echoes-a critical analysis of the developmental origins of adult disease model, Biol. Neonate, 87, 127, 10.1159/000082311

Lillycrop, 2005, Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring, J. Nutr., 135, 1382, 10.1093/jn/135.6.1382

Hornstra, 2000, Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 1262S, 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1262s

van Goor, 2006, Mouse fetal brain long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCP) content is strongly related to LCP contents in maternal erythrocytes (RBC) and brain, Ned. Tijdschr. Klin. Chem., 31, 117

Crawford, 1976, Essential fatty acids and fetal brain growth, Lancet, 1, 452, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91476-8

van Beusekom, 1993, Indicators of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status of exclusively breastfed infants at delivery and after 20–22 days, Early Hum. Dev., 32, 207, 10.1016/0378-3782(93)90013-K

Bouwstra, 2003, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have a positive effect on the quality of general movements of healthy term infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78, 313, 10.1093/ajcn/78.2.313

Bouwstra, 2003, Exclusive breastfeeding of healthy term infants for at least 6 weeks improves neurological condition, J. Nutr., 133, 4243, 10.1093/jn/133.12.4243

Bouwstra, 2005, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and neurological developmental outcome at 18 months in healthy term infants, Acta Paediatr., 94, 26, 10.1080/08035250410020190

Dijck-Brouwer, 2005, Lower fetal status of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid and essential fatty acids is associated with less favorable neonatal neurological condition, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 72, 21, 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.08.002

Widdowson, 1968, Growth and composition of the fetus and newborn, 1

Sparks, 1992, Intrauterine growth and nutrition, vol. 1, 179

P.J. Offringa, Perinatal studies in the Caribbean, Thesis, University of Groningen (The Netherlands), Dijkhuizen van Zanten bv, 1990, pp. 123–152.

Coleman, 1989, The role of the placenta in lipid metabolism and transport, Semin. Perinatol., 13, 180

Dijck-Brouwer, 2005, Impaired maternal glucose homeostasis during pregnancy is associated with low status of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) and essential fatty acids (EFA) in the fetus, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 73, 85, 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.05.022

Kuipers, 2006, High maternal pre-pregnancy weight is associated with lower newborn essential fatty acid (EFA) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCP) status, Ned. Tijdschr. Klin. Chem., 31, 108

Velzing-Aarts, 1999, Umbilical vessels of preeclamptic women have low contents of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 293, 10.1093/ajcn/69.2.293

Kuipers, 2006, Lower long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher de novo synthesized fatty acids in babies born to preeclamptic mothers with high intakes of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids from freshwater fish, Ned. Tijdschr. Klin. Chem., 31, 110

Parretti, 2006, Preeclampsia in lean normotensive normotolerant pregnant women can be predicted by simple insulin sensitivity indexes, Hypertension, 47, 449, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000205122.47333.7f

Decsi, 2002, Trans isomeric octadecenoic acids are related inversely to arachidonic acid and DHA and positively related to mead acid in umbilical vessel wall lipids, Lipids, 37, 959, 10.1007/s11745-006-0987-y

H. Bouwstra, D.A.J. Dijck-Brouwer, T. Decsi, G. Boehm, E.R. Boersma, F.A.J. Muskiet, M. Hadders-Algra, Neurological condition of healthy term infants at 18 months: positive association with venous umbilical DHA status and negative association with umbilical trans-fatty acids, Pediatr. Res., in press.

Greiner, 1997, Brain docosahexaenoate accretion in fetal baboons: bioequivalence of dietary alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids, Pediatr. Res., 42, 826, 10.1203/00006450-199712000-00018

Su, 1999, Bioequivalence of dietary alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids as sources of docosahexaenoate accretion in brain and associated organs of neonatal baboons, Pediatr. Res., 45, 87, 10.1203/00006450-199901000-00015

Simmer, 2001, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000376

Simmer, 2004, Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000375

Makrides, 2005, International LCPUFA Investigators. Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 1094, 10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1094

McCann, 2005, Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 281, 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.281

Hadders-Algra, 2005, The role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in growth and development, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 569, 80, 10.1007/1-4020-3535-7_13

Koletzko, 2001, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and perinatal development, Acta Paediatr., 90, 460, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00452.x

Smit, 2000, Effect of supplementation of arachidonic acid (AA) or a combination of AA plus docosahexaenoic acid on breastmilk fatty acid composition, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 62, 335, 10.1054/plef.2000.0163

Fidler, 2000, Docosahexaenoic acid transfer into human milk after dietary supplementation: a randomized clinical trial, J. Lipid Res., 41, 1376, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)33449-0

Del Prado, 2001, Contribution of dietary and newly formed arachidonic acid to human milk lipids in women eating a low-fat diet, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, 242, 10.1093/ajcn/74.2.242

Smit, 2003, Fatty acids in formulae for term infants. Compliance of present recommendations with the actual human milk fatty acid composition of geographically different populations, Acta Paediatr., 92, 790, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02534.x

Kuipers, 2005, High contents of both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in milk of women consuming fish from lake Kitangiri (Tanzania). Targets for infant formulae close to our ancient diet?, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 72, 279, 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.12.001