Status of hormones and painkillers in wastewater effluents across several European states—considerations for the EU watch list concerning estradiols and diclofenac

Abegglen C, Escher B, Hollender K, Ort C, Peter A, Siegrist H, Von G, Zimmermann S (2009) Ozonierung von gereinigtem Abwasser. Schlussbericht Pilotversuch Regensdorf; Studie der Eawag im Auftrag des Bundesamts für Umwelt BAFU, Dübendorf Achilleos A, Hapeshi E, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D, Fatta-Kassinos D (2010) Factors affecting diclofenac decomposition in water by UV-A/TiO2 photocatalysis. Chem Eng J 161:53–59 Aguinaco A, Beltran FJ, Garcia-Araya JF, Oropesa A (2012) Photocatalytic ozonation to remove the pharmaceutical diclofenac from water: influence of variables. Chem Eng J 189:275–282 Alexander JT, Hai FI, Al-aboud TM (2012) Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: current state and future potential. J Environ Manag 111:195–207 Alturki AA, Tadkaew N, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Price WE, Nghiem LD (2010) Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications. J Membr Sci 365:206–215 Amorisco A, Locaputo V, Pastore C, Mascolo G (2013) Identification of low molecular weight organic acids by ion chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry during Uniblu-A ozonation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 27:187–199 Andreozzi R, Marotta R, Paxéus N (2003) Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment. Chemosphere 50:1319–1330 Antoniou MG, Hey G, Rodriguez Vega S, Spiliotopoulou A, Fick J, Tysklind M, Jansen J, Andersen HR (2013) Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents. Sci Total Environ 456–457:42–49 Arnold KE, Boxall ABA, Brown AR, Cuthbert RJ, Gaw S, Hutchinson TH, Jobling S, Madden JC, Metcalfe CD, Naidoo V, Shore RF, Smits JE, Taggart MA, Thompson HM (2013) Assessing the exposure risk and impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment on individuals and ecosystems. Biol Lett 9:20130492 Ashton D, Hilton M, Thomas KV (2004) Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom. Sci Total Environ 333:167–184 Augugliaro V, Bellardita M, Loddo V, Palmisano G, Palmisano L, Yurdaka S (2012) Overview on oxidation mechanisms of organic compounds by TiO2 in heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol, C 13:224–245 Baranauskaite I, Dvarioniene J (2014) Presence and detection of pharmaceutical substances (diclofenac, 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-ethinylestradiol) in the environment. Future challenges for Lithuania. Environ Res Eng Manag 2:25–40 Barjenbruch M, Firk W, Fröhlich AP (2014) Possibilities for the elimination of trace organic elements in municipal wastewater treatment plants (Möglichkeiten der Elimination von organischen Spurenstoffen in kommunalen Kläranlagen). queryKA Abwasser, Abfall 61:861–875 (in German) Baronti C, Curini R, D’Ascenzo G, Di Corcia A, Gentili A, Samperi R (2000) Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water. Environ Sci Technol 34:5059–5066 Barrera-Díaz C, Cañizares P, Fernández FJ, Natividad R, Rodrigo MA (2014) Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: an overview of the current applications to actual industrial effluents. J Mex Chem Soc 58:256–275 Bartha B, Huber C, Schröder P (2014) Uptake and metabolism of diclofenac in Thypha ssp.—how plants cope with human pharmaceutical pollution. Plant Sci 227:12–20 Behera SK, Kim HW, Oh JE, Park SH (2011) Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants for the largest industrial city of Korea. Sci Total Environ 409:4351–4360 Belfroid AC, Van der Horst A, Vethaak AD, Schäfer AJ, Rijs GB, Wegener J, Cofino WP (1999) Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in The Netherlands. Sci Total Environ 225:101–108 Bellona C, Drewes JE, Xu P, Amy G (2004) Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment—a literature review. Water Res 38:2795–2809 Bellona C, Drewes JE, Oelker G, Luna J, Filteau G, Amy G (2008) Comparing nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for drinking water augmentation. J Am Water Works Assoc 100:102–116 Beltrán FJ, Pocostales JP, Alvarez PM, Jaramillo J (2009) Mechanism and kinetic considerations of TOC removal from the powdered activated carbon ozonation of diclofenac aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 169:532–538 Bendz D, Paxéus NA, Ginn TR, Loge FJ (2005) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, a case study: Höje River in Sweden. J Hazard Mater 122:195–204 Benner J, Helbling DE, Kohler H-P, Wittebol J, Kaiser E, Prasse C, Ternes TA, Albers CN, Aamand J, Horemans B, Springael D, Walravens E, Boon N (2013) Is biological treatment a viable alternative for micropollutant removal in drinking water treatment processes? Water Res 47:5955–5976 Bignert A, Danielsson S, Faxneld S, Miller A, Nyberg E (2013) Comments concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Program in Marine Biota, 2013. Report Nr. 1:2013 to the Swedish