Water: A key resource in energy production

Energy Policy - Tập 37 - Trang 4303-4312 - 2009
Anna Mercè Rio Carrillo1, Christoph Frei2
1EPFL, Switzerland
2World Economic Forum & EPFL, Switzerland

Tài liệu tham khảo

American Wind Energy Association, 2007. How Much Water Do Wind Turbines Use Compared with Conventional Power Plants? Retrieved on June, 2008 from: 〈http://www.awea.org/faq/water.html〉. AQUASTAT, 1998. AQUASTAT definitions. FAO on the Internet. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0fi1998--00-0--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=fi1998&cl=CL1.1&d=HASH8bf62f503665a4fdab7f82〉. Association of Energy Renewable Producers (APPA), 2005. Renewable Energy in Spain. Retrieved on May, 2008 from: 〈http://www.appa.es/espana/04espana12.htm〉. Blázquez, C., 2007. Las posibilidades de los cultivos energéticos para la producción de electricidad y biocombustibles. Asociación Agraria Jóvenes Agricultores (ASAJA). Retrieved from the INIEC (Instituto de Investigaciones Ecológicas) website: 〈http://www.iniec.com/〉. Climate Institute, 2005. Topics: Water. Water use in the world (Fig. 2). Retrieved on May, 2008 from: 〈http://www.climate.org/topics/water.html〉. Electric Power Research Institute, 2002. (EPRI). Water & Sustainability (Vol. 3): US Water Consumption for Power Production—The Next Half Century. Palo Alto, CA. 1006786. Endesa, 2006. Annual Sustainability Report. Endesa Ed. Estirado, 2006, Dossier: energías alternativas y mundo rural. aportación del sector agrario a la obtención de biocarburantes: cultivos energéticos, Actualidad Leader Journal, 32, 16 European Commission, 2006. Biofuels in the European Union. A vision for 2030 and beyond. Final report of the Biofuels Research Advisory Council. Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit. Official Publication of the European Communities, 2006, Luxembourg. European Renewable Energy Council, Eurostat, 2008. Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity Projections. Retrieved on June, 2008 from: 〈http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/RESTMAC/Energaia_Montpellier/Lins.pdf〉. Eurostat, 2002. Eurostat NewCronos. Domain: Milieu-Environment Statistics. Collection: WATER-Water. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/fr/env/env_wat.pdf〉. Fernandez, J., Lucas, H., Ballesteros, 2008. Biocarburantes. M. Energias Renovables para Todos Collection. Haya Comunicación. “Energías Renovables” Journal. Sponsored by Iberdrola. Gleick, 1994, Water and energy in annual reviews, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 19, 267, 10.1146/annurev.eg.19.110194.001411 Hightower, 2008, The energy challenge, Nature, 452, 285, 10.1038/452285a Hirayama, Y., 2006. Presentation on: What is Biomass? Types of Biomass and it's Availability. Why Biomass for Energy? TechnoSoft Co., Ltd. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈www.apo-tokyo.org/biomassboiler/D1_downloads/presentations/Nepal_Program_DEC2006/Resource…/1_What_is_Biomass.ppt〉. Iberdrola, 2006. Annual Sustainability Report. Iberdrola Ed. Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy (IDAE), 2006. The use of renewable energy: Biomass. Spanish Ministry of Industry. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://www.idae.es/uploads/documentos/documentos_2.1.4_Uso_Renovables_BIOMASA_af995cb8.pdf〉. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2008. World Energy Outlook 2008: Edition complete-ISBN: 978-92-64-04560-6. International Water Management Institute, 2007. A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London: Earthscan and Colombo: International Water Management Institute. IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden P.J., Hanson, C.E. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 976 pp. King, 2008, Thirst for energy. Bureau of Economic Geology and Cockrell School of Engineering (University of Texas), Austin, USA, Nature Geoscience, 1, 283, 10.1038/ngeo195 National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2007. (NETL/ US Department of Energy) Estimating 2007 Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements. Retrieved on May, 2008 from: 〈http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coallpower/ewr/pubs/2007%20Water%20Needs%20Analysis%20-%20Final%20REVISED%205-8-08.pdf〉. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003. (NREL) Technical report: Consumptive Water Use for US Power Production. Spanish Electrical Industry Association, 2007. (Asociación Española de la Industria Eléctrica- UNESA). Prospective electricity generation in 2030. Retrieved on June, 2008 from: 〈http://www.unesa.es/documentos_biblioteca/prospectiva_libro.pdf〉. Spanish Government, 2007. Spanish Strategy of Sustainable Development (within the framework of the strategy for sustainable development in the European Union). Spanish Ministry of Environment, 2000. Libro Blanco del Agua en España (LBAE)—The Spanish Reference Book on Water. Spanish Ministry of Environment, Spain. Retrieved on March, 2008 from: 〈http://www.chsegura.es/chs/planificacionydma/libroblancodelagua/〉. Spanish Ministry of Environment, 2007. AGUA Program. The Water Use in the Spanish Economy. (The figures presented in this section are based on the Water Satellite Accounts of the Spanish National Institute of Statistics.) Retrieved on March, 2008 from: 〈http://www.fundacion-biodiversidad.es/opencms/export/fundacion-biodiversidad/envios/portal_debate07.html〉. Spanish Ministry of Industry, 2006a. Spanish Annual Energy Report. Ministry of Industry, Spain. Spanish Ministry of Industry, 2006b. Spanish Annual Electricity Report. Ministry of Industry, Spain. Spanish National Institute of Statistics, 1999. (Instituto Nacional de Estadística). Database. Spanish National Institute of Statistics, 2001. (Instituto Nacional de Estadística). Database. Spanish National Institute of Statistics, 2008. (Instituto Nacional de Estadística) Water Statistics—The National Institute of Statistics’ Brochure. INEbase. January, 2008. Spain. Spanish Nuclear Forum, 2006. (Foro Nuclear) Annual Nuclear Power Report. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://www.foronuclear.org/pdf/Resultados_Perspectivas_Nucleares_2006.pdf〉. Spanish Nuclear Society, 2005. (Sociedad Nuclear Española) Nuclear Power in Spain. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://www.sne.es/〉. Tees Forest Organization, 2005. Biomass energy conversion. Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://www.teesforest.org.uk/R&Renergy_conv.htm〉. Unión FENOSA, 2006. Annual Sustainability Report. Unión FENOSA Ed. US Department of Energy, 2006. Energy Demands on Water Resources—Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy & Water. Washington D.C. Vorosmarty, 2000, Global water resource: vulnerability from climate change and population growth, Science, 289, 10.1126/science.289.5477.284 Water Footprint Organization, 2004. Virtual water content of crop and livestock products for some selected countries (1997–2001). Retrieved on April, 2008 from: 〈http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Research%20data〉.