The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis

Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology - Tập 195 - Trang 255-271 - 1988
Johannes L. Bos1
1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands

Tài liệu tham khảo

Albino, 1984, Transforming ras genes from human melanoma: a manifestation of tumour heterogeneity?, Nature (London), 308, 69, 10.1038/308069a0 Bishop, 1987, The molecular genetics of cancer, Science, 235, 305, 10.1126/science.3541204 Blair, 1982, New method of detecting cellular transforming genes, Science, 218, 1122, 10.1126/science.6293052 Bos, 1984, Three different mutations in codon 61 of the human N-ras gene detected by synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization, Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 9155, 10.1093/nar/12.23.9155 Bos, 1985, Amino-acid substitutions at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myeloid leukaemia, Nature (London), 315, 726, 10.1038/315726a0 Bos, 1986, A human gastric carcinoma contains a single mutated and an amplified normal allele of the Ki-ras oncogene, Nucleic Acids Res., 14, 1209, 10.1093/nar/14.3.1209 Bos, 1987, Mutations in N-ras predominate in acute myeloid leukemia, Blood, 69, 1237, 10.1182/blood.V69.4.1237.1237 Bos, 1987, Prevalence of ras mutations in human colorectal cancers, Nature (London), 327, 293, 10.1038/327293a0 Brodeur, 1984, Amplification of the N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlated with advanced disease stage, Science, 224, 1121, 10.1126/science.6719137 Brown, 1986, v-ras Genes from Harvey and Balb murine sarcoma viruses can act as initiators of two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis, Cell, 46, 447, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90665-3 Brown, 1984, Mechanism of activation of an N-ras gene in the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, EMBO J., 3, 1321, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01970.x Buss, 1986, Direct identification of palmitic acid as a lipid attached to p21 ras, Mol. Cell. Biol., 6, 116, 10.1128/MCB.6.1.116 Capon, 1983, Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue, Nature (London), 302, 33, 10.1038/302033a0 Capon, 1983, Activation of Ki-ras2 gene in human colon and lung carcinomas by two different point mutations, Nature (London), 304, 507, 10.1038/304507a0 Carney, 1986, Monoclonal antibody specific for an activated ras protein, 83, 7485 Cichutek, 1986, Harvey ras genes transform without mutant codons, apparently activated by truncation of a 5′ exon (exon-1), 83, 2340 Chang, 1982, Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus, Nature (London), 297, 479, 10.1038/297479a0 Chardin, 1985, N-ras gene activation in the RD human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, Int. J. Cancer, 35, 647, 10.1002/ijc.2910350513 Chen, 1985, Posttranslational processing of p21 ras proteins involves palmitylation of the C-terminal tetrapeptide containing cysteine-186, J. Virol., 56, 607, 10.1128/JVI.56.2.607-612.1985 Chipperfield, 1985, Activation of H-ras p21 by substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5, 1809, 10.1128/MCB.5.8.1809 Clanton, 1986, Mutations of the ras gene product p21 that abolish guanine nucleotide binding, 83, 5076 Clark, 1985, Antibodies specific for amino acid 12 of the ras oncogene product inhibit GTP binding, 82, 5280 Conner, 1983, Detection of sickle cell βs-globin allele by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides, 80, 278 Der, 1983, Altered gene products are associated with activation of cellular rasK genes in human lung and colon carcinomas, Cell, 32, 201, 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90510-X Der, 1982, Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses, 79, 3637 Der, 1985, Biological and biochemical properties of human rasH genes mutated at codon 61, Cell, 44, 167, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90495-2 Dhar, 1982, Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus, Science, 217, 934, 10.1126/science.6287572 Dotto, 1985, Specific growth response of ras-transformed embryo fibroblasts to tumour promoters, Nature (London), 318, 472, 10.1038/318472a0 Eva, 1983, Transforming genes of human hematopoietic tumors: frequent detection of ras-related oncogenes whose activation appears to be independent of tumor phenotype, 80, 4926 Fasano, 1984, New human transforming genes detected by a tumorigenicity assay, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 1695, 10.1128/MCB.4.9.1695 Fasano, 1984, Analysis of the transforming potential of the human H-ras gene by random mutagenesis, 81, 4008 Fearon, 1985, Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in bladder cancer, Nature (London), 318, 377, 10.1038/318377a0 Fleischman, 1986, Rastransformed cells: altered levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and catabolites, Science, 231, 407, 10.1126/science.3001936 Forrester, 1987, Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human carcinogenesis, Nature (London), 