EPA, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Bodzek M, Dudziak M (2006) Elimination of steroidal sex hormones by conventional water treatment and membrane processes. Desalination 198:24–32 Boehler M, Zwickenpflug B, Hollender J, Ternes T, Joss A, Siegrist H (2012) Removal of micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plants by powder-activated carbon. Water Sci Technol 66:2115–2121 Borrely SI, Cruz AC, Del Mastro NL, Sampa MHO, Somessary ES (1998) Radiation processing of sewage and sludge. Prog Nucl Energy 33:3–21 Brillas E, Martinez-Huitle CA (eds) (2011) Synthetic diamond films—preparation, electrochemistry, characterization and applications. Wiley, Chichester Brillas E, Garcia-Segura S, Skoumal M, Arias C (2010) Electrochemical incineration of diclofenac in neutral aqueous medium by anodic oxidation using Pt and boron-doped diamond anodes. Chemosphere 79:605–612 Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Hutchinson TH, Länge R, Heijerick D, Janssen C, Anderson PD, Sumpter JP (2008) Derivation of an aquatic predicted no-effect concentration for the synthetic hormone, 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol. Environ Sci Technol 42:7046–7054 Caldwell DJ, Mastrocco F, Anderson PD, Länge R, Sumpter JP (2012) Predicted no-effect concentrations for the steroid estrogens estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1396–1406 Calza P, Sakkas VA, Medana C et al (2006) Photocatalytic degradation study of diclofenac over aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Appl Catal B Environ 67:197–205 Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, Llompart M, García C, Rodríguez I, Gómez M, Ternes T (2004) Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Res 38:2918–2926 Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, Ternes T (2005) Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment. Water Res 39:4790–4796 Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM (2007) Calculation methods to perform mass balances of micropollutants in sewage treatment plants. Application to pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). Environ Sci Technol 41:884–890 Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM (2008) Comparison of predicted and measured concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and hormones in Spanish sewage. Chemosphere 72:1118–1123 Carmona E, Andreub V, Picó Y (2014) Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 484:53–63 Cartinella JL, Cath TY, Flynn MT, Miller GC, Hunter KW, Childress AE (2006) Removal of natural steroid hormones from wastewater using membrane contactor processes. Environ Sci Technol 40:7381–7386 Caupos E, Mazellier P, Croue JP (2011) Photodegradation of estrone enhanced by dissolved organic matter under simulated sunlight. Water Res 45:3341–3350 CDE 2015/495, Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495. Official Journal of the European Union, L78 (2015), pp. 40–42 Chiha M, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Baup S, Bondrexon N, Petrier C (2010) Modeling of ultrasonic degradation of non-volatile organic compounds by Langmuir-type kinetics. Ultrason Sonochem 17:773–782 Chowdhury P, Viraraghavan T, Srinivasan A (2010) Biological treatment processes for fish processing wastewater—a review. Bioresour Technol 101:439–444 Christensen A, Gurol MD, Garoma T (2009) Treatment of persistent organic compounds by integrated advanced oxidation processes and sequential batch reactor. Water Res 43:3910–3921 Clara M, Strenn B, Gans O, Martinez E, Kreuzinger N, Kroiss H (2005) Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compound in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 39:4797–4807 Coelho AD, Sans C, Agüera A, Gómez MJ, Esplugas S, Dezotti M (2009) Effects of ozone pre-treatment on diclofenac: intermediates, biodegradability and toxicity assessment. Sci Total Environ 407:3572–3578 Coleman HM, Routledge EJ, Sumpter JP, Eggins BR, Byrne JA (2004) Rapid loss of estrogenicity of steroid estrogens by UVA photolysis and photocatalysis over an immobilised titanium dioxide catalyst. Water Res 38:3233–3240 Collado N, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Rubirola A, Barceló D, Comas J, Rodriguez-Roda I, Buttiglieri G (2014) Pharmaceuticals occurrence in a WWTP with significant industrial contribution and its input into the river system. Environ Pollut 185:202–212 Comninellis C, Kapalka A, Malato S, Parsons SA, Poulios I, Mantzavinos D (2008) Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: advances and trends for R&D. