Use of a novel surfactant for improving the transportability/transportation of heavy/viscous crude oils

Becher, 1976, Emulsification, 604 Bird, 1960, 15 Clark, 1993, Characterization of crude oil-in-water emulsions, J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 9, 165, 10.1016/0920-4105(93)90013-5 Crandall, 1984, Availability of diluent may inhibit heavy oil exports, Can. Pet., 25, 37 Foster, 1992, Production of fine disperse and long-term stable Oil-water Emulsions by the phase inversion temperature method, 13, 183 Gillies, 1992, Emulsions for short distance transportation of heavy crude oil: pipe loop test results, J. Can. Pet. Technol., 31, 41, 10.2118/92-09-05 Hardy, 1989, Heavy-oil-emulsion pipe line tests meet targets, Oil and Gas J., 39 Kahlweit, 1988, General patterns of the phase behavior of mixtures of H2O, non polar solvents, amphliphiles and electrolytes, Langmuir, 4, 499, 10.1021/la00081a002 Mao, 1977, Stability of concentrated crude oil-in-water emulsions as a function of shear state, temperature and oil concentration, J. Can. Pet. Technol., 54 Pal, 1986, Flow Behavior of Oil-in-Water Emulsions, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 64, 3, 10.1002/cjce.5450640102 Richardson, 1933, Uber die Viskositat Von Emulsionen, Kolloid-Z., 65, 32, 10.1007/BF01428855 Saito, 1990, Effects of molecular weight distribution of nonionic surfactant on stability of O/W emulsions, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 67, 145, 10.1007/BF02539614 Schubert, 1992, Principles of formation and stability of emulsions, Inst. Chem. Eng., 32, 14 Shinoda, 1967 Simon, 1968, Down-hole emulsification for improving viscous crude production, J. Pet. Technol., 1349, 10.2118/2174-PA Spence, 1989, The effects of clay fines on oil in water dispersions, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 67, 924, 10.1002/cjce.5450670609 Strassner, 1968, Effect of pH on interfacial films and stability of crude oil–water emulsions, J. Pet. Techol., 303, 10.2118/1939-PA Sun, 1996, Inversion of heavy crude oil-in-brine emulsions, J. Pet. Sci. Eng., 14, 169, 10.1016/0920-4105(95)00043-7 Wyslouzil, 1987, Pipeline flow behavior of heavy crude oil emulsions, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 65, 353, 10.1002/cjce.5450650301 Zakin, 1979, Transporation of oils as oil-in-water emulsions, J. Fluids Eng., 101, 100, 10.1115/1.3448717