327, 298, 10.1038/327298a0 Fujita, 1985, Frequency of molecular alterations affecting ras protooncogenes in human urinary tract tumors, 82, 3849 Fukui, 1985, Detection of a raf-related and two other transforming DNA sequences in human tumors maintained in nude mice, 82, 5954 Gambke, 1985, Activation of an N-ras gene in acute myeloblastic leukemia through somatic mutation in the first exon, 82, 879 George, 1986, Enhanced c-Ki-ras expression associated with Friend virus integration in a bone marrow-derived mouse cell line, 83, 1651 Gibbs, 1984, Intrinsic GTPase activity distinguishes normal and oncogenic ras p21 molecules, 81, 5704 Gilman, 1984, G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase, Cell, 36, 577, 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90336-2 Gissmann, 1983, Human papilloma virus types 6 and 11 DNA sequences in genital and laryngeal papillomas and in some cervical cancers, 80, 560 Goldfarb, 1982, Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells, Nature (London), 296, 404, 10.1038/296404a0 Graham, 1973, A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA, Virology, 52, 456, 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3 Greenhalgh, 1985, C-Ha-ras not c-Ki-ras activation in three colon tumour cell lines, Carcinogenesis, 6, 1533, 10.1093/carcin/6.10.1533 Gu, 1986, Oncogenes in human primary hepatic cancer, J. Cell Physiol., 4, 13 Guerrero, 1987, Mutational activation of oncogenes in animal model systems of carcinogenesis, Mutation Res., 185, 293, 10.1016/0165-1110(87)90021-2 Gullino, 1985, N-nitrosomethyl urea as mammary gland carcinogen in rats, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 54, 401 Hall, 1985, Human N-ras: cDNA cloning and gene structure, Nucleic Acids Res., 13, 5255, 10.1093/nar/13.14.5255 Hall, 1983, The transforming gene in two human sarcoma lines is a new member of the ras family located on chromosome one, Nature (London), 304, 135 Hirai, 1985, Activation of the c-K-ras oncogene in a human pancreas carcinoma, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 127, 168, 10.1016/S0006-291X(85)80140-6 Hirai, 1987, A pointmutation at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in myelodisplastic syndrome, Nature (London), 327, 430, 10.1038/327430a0 Janssen, 1985, Oncogene activation in human myeloid leukemia, Cancer Res., 45, 3262 Janssen, 1987, Ras gene mutations in acute and chronic myelocytic leukemias, chronic myelocytic leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative disorders and myelodisplastic syndromes Kagimoto, 1985, Isolation and characterization of an activated c-H-ras-1 gene from a squamous-cell lung carcinoma cell line, Int. J. Cancer, 35, 808, 10.1002/ijc.2910350618 Kozma, 1987 Kraus, 1984, A position 12-activated H-ras oncogene in all HS578T mammary carcinosarcoma cells but not in normal mammary cells of the same patient, 81, 5384 Krontiris, 1981, Transforming activity in human tumor DNAs, 78, 1181 Lacal, 1986, Activation of ras p21 transforming properties associated with an increase in the release rate of bound guanine nucleotide, Mol. Cell. Biol., 6, 4214, 10.1128/MCB.6.12.4214 Lacal, 1986, Ras p21 proteins with high or low GTPase activity can efficiently transform NIH/3T3 cells, Cell, 44, 609, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90270-9 Little, 1983, Amplification of the c-myc oncogene in human lung carcinoma cell lines, Nature (London), 306, 194, 10.1038/306194a0 Malone, 1985, Oncogene and bladder cancer, Br. J. Urol., 57, 664, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1985.tb07028.x Manne, 1985, Ha-ras proteins exhibit GTPase activity: point mutations that activate H-ras gene product result in decreased GTPase activity, 82, 376 Marshall, 1985, Human oncogenes, 487 Marhall, 1984, Activation of c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene by in vitro modification with a chemical carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide, Nature (London), 310, 586, 10.1038/310586a0 McCoy, 1983, Characterization of a human colon/lung carcinoma oncogene, Nature (London), 302, 79, 10.1038/302079a0 McCoy, 1984, Human colon carcinoma Ki-ras2 oncogene and its corresponding proto-oncogene, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 1577, 10.1128/MCB.4.8.1577 McGrath, 1983, Structure and organization of the human Ki-ras proto-oncogene and a related processed pseudogene, Nature (London), 304, 501, 10.1038/304501a0 McGrath, 1984, Comparative biochemical properties of normal and activated human ras p21 protein, Nature (London), 310, 644, 10.1038/310644a0 McKay, 1986, N-ras and human cancer, Anticancer Res., 6, 483 McKay, 1986, Transformation and stimulation of DNA synthesis in NIH-3T3 cells are a titratable function of normal p21 N-ras expression, EMBO J., 5, 2617, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04542.x Murray, 1983, The HL-60 transforming sequence: a ras oncogene coexisting with altered myc genes in hematopoietic tumors, Cell, 33, 749, 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90017-X