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:769–776 Coria G, Nava JL, Carreno G (2014) Electrooxidation of diclofenac in synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater using an electrochemical reactor equipped with a boron doped diamond electrode. J Mex Chem Soc 58:303–308 Cortazar E, Bartolome L, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Fernandez LA, Usoibaga A, Zuloaga O (2005) Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of nonylphenols and phthalate esters in sediment samples and comparison with pressurised solvent extraction. Anal Chim Acta 534:247–257 Dai CM, Geissen SU, Zhang JL, Zhang YJ, Zhou XF (2011) Selective removal of diclofenac from contaminated water using molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres. Environ Pollut 159:1660–1666 Daughton CG (2001) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: overarching issues and overview. In: Daughton CG, Jones-Lepp TL (eds) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: scientific and regulatory issues. ACS Symp Ser 791, Washington, pp 2–38 De la Cruz N, Giménez J, Esplugas S, Grandjean D, de Alencastro LF, Pulgarín C (2012) Degradation of 32 emergent contaminants by UV and neutral photo-Fenton in domestic wastewater effluent previously treated by activated sludge. Water Res 46:1947–1957 De la Cruz N, Esquius L, Grandjean D, Magnet A, Tungler A, de Alencastro LF, Pulgarín C (2013) Degradation of emergent contaminants by UV, UV/H2O2 and neutral photo-Fenton at pilot scale in a domestic wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 47:5836–5845 De Laurentiis A, Prasse C, Ternes TA, Minella M, Maurino V, Minero C, Sarakha M, Brigante M, Vione D (2014) Assessing the photochemical transformation pathways of acetaminophen relevant to surface waters: transformation kinetics, intermediates, and modeling. Water Res 53:235–248 DeMaleki Z, Lai EPC, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E (2010) Capillary electrophoresis characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer particles in fast binding with 17 β-estradiol. J Sep Sci 33:2796–2803 Deng A, Himmelsbach M, Zhu QZ, Frey S, Sengl M, Buchberger W, Niessner R, Knopp D (2003) Residue analysis of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in different water types using ELISA and GC-MS. Environ Sci Technol 37:3422–3429 Dobrin D, Bradu C, Magureanu M, Mandache NB, Parvulescu VI (2013) Degradation of diclofenac in water using a pulsed corona discharge. Chem Eng J 234:389–396. doi:10.1155/2011/989270 Drewes JE, Bellona C, Oedekoven M, Xu P, Kim TU, Amy G (2005) Rejection of wastewater-derived micropollutants in high-pressure membrane applications leading to indirect portable reuse. Environ Prog 24:400–409 Dudziak M, Bodzek M (2009) Selected factors affecting the elimination of hormones from water using nanofiltration. Desalination 240:236–243 EC (2003) Technical guidance document on risk assessment, European Commission Joint Research Centre. Publication EUR 20418 EN/3, Environmental Risk Assessment 2003, Part II, Chapter 3. Estonian State Agency of Medicines (2013) Baltic statistics on medicines 2010–2012. Sales Statistics 2010–2012, Tartu EU Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available in www format: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri= OJ:L:2013:226:0001:0017:EN:PDF. Falas P, Baillon-Dhumes A, Andersen HR, Ledin A, la Cour Jansen J (2012) Suspended biofilm carrier and activated sludge removal of acidic pharmaceuticals. Water Res 46:1167–1175 Falas P, Longrée P, la Cour Jansen J, Siegrist H, Hollender J, Joss A (2013) Micropollutant removal by attached and suspended growth in a hybrid biofilm-activated sludge process. Water Res 47:4498–4506 Fent K, Weston AA, Caminada D (2006) Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. Aquat Toxicol 76:122–159 Fernandez-Fontaina E, Omil F, Lema JM, Carballa M (2012) Influence of nitrifying conditions on the biodegradation and sorption of emerging micropollutants. Water Res 46:5434–5344 Ferrari F, Gallipoli A, Balderacchi M, Ulaszewska MM, Capri E, Trevisan M (2011) Exposure of the main Italian river basin to pharmaceuticals. J Toxicol: Article ID 989270, 11 pages. Forrez I, Carballa M, Noppe H, De Brabander H, Boon N, Verstraete W (2009) Influence of manganese and ammonium oxidation on the removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Water Res 43:77–86 Forrez I, Carballa M, Verbeke K, Vanhaecke L, Schlüsener M, Ternes T, Boon N, Verstraete W (2010) Diclofenac oxidation by biogenic manganese oxides. Environ Sci Technol 44:3449–3454 Fraquelli G, Giandrone R (2003) Reforming the wastewater treatment sector in Italy: implications of plant size, structure, and scale economies. Water Resour Res 39(10):WES11–WES17 Fryda M, Matthée T, Mulcahy S, Hampel A, Schäfer L, Tröster I (2003) Fabrication and application of Diachem® electrodes. Diam Relat Mater 12:1950–1956 Fukuhara T, Iwasaki S, Kawashima M, Shinohara O, Abe I (2006) Adsorbability of estrone and 17β-estradiol in water onto activated carbon. Water Res 40:241–248 Gabet-Giraud V, Miege C, Jacquet R, Coquery M (2014) Impact of wastewater treatment plants on receiving surface waters and a tentative risk evaluation: the case of estrogens and beta blockers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:1708–1722 García-Araya JF, Beltrán FJ, Aguinaco A (2010) Diclofenac removal from water by ozone and photolytic TiO2 catalysed processes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85:798–804 Gatidou G, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS, Lekkas TD (2007) Simultaneous determination of the endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, triclosan and bisphenol A in wastewater and sewage sludge by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1138:32–41 Genius M, Manioudaki M, Mokas E, Pantagakis E, Tampakakis D, Tsagarakis KP (2005) Estimation of willingness to pay for wastewater treatment. