Particle length-dependent titanium dioxide nanomaterials toxicity and bioactivity
Tóm tắt
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials have considerable beneficial uses as photocatalysts and solar cells. It has been established for many years that pigment-grade TiO2 (200 nm sphere) is relatively inert when internalized into a biological model system (in vivo or in vitro). For this reason, TiO2 nanomaterials are considered an attractive alternative in applications where biological exposures will occur. Unfortunately, metal oxides on the nanoscale (one dimension < 100 nm) may or may not exhibit the same toxic potential as the original material. A further complicating issue is the effect of modifying or engineering of the nanomaterial to be structurally and geometrically different from the original material. TiO2 nanospheres, short (< 5 μm) and long (> 15 μm) nanobelts were synthesized, characterized and tested for biological activity using primary murine alveolar macrophages and in vivo in mice. This study demonstrates that alteration of anatase TiO2 nanomaterial into a fibre structure of greater than 15 μm creates a highly toxic particle and initiates an inflammatory response by alveolar macrophages. These fibre-shaped nanomaterials induced inflammasome activation and release of inflammatory cytokines through a cathepsin B-mediated mechanism. Consequently, long TiO2 nanobelts interact with lung macrophages in a manner very similar to asbestos or silica. These observations suggest that any modification of a nanomaterial, resulting in a wire, fibre, belt or tube, be tested for pathogenic potential. As this study demonstrates, toxicity and pathogenic potential change dramatically as the shape of the material is altered into one that a phagocytic cell has difficulty processing, resulting in lysosomal disruption.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Chen X, Mao SS: Synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2006, 6: 906–925. 10.1166/jnn.2006.160
Chen X, Mao SS: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem Rev 2007, 107: 2891–2959. 10.1021/cr0500535
Jones BJ, Vergne MJ, Bunk DM, Locascio LE, Hayes MA: Cleavage of peptides and proteins using light-generated radicals from titanium dioxide. Anal Chem 2007, 79: 1327–1332. 10.1021/ac0613737
Wang J, Tafen de N, Lewis JP, Hong Z, Manivannan A, Zhi M, Li M, Wu N: Origin of photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanobelts. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131: 12290–12297. 10.1021/ja903781h
Adachi M, Murata Y, Takao J, Jiu J, Sakamoto M, Wang F: Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with a titania thin-film electrode composed of a network structure of single-crystal-like TiO2 nanowires made by the "oriented attachment" mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126: 14943–14949. 10.1021/ja048068s
Nel A, Xia T, Madler L, Li N: Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 2006, 311: 622–627. 10.1126/science.1114397
Borm PJ, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, Schins R, Stone V, Kreyling W, Lademann J, et al.: The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006, 3: 11. 10.1186/1743-8977-3-11
Tafen DN, Wang J, Wu NQ, Lewis JP: Visible light photocatalytic activity in nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanobelts. Applied Physics Letters 2009., 94: 10.1063/1.3093820
Xia YN, Yang PD, Sun YG, Wu YY, Mayers B, Gates B, Yin YD, Kim F, Yan YQ: One-dimensional nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and applications. Advanced Materials 2003, 15: 353–389. 10.1002/adma.200390087
Warheit DB, Webb TR, Sayes CM, Colvin VL, Reed KL: Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area. Toxicol Sci 2006, 91: 227–236. 10.1093/toxsci/kfj140
Warheit DB, Webb TR, Colvin VL, Reed KL, Sayes CM: Pulmonary bioassay studies with nanoscale and fine-quartz particles in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size but on surface characteristics. Toxicol Sci 2007, 95: 270–280. 10.1093/toxsci/kfl128
Warheit DB, Webb TR, Reed KL, Frerichs S, Sayes CM: Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with three forms of ultrafine-TiO2 particles: differential responses related to surface properties. Toxicology 2007, 230: 90–104. 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.002
Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy PT, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS: Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115: 397–402.
Liu H, Ma L, Zhao J, Liu J, Yan J, Ruan J, Hong F: Biochemical Toxicity of Nano-anatase TiO(2) Particles in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008,129(1–3):170–80. 10.1007/s12011-008-8285-6
Chen J, Dong X, Zhao J, Tang G: In vivo acute toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to mice after intraperitioneal injection. J Appl Toxicol 2009,29(4):330–7. 10.1002/jat.1414
Watanabe M, Okada M, Kudo Y, Tonori Y, Niitsuya M, Sato T, Aizawa Y, Kotani M: Differences in the effects of fibrous and particulate titanium dioxide on alveolar macrophages of Fischer 344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2002, 65: 1047–1060. 10.1080/152873902760125219
Gurr JR, Wang AS, Chen CH, Jan KY: Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 2005, 213: 66–73. 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007
Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H: Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2007, 628: 99–106.
Liao CM, Chiang YH, Chio CP: Model-based assessment for human inhalation exposure risk to airborne nano/fine titanium dioxide particles. Sci Total Environ 2008, 407: 165–177. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.028
Xia T, Kovochich M, Brant J, Hotze M, Sempf J, Oberley T, Sioutas C, Yeh JI, Wiesner MR, Nel AE: Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 2006, 6: 1794–1807. 10.1021/nl061025k
Unfried K, Albrecht C, Klotz L-O, Mikecz AV, Grether-Beck S, Schins RPF: Cellular responses to nanoparticles: Target structures and mechanisms. Nanotoxicology 2007, 1: 52–71. 10.1080/00222930701314932
Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J: The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27: 229–265. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715
Dostert C, Petrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J: Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 2008, 320: 674–677. 10.1126/science.1156995
Cassel SL, Eisenbarth SC, Iyer SS, Sadler JJ, Colegio OR, Tephly LA, Carter AB, Rothman PB, Flavell RA, Sutterwala FS: The Nalp3 inflammasome is essential for the development of silicosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105: 9035–9040. 10.1073/pnas.0803933105
Franchi L, Eigenbrod T, Munoz-Planillo R, Nunez G: The inflammasome: a caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Nat Immunol 2009, 10: 241–247. 10.1038/ni.1703
Pelegrin P, Barroso-Gutierrez C, Surprenant A: P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage. J Immunol 2008, 180: 7147–7157.
Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K: Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3: 423–428. 10.1038/nnano.2008.111
Muller J, Delos M, Panin N, Rabolli V, Huaux F, Lison D: Absence of carcinogenic response to multiwall carbon nanotubes in a 2-year bioassay in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Toxicol Sci 2009, 110: 442–448. 10.1093/toxsci/kfp100
Hamilton RF Jr, Thakur SA, Mayfair JK, Holian A: MARCO mediates silica uptake and toxicity in alveolar macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. J Biol Chem 2006, 281: 34218–34226. 10.1074/jbc.M605229200
Pap EH, Drummen GP, Winter VJ, Kooij TW, Rijken P, Wirtz KW, Op den Kamp JA, Hage WJ, Post JA: Ratio-fluorescence microscopy of lipid oxidation in living cells using C11-BODIPY(581/591). FEBS Lett 1999, 453: 278–282. 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00696-1