Myers, 1985, Detection of single base substitutions by ribonuclease cleavage at mismatches in RNA: DNA duplexes, Science, 230, 1242, 10.1126/science.4071043 Nakano, 1984, Isolation of transforming sequences of two human lung carcinomas: structural and functional analysis of the activated c-K-ras oncogenes, 81, 71 Nau, 1985, L-myc, a new myc-related gene amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer, Nature (London), 318, 69, 10.1038/318069a0 Needleman, 1986, High frequency of N-ras activation in acute myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 67, 753, 10.1182/blood.V67.3.753.753 O'Hara, 1986, Mechanism of activation of human ras genes cloned from a gastric adenocarcinoma and a pancreatic carcinoma cell line, Cancer Res., 46, 4695 Padua, 1985, Activation of N-ras in a human melanoma cell line, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5, 582, 10.1128/MCB.5.3.582 Perucho, 1981, Human tumor-derived cell lines contain common and different transforming genes, Cell, 27, 467, 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90388-3 Pulciani, 1985, Ras gene amplification and malignant transformation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5, 2836, 10.1128/MCB.5.10.2836 Pulciani, 1982, Oncogenes in solid human tumors, Nature (London), 300, 539, 10.1038/300539a0 Quintanilla, 1986, Carcinogen-specific mutation and amplification of Ha-ras during mouse skin carcinogenesis, Nature (London), 322, 78, 10.1038/322078a0 Reddy, 1983, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene, Science, 220, 1061, 10.1126/science.6844927 Reddy, 1982, A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene, Nature (London), 300, 149, 10.1038/300149a0 Reynolds, 1986, Detection and identification of activated oncogenes in spontaneously occurring benign and malignant hepatocellular tumors of B6C3F1 mouse, 83, 33 Riordan, 1985, Amplification of P glycoprotein genes in multidrug-resistant mammalian cell lines, Nautre (London), 316, 817, 10.1038/316817a0 Riou, 1984, Presence of papillomavirus genomes and amplification of the c-myc and c-Ha-ras oncogenes in invasive cancers of the uterine cervix, C.R. Acad. Sci. (III), 299, 575 Rodenhuis, 1986, Absence of oncogene amplifications and occasional activation of N-ras in lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood, Blood, 67, 1698, 10.1182/blood.V67.6.1698.1698 Rodenhuis, 1987, Mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene, a possible pathogenetic factor in adenocarcinoma of the lung, N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 929, 10.1056/NEJM198710083171504 Saiki, 1985, Enzymatic amplification of β-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, Science, 230, 1350, 10.1126/science.2999980 Sakato, 1986, Transforming gene from human stomach cancers and a noncancerous portion of stomach mucosa, 83, 3997 Santos, 1983, Spontaneous activation of a human protooncogene, 80, 4679 Santos, 1984, Malignant activation of a K-ras oncogene in lung carcinoma but not in normal tissue of the same patient, Science, 223, 661, 10.1126/science.6695174 Saxon, 1986, Introduction of human chromosome 11 via microcell transfer controls tumorigenic expression of HeLa cells, EMBO J., 5, 3461, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04670.x Schimke, 1984, Gene amplification in cultured cells, Cell, 37, 705, 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90406-9 Scolnick, 1979, Guanine nucleotide binding activity as an assay for the src protein of rat-derived murine sarcoma viruses, 76, 5355 Seeburg, 1984, Biological properties of human c-Ha-rasl genes mutated at codon 12, Nature (London), 312, 71, 10.1038/312071a0 Sefton, 1982, The transforming proteins of Rous sarcoma virus: Harvey sarcoma virus and Abelson virus contain tightly bound lipid, Cell, 31, 465, 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90139-8 Sekiya, 1984, Molecular cloning and the total nucleotide sequence of the human c-Ha-ras-1 gene activated in a melanoma from a Japanese patient, 81, 4771 Shih, 1982, Isolation of transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line, Cell, 29, 161, 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3 Shih, 1980, Guanine nucleotide-binding and autophosphorylation activities associated with p21 src protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus, Nature (London), 287, 686, 10.1038/287686a0 Shih, 1981, Transforming genes of carcinomas and neuroblastomas introduced into mouse fibroblasts, Nature (London), 290, 261, 10.1038/290261a0 Shimizu, 1983, Structure of the Ki-ras gene of the human lung carcinoma cell line Calu-1, Nature (London), 304, 497, 10.1038/304497a0 Shimizu, 1983, Three human transforming genes are related to the viral ras oncogenes, 80, 2112 Sigal, 1986, Mutant ras-encoded proteins with altered nucleotide binding exert dominant biological effects, 83, 952 Sklar, 1985, Isolation of activated ras transforming genes from two patients with Hodgkin's disease, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 