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 5(6):105–113 Genius M, Menegaki AN, Tsagarakis KP (2012) Assessing preferences for wastewater treatment in a rural area using choice experiments. Water Resour Res 48(4):W0450 Gerrity D, Gamage S, Holady JC, Mawhinney DB, Quiñones O, Trenholm RA, Snyder SA (2011) Pilot-scale evaluation of ozone and biological activated carbon for trace organic contaminant mitigation and disinfection. Water Res 45:2155–2165 Getoff N (2002) Factors influencing the efficiency of radiation-induced degradation of water pollutants. Radiat Phys Chem 65:437–446 Ghauch A, Abou Assi H, Bdeir S (2010) Aqueous removal of diclofenac by plated elemental iron: bimetallic systems. J Hazard Mater 182:64–74 Ghauch A, Abou Assi H, Baydoun H, Tuqan AM, Bejjani A (2011) Fe0-based trimetallic systems for the removal of aqueous diclofenac: mechanism and kinetics. Chem Eng J 172:1033–1044 Godfrey AR, Brenton AG (2012) Accurate mass measurements and their appropriate use for reliable analyte identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:1159–1164 Gorga M, Petrovic M, Barceló D (2013) Multi-residue analytical method for the determination of endocrine disruptors and related compounds in river and waste water using dual column liquid chromatography switching system coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1295:57–66 Gracia-Lor E, Sancho JV, Hernández F (2010) Simultaneous determination of acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:622–632 Gracia-Lor E, Sancho JV, Hernández F (2011) Multi-class determination of around 50 pharmaceuticals, including 26 antibiotics, in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218:2264–2275 Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D (2006a) Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters. Talanta 70:678–690 Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D (2006b) Multi-residue analytical methods using LC-tandem MS for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:941–952 Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D (2009) Tracing pharmaceutical residues of different therapeutic classes in environmental waters by using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry and automated library searching. Anal Chem 81:898–912 Gros M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D (2012) Fast and comprehensive multi-residue analysis of a broad range of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in surface and treated waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1248:104–121 Grover DP, Zhou JL, Frickers PE, Readman JW (2011) Improved removal of estrogenic and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage effluent by full scale granular activated carbon: impact on receiving river water. J Hazard Mater 185:1005–1011 Grung M, Heimstad ES, Moe M, Schlabach M, Svenson A, Thomas KV, Woldegiorgis A (2007) Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, narcotics, and personal care products in the environment. Current state of knowledge and monitoring requirements. Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Klif) report TA-2325/2007. Grung M, Kallqvist T, Sakshaug S, Skurtveit S, Thomas KV (2008) Environmental assessment of Norwegian priority pharmaceuticals based on the EMEA guideline. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 71:328–340 Güyer GT, Ince NH (2011) Degradation of diclofenac in water by homogeneous and heterogeneous sonolysis. Ultrason Sonochem 18:114–119 Halling-Sorensen B, Nors Nielsen S, Lanzky P, Ingerslev F, Holten Lutzhoft HC, Jorgensen SE (1998) Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment—a review. Chemosphere 36:357–393 Hartmann J, Bartels P, Mau U, Witter M, von Tümpling W, Hofmann J, Nietzschmann E (2008) Degradation of the drug diclofenac in water by sonolysis in presence of catalysts. Chemosphere 70:453–454 Heberer T (2002a) Tracking persistent pharmaceutical residues from municipal sewage to drinking water. J Hydrol 266:175–189 Heberer T (2002b) Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol Lett 131:5–17 Henze M, Gujer W, Mino T, van Loosdrecht MCM (2000) Activated sludge models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d and ASM3. Scientific and technical report No. 9. IWA Publishing, London Hernández-Leal L, Temmink H, Zeeman G, Buisman CJN (2011) Removal of micropollutants from aerobically treated grey water via ozone and activated carbon. Water Res 45:2887–2896 Hernandez-Sancho F, Molinos-Senante M, Sala-Garrido R (2011) Cost modelling for wastewater treatment processes. Desalination 268(1–3):1–5 Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, Barceló D (2006) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta 69(2):334–342 Hilton MJ, Thomas KV (2004) Determination of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in effluent and surface water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1015:129–141 Holbrook RD, Love NG, Novak JT (2004) Sorption of 17b-estradiol and 17a-ethinylestradiol by colloidal organic carbon derived from biological wastewater treatment systems. Environ Sci Technol 38:3322–3329 Hollender J, Zimmermann SG, Koepke S, Krauss M, McArdell CS, Ort C, Singer H, von Gunten U, Siegrist H (2009) Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by a sand filtration. Environ Sci Technol 38:5177–5186 Homlok R, Takács E, Wojnárovits L (2011) Elimination of diclofenac from water using irradiation technology. Chemosphere 85:603–608 Huang YX, Liu XW, Sun XF, Sheng GP, Zhang YY, Yan GM et al (2011) A new cathodic electrode deposit with palladium nanoparticles for cost-effective hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell. Int J Hydrog Energy 36:2773–2776 Huber MM, Canonica S, Park GY, Von Gunthen U (2003) Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol 37:1016–1024 Huber MM, Göbel A, Joss A, Hermann N, Löffler D, Mcardell CS, Ried A, Siegrist H, Ternes TA, von Gunten U (2005a) Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation of municipal wastewater effluents: a pilot study. Environ Sci Technol 39:4290–4299 Huber MM, Korhonen S, Ternes TA, von Gunten U (2005b) Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during water treatment with chlorine dioxide. Water Res 39:3607–3617 Huber C, Bartha B, Schröder P (2012) Metabolism of diclofenac in plants—hydroxylation is followed by glucose conjugation. J Hazard Mater 243:250–256 INFARMED (2012) Medicine statistics of 2011. Direcção de Economia do Medicamento e Produtos de Saúde, Lisboa, pp 53–55 IPCC (1996) Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. EU, Official Journal L 257, 10 October 1996, pp. 26–40. Janex-Habibi ML, Huyard V, Esperanza M, Bruchet A (2009) Reduction of endocrine disruptor emissions in the environment: the benefit of wastewater treatment. Water Res 43:1565–1576 Jarošová B, Bláha L, Giesy JP, Hilscherová K (2014) What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe? Rev Environ Int 64:98–109 Jelic A, Fatone F, Di Fabio S, Petrovic M, Cecchi F, Barcelo D (2012) Tracing pharmaceuticals in a municipal plant for integrated wastewater and organic solid waste treatment. Sci Total Environ 433:352–361 Jiskra M (2008) Fate of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in the aquatic environment. Term paper 21. Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich. pp. 1–16. Jones OAH, Green PG, Voulvoulis N, Lester JN (2007) Questioning the excessive use of advanced treatments to remove organic micropollutants from wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 41:5085–5089 Joseph L, Heo J, Park JG, Flora JRV, Yoon Y (2011) Adsorption of bisphenol A and 17α-ethinyl estradiol on single walled carbon nanotubes from seawater and brackish water. Desalination 281:68–74 Joss A, Andersen H, Ternes T, Richle PR, Siegrist H (2004) Removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: consequences for plant optimization. Environ Sci Technol 38:3047–3055 Joss A, Keller E, Alder AC, Göbel A, McArdell CS, Ternes T, Siegrist H (2005) Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. Water Res 39:3139–3152 Joss A, Zabczynski S, Göbel A, Hoffmann B, Löffler D, McArdell CS, Ternes TA, Thomsen A, Siegrist H (2006) Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. Water Res 40:1686–1696 Joss A, Siegrist H, Ternes TA (2008) Are we about to upgrade wastewater treatment for removing organic micropollutants? Water Sci Technol 57:251–255 Kallio JM, Lahti M, Oikari A, Kronberg L (2010) Metabolites of the aquatic pollutant diclofenac in fish bile. Environ Sci Technol 44:7213–7219 Karpova T, Preis S, Kallas J (2007) Selective photocatalytic oxidation of steroid estrogens in water treatment: urea as co-pollutant. J Hazard Mater 146:465–471 Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2008) The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK. Water Res 42:3498–3518 Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2009) The removal of pharmaceutical, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res 43:363–368 Kimura A, Taguchi M, Ohtani Y et al (2007a) Treatment of wastewater having estrogen activity by ionizing radiation. Radiat Phys Chem 76:699–706 Kimura K, Hara H, Watanabe Y (2007b) Elimination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by an activated sludge system and membrane bioreactors. Environ Sci Technol 41:3708–3714 Kind T, Fiehn O (2010) Advances in structure elucidation of small molecules using mass spectrometry. Bioanal Rev 2:23–60 Kolarova J, Zlabek V, Grabic R, Golovko O, Grabicova K, Burkina V, Randak T (2013) The effect of environmentally relevant concentration of selected