Digital anesthesia with epinephrine: An old myth revisited

Ganong, 1995 Vance, 1996, Anesthesia, 31 MacFarlane, 1998, Nail surgery, 621 Dinehart, 1995, Digital block of fingers and toes, 110 Bennett, 1988, Anesthesia, 213 Baran, 2003, Nail surgery, 2585 de Rougemont, 1933, L'anesthesie regionale dans la pratique journaliere des interventions au niveau des doigts, Presse Med, 41, 218 Burnham, 1958, Regional block anesthesia for surgery of fingers and thumb, Industr Med Surg, 27, 67 Jonson, 1967, Infiltration with epinephrine and local anesthetic mixture in the hand, JAMA, 200, 990, 10.1001/jama.1967.03120240118030 Denkler, 2001, A comprehensive review of epinephrine in the finger: to do or not to do, Plast Reconstr Surg, 108, 114, 10.1097/00006534-200107000-00017 McLaughlin, 1942, Postoperative gangrene of the finger following digital block anesthesia. Report of a case, Am J Surg, 55, 588, 10.1016/S0002-9610(42)90928-0 O'Neil, 1944, Gangrene of the finger following digital nerve block. A report of eight cases with discussion of the gangrene pathogenesis, Am J Surg, 64, 80, 10.1016/S0002-9610(44)90482-4 Bradfield, 1963, Digital block anesthesia and its complications, Br J Surg, 50, 495, 10.1002/bjs.18005022304 Steinberg, 1971, The use and abuse of epinephrine in local anesthetics, J Am Podiatry Assoc, 61, 341, 10.7547/87507315-61-9-341 Sandzen, 1974, Treating acute hand and finger injuries 1, Am Fam Physician, 9, 74 Ecker, 1979, More on local anesthesia of digits, J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 6, 165 Syladis, 1998, Digital blocks with adrenaline: an old dogma refuted, J Hand Surg, 23, 17, 10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80210-6 Wilhelmi, 1998, Epinephrine in digital blocks: revisited, Ann Plast Surg, 41, 410, 10.1097/00000637-199810000-00010 Wilhelmi, 2001, Do not use epinephrine in digital blocks: myth or truth?, Plast Reconstr Surg, 107, 393, 10.1097/00006534-200102000-00014 Wilhelmi BJ, Blackwell SJ. Epinephrine in the finger. 2002;110:999-1000. Andrades, 2003, Digital blocks with and without epinephrine, Plast Reconstr Surg, 111, 1769, 10.1097/00006534-200304150-00040 De Monaco, 2002, Digital nerve block anesthesia: historical development and two cases of finger-tip necrosis, a rare complication, Handchir Mikorochir Plast Chir, 34, 59, 10.1055/s-2002-22102 Green, 1992, The effects of local anesthetics containing epinephrine on digital perfusion, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 82, 98, 10.7547/87507315-82-2-98 Barkhordarian, 2000, Accidental digital injection of adrenaline from an autoinjector device, Br J Dermatol, 143, 1359, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03942_143_6.x Markovchick, 1990, The reversal of the ischemic effects of epinephrine on a finger with local injections of phentolamine, J Emerg Med, 9, 323, 10.1016/0736-4679(91)90374-O Khairalla, 2001, Epinephrine-induced digital ischemia relieved by phentolamine, Plast Reconstr Surg, 108, 1831, 10.1097/00006534-200111000-00084 Flavahan, 1987, Human postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoreceptors: differential distribution in arteries of the limbs, J Pharmacol Exp Therapy, 241, 361 Cohen, 1981, Adrenergic vasodilator mechanism in the fingers, Circ Res, 49, 1196, 10.1161/01.RES.49.5.1196 Moulds, 1980, Reduced response to noradrenaline of isolated digital arteries from hypertensives, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 7, 505, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1980.tb00100.x Cogswell, 1995, Evidence for endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide in equine digital arteries, Am J Vet Res, 56, 1637 Brown, 2003, Transient hyperaemic response to assess vascular reactivity of skin: effect of locally iontophoresed acetylcholine, bradykinin, epinephrine and phenylephrine, Br J Anaesth, 90, 446, 10.1093/bja/aeg099 Baek, 1992, Successful digital replantation after 42 hours of warm ischemia, J Reconstr Microsurg, 8, 455, 10.1055/s-2007-1006730