11, 49, 10.1016/0360-3016(85)90361-X Slamon, 1987, Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene, Science, 235, 177, 10.1126/science.3798106 Souyri, 1983, Identification by transfection of transforming sequences in DNA of human T-cell leukemias, 80, 6676 Sukumar, 1983, Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitrosomethylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations, Nature (London), 306, 658, 10.1038/306658a0 Sweet, 1984, The product of ras is a GTPase and the T24 oncogenic mutant is deficient in this activity, Nature (London), 311, 273, 10.1038/311273a0 Tabin, 1985, Analysis of viral and somatic activations of the c-Ha-ras gene, J. Virol., 53, 260, 10.1128/JVI.53.1.260-265.1985 Tabin, 1982, Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene, Nature (London), 300, 143, 10.1038/300143a0 Tainsky, 1984, An activated rasN gene: detected in late but not early passage human PA1 teratocarcinoma cells, Science, 223, 643, 10.1126/science.6740333 Taparowsky, 1982, Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to single amino acid change, Nature (London), 300, 762, 10.1038/300762a0 Taparowsky, 1983, Structure and activation of the human N-ras gene, Cell, 34, 581, 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90390-2 Taya, 1984, A novel combination of K-ras and myc amplification accompanied by point mutational activation of K-ras in human lung cancer, EMBO J., 3, 2943, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02236.x Theillet, 1986, Loss of a c-H-ras-1 allele and aggressive human primary breast carcinomas, Cancer Res., 46, 4776 Tsuchida, 1982, Nucleotide sequence of the oncogene encoding the p21 transforming protein of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, Science, 217, 937, 10.1126/science.6287573 Valenzuela, 1986, Four human carcinoma cell lines with novel mutations in position 12 of c-K-ras oncogene, Nucleic Acids Res., 14, 843, 10.1093/nar/14.2.843 Verlaan-de Vries, 1986, A dot-blot screening procedure for mutated ras oncogenes using synthetic oligodesoxynucleotides, Gene, 50, 313, 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90335-5 Vousden, 1984, Three different activated ras genes in mouse tumours; evidence for oncogene activation during progression of a mouse lymphoma, EMBO J., 3, 913, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01905.x Vousden, 1986, Enhanced spontaneous metastasis of mouse carcinoma cells transfected with an activated c-Ha-ras-1 gene, Int. J. Cancer, 37, 425, 10.1002/ijc.2910370315 Vousden, 1986, Mutations activating human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene (HRAS1) induced by chemical carcinogens and depurination, 83, 1222 Wakelam, 1986, Normal p21 N-ras couples bombesin and other growth factor receptors to inositol phosphate production, Nature (London), 323, 173, 10.1038/323173a0 Walter, 1986, The oncogenic activation of human p21 ras by a novel mechanism, Science, 233, 649, 10.1126/science.3487832 Westaway, 1986, Identification of a provirally activated c-Ha-ras oncogene in an avian nephroblastoma via a novel procedure: cDNA cloning of a chimaeric viral-host transcript, EMBO J., 5, 301, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04213.x Willingham, 1980, Localization of the src gene product of the Harvey strain of MSV to plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, Cell, 19, 1005, 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90091-4 Willumsen, 1984, The p21 ras C-terminus is required for transformation and membrane association, Nature (London), 310, 583, 10.1038/310583a0 Winter, 1985, A method to detect and characterize point mutations in transcribed genes: amplification and overexpression of the mutant c-Ki-ras allele in human tumor cells, 82, 7575 Wong, 1986, Detection of activated Mr 21.000 protein, the product of ras oncogenes, using antibodies with specificity for amino acid 12, Cancer Res., 46, 6029 Yamada, 1986, Amplifications of both c-Ki-ras with a point mutation and c-myc in a primary pancreatic cancer and its metastatic tumors in lymph nodes, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 77, 370 Yamamoto, 1984, Activation of a human c-K-ras oncogene, Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 8873, 10.1093/nar/12.23.8873 Yuasa, 1983, Acquisition of transforming properties by alternative point mutations within c-bas/has human proto-oncogene, Nature (London), 303, 775, 10.1038/303775a0 Yuasa, 1984, Mechanism of activation of an N-ras oncogene of SW-1271 human lung carcinoma cells, 81, 3670 Yuasa, 1986, Activated N-ras in a human rectal carcinoma cell line associated with clonal homozygosity in myb locus-restriction fragment polymorphism, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 77, 639 Yuasa, 1986, Colon carcinoma K-ras 2 oncogene of a familial polyposis coli patient, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 77, 901 Zarbl, 1985, Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats, Nature (London), 315, 382, 10.1038/315382a0