PPCPs on fish cell lines. Toxicol Lett 221:S161–S161 Kosma CI, Lambropoulou DA, Albanis TA (2014) Investigation of PPCPs in wastewater treatment plants in Greece: occurrence, removal and environmental risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 466–467:421–438 Kotchen M, Kallaos J, Wheeler K, Wong C, Zahller M (2009) Pharmaceuticals in wastewater: behavior, preferences, and willingness to pay for a disposal program. J Environ Manag 90(3):1476–1482 Kotyza J, Soudek P, Kafka Z, Vaněk T (2010) Phytoremediation of pharmaceuticals—preliminary study. Int J Phytoremediation 12:306–316 Kovalova L, Siegrist H, Singer H, Wittmer A, McArdell CS (2012) Hospital wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor: performance and efficiency for organic micropollutant elimination. Environ Sci Technol 46:1536–1545 Kovalova L, Siegrist H, Von Gunten U, Eugster J, Hagenbuch M, Wittmer A, Moser R, McArdell CS (2013) Elimination of micropollutants during post-treatment of hospital wastewater with powdered activated carbon, ozone, and UV. Environ Sci Technol 47:7899–7908 Koyuncu I, Arikan OA, Wiesner MR, Rice C (2008) Removal of hormones and antibiotics by nanofiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 309:94–101 Kraft A, Stadelmann M, Blaschke M (2003) Anodic oxidation with doped diamond electrodes: a new advanced oxidation process. J Hazard Mater 103:247–261 Krauss M, Singer H, Hollender J (2010) LC-high resolution MS in environmental analysis: from target screening to the identification of unknowns. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:943–951 Kruglova A, Ahlgren P, Korhonen N, Rantanen P, Mikola A, Krug RV (2014) Biodegradation of ibuprofen, diclofenac and carbamazepine in nitrifying activated sludge under 12 °C temperature conditions. Sci Total Environ 499:394–401 Kumar AK, Mohan SV (2011) Endocrine disruptive synthetic estrogen (17α-ethinylestradiol) removal from aqueous phase through batch and column sorption studies: mechanistic and kinetic analysis. Desalination 276:66–74 Kumar AK, Mohan SV (2012) Removal of natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting estrogens by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as adsorbent: kinetic and mechanistic evaluation. Sep Purif Technol 87:22–30 Lai KM, Johnson KL, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN (2000) Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environ Sci Technol 34:3980–3994 Lai EPC, De Maleki Z, Wu S (2010) Characterization of molecularly imprinted and nonimprinted polymer submicron particles specifically tailored for removal of trace 17β-estradiol in water treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 116:1499–1508 Larsen TA, Lienert J, Joss A, Siegrist H (2004) How to avoid pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. J Biotechnol 113:295–304 Le Noir M, Lepeuple AS, Guieysse B, Mattiasson B (2007) Selective removal of 17β-estradiol at trace concentration using a molecularly imprinted polymer. Water Res 41:2825–2831 Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K, Benotti MJ, Snyder SA, van Dijk HC (2012) Transformation of atrazine, carbamazepine, diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole by low and medium pressure UV and UV/H2O2 treatment. Sep Purif Technol 96:33–43 Letzel M, Metzner G, Letzel T (2009) Exposure assessment of the pharmaceutical diclofenac based on long term measurements of the aquatic input. Environ Int 35:363–368 Leusch FDL, De Jager C, Levi Y, Lim R, Puijker L, Sacher F, Tremblay LA, Wilson VS, Chapman HF (2010) Comparison of five in vitro bioassays to measure estrogenic activity in environmental waters. Environ Sci Technol 44:3853–3860 Little JL, Cleven CD, Brown SD (2011) Identification of “known unknowns” utilizing accurate mass data and Chemical Abstracts Service databases. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 22:348–359 Little JL, Williams AJ, Pshenichnov A, Tkachenko V (2012) Identification of “known unknowns” utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 23:179–185 Logar I, Brouwer R, Maurer M, Ort C (2014) Cost-benefit analysis of the Swiss national policy on reducing micropollutants in treated wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 48(21):12500–12508 Loos R, Carvalho R, Antonio DC, Comero S, Locoro G, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Ghiani M, Lettieri T, Blaha L, Jarosova B, Voorspoels S, Servaes K, Haglund P, Fick J, Lindberg RH, Schwesig D, Gawlik BM (2013) EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water Res 47:6475–6487 Luo Y, Guo W, Ngo HH, Nghiem LD, Hai FI, Zhang J, Liang S, Wang XC (2014) A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 474:619–641 Lust M, Makinia J, Stensel HD (2012) A mechanistic model for fate and removal of estrogens in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. Water Sci Technol 65:1130–1136 Magdeburg A, Stalter D, Schlüsener M, Ternes T, Oehlmann J (2014) Evaluating the efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment: target analysis of organic contaminants and (geno-)toxicity assessment tell a different story. Water Res 50:35–47 Mailler R, Gasperi J, Coquet Y, Deshayes S, Zedek S, Cren-Olivé C, Cartiser N, Eudes V, Bressy A, Caupos E, Moilleron R, Chebbo G, Rocher V (2014) Study of a large scale powdered activated carbon pilot: removals of a wide range of emerging and priority micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water Res 72:315–330 Manickum T, John W (2014) Occurrence, fate and environmental risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds at the wastewater treatment works in Pietermaritzburg (South Africa). Sci Total Environ 468:584–597 Marchese S, Perret D, Gentili A, Curini R, Pastori F (2003) Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in surface water and wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 58:263–269 Margot J, Kienle C, Magnet A, Weil M, Rossi L, de Alencastro LF, Abegglen C, Thonney D, Chèvre N, Schärer M, Barry DA (2013) Treatment of micropollutants in municipal wastewater: ozone or powdered activated carbon? Sci Total Environ 461:480–498 Martínez-Huitle CA, Ferro S (2006) Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes. Chem Soc Rev 35:1324–1340 Martínez-Huitle CA, Quiroz Alfaro MA (2008) Recent environmental applications of diamond electrode: critical review. J Environ Eng Manag 18:155–172 Matamoros V, Salvadó V (2013) Evaluation of a coagulation/flocculation-lamellar clarifier and filtration-UV-chlorination reactor for removing emerging contaminants at full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Spain. J Environ Manag 117:96–102 McCallum EA, Hyung H, Do TA, Huang CH, Kim JH (2008) Adsorption, desorption, and steady-state removal of 17β- estradiol by nanofiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 319:38–43 Méndez-Arriaga F, Torres-Palma RA, Pétrier C, Esplugas S, Gimenez J, Pulgarin C (2008) Ultrasonic treatment of water contaminated with ibuprofen. Water Res 42:4243–4248 Menegaki AN, Hanley N, Tsagarakis KP (2007) The social acceptability and valuation of recycled water in Crete: a study of consumers’ and farmers’ attitudes. Ecol Econ 62(1):7–18 Meng Z, Yang F, Zhang X (2005) MBR focus: do nonwovens offer a cheaper option? Filtr Sep 42:28–30 Molinos-Senante M, Hernández-Sancho F, Sala-Garrido R (2013a) Economic feasibility study for intensive and extensive wastewater treatment considering greenhouse gases emissions. J Environ Manag 123:98–104 Molinos-Senante M, Reif R, Garrido-Baserba M, Hernández-Sancho F, Omil F, Poch M, Sala-Garrido R (2013b) Economic valuation of environmental benefits of removing pharmaceutical and personal care products from WWTP effluents by ozonation. Sci Total Environ 461–462:409–415 Monteith H, Andres H, Snowling S, Schraa O (2008) Modeling the fate of estrogenic hormones in municipal wastewater treatment. In: Proceedings of WEFTEC2008. Chicago, pp. 18–22. Moreno-González R, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Pérez-Cánovas E, Barceló D, Leóna VM (2014) Input of pharmaceuticals through coastal surface watercourses into a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, Spain): sources and seasonal variations. Sci Total Environ 490:59–72 Murugananthan M, Yoshihara S, Rakuma T, Uehara N, Shirakashi T (2007) Electrochemical degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) at boron-doped diamond (Si/BDD) thin film electrode. Electrochim Acta 52:3242–3249 Naddeo V, Meriç S, Kassinos D, Belgiorno V, Guida M (2009) Fate of pharmaceuticals in contaminated urban wastewater effluent under ultrasonic irradiation. Water Res 43:4019–4027 Naddeo V, Belgiorno V, Kassinos D, Mantzavinos D, Meric S (2010) Ultrasonic degradation, mineralization and detoxification of diclofenac in water: optimization of operating parameters. Ultrason Sonochem 17:179–185 Ng HY, Elimelech M (2004) Influence of colloidal fouling on rejection of trace organic contaminants by reverse osmosis. J Membr Sci 244:215–226 Nghiem LD, Schafer AI, Elimelech M (2005) Pharmaceutical retention mechanisms by nanofiltration membranes. Environ Sci Technol 39:7698–7705 Nikolaou A, Meric S, Fatta D (2007) Occurrence patterns of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater environments. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:1225–1234 Nowotny N, Epp B, von Sonntag C, Fahlenkamp H (2007) Quantification and modeling of the elimination behavior of ecologically problematic wastewater micropollutants by adsorption on powdered and granulated activated carbon. Environ Sci Technol 41:2050–2055 Nurmi J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL (2012) Critical evaluation of screening techniques for emerging environmental contaminants based on accurate mass measurements with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 47:303–312 Oller I, Malato S, Schanzez-Perez JA (2011) Combination of advanced oxidation processes with biological treatments for wastewater decontamination—a review. Sci Total Environ 409:4141–4166 Oosterhuis M, Sacher F, Ter Laak TL (2013) Prediction of concentration levels of metformin and other high consumption pharmaceuticals in wastewater and regional surface water based on sales data. Sci Total Environ 442:380–388 Oturan MA, Aaron J-J (2014) Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: principles and applications. A review. Critic Rev Environ Sci Technol 44:2577–2641 Owen R, Jobling S (2012) Environmental science: the hidden costs of flexible fertility. Nature 485:441 Ozer AY, Turker S, Colak S et al (2013) The effects of gamma irradiation on diclofenac sodium, liposome and niosome ingredients for rheumatoid arthritis. Int Med Appl Sci 5:122–130 Pablos C, Marugán J, van Grieken R, Serrano E (2013) Emerging micropollutant oxidation during disinfection processes using UV-C, UV-C/H2O2, UV-A/TiO2 and UV-A/TiO2/H2O2. Water Res 47:1237–1245 Pal A, Gin KHY, Lin AYC, Reinhard M (2010) Impacts of emerging organic contaminants on freshwater resources: review of recent occurrences, sources, fate and effects. Sci Total Environ 408:6062–6069 Patrolecco L, Ademollo N, Grenni P, Tolomei A, Barra Caracciolo A, Capri S (2013) Simultaneous determination of human pharmaceuticals in water samples by solid phase extraction and HPLC with UV-fluorescence detection. Microchem J 107:165–171 Pereira AMPT, Silva LJG, Meisel LM, Lino CM, Pena A (2015) Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals from Portuguese wastewaters: geographical and seasonal occurrence, removal and risk assessment. Environ Res 136:108–119 Petrović M, Škrbić B, Živančev J, Ferrando-Climent L, Barcelo D (2014) Determination of 81 pharmaceutical drugs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap in different types of water in Serbia. Sci Total Environ 468:415–428 Pikaev AK (2000) Current status of the application of ionizing radiation to environmental protection: II. Wastewater and other liquid wastes (a review). High Energy Chem 34:55–73 Plosz BG, Langford KH, Thomas KV (2012) An activated sludge modelling framework for xenobiotic trace chemicals (ASM-X): assessment of diclofenac and carbamazepine. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:2757–2769 Pojana G, Gomiero A, Jonkers N, Marcomini A (2007) Natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water, sediment and biota of a coastal lagoon. Environ Int 33:929–936 Quintana JB, Reemtsma T (2004) Sensitive determination of acidic drugs and triclosan in surface and wastewater by ion-pair reverse-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:765–774 Quintana JB, Carpinteiro J, Rodriguez I, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Cela R (2004) Determination of natural and synthetic estrogens in water by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1024:177–185 Quintana JB, Weiss S, Reemtsma T (2005) Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor. Water Res 39:2654–2664 Rabiet M, Togola A, Brissaud F, Seidel JL, Budzinski H, Elbaz-Poulicher F (2006) Consequence of treated water recycling as regards pharmaceuticals and drugs in surface and groundwater in a medium-sized Mediterranean catchment. Environ Sci Technol 40:5282–5288 Racz LA, Goel RK (2009) Fate and removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater. J Environ Monit 12:58–70 Radjenović J, Jelić A, Petrović M, Barcelo D (2009) Determination of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 393:1685–1695 Radonjić V, Šipetić T (2012) Trade and consumption of the medicinal products. Annual reports 2012. Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia, Belgrade Rajab M, Greco G, Heim C, Helmreich B, Letzel T (2013) Serial coupling of reversed-phase and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC/MS: suspects screening of diclofenac transformation products by oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode. J Sep Sci 36:3011–3018 Reemtsma T, Weiss S, Mueller J, Petrovic M, Gonzalez S, Barcelo D, Ventura F, Knepper TP (2006) Polar pollutants entry into the water cycle by municipal wastewater: a European perspective. Environ Sci Technol 40:5451–5458 Reungoat J, Escher BI, Macova M, Keller J (2011) Biofiltration of wastewater plant effluent: effective removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products and reduction of toxicity. Water Res 45:2751–2762 Ribeiro A, Afonso CMM, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2013) Enantioselective biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, alprenolol and propranolol, by an activated sludge inoculum. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 87:108–114 Rice SL, Mitra S (2007) Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of solid matrices and subsequent detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 589:125–132 Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M, Ángeles Ferro-García M, Prados-Joya G, Ocampo-Pérez R (2013) Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants and their removal from water. A review. Chemosphere 93:1268–1287 RIWA (2014) Die Qualität des Rheinwassers im Jahr 2013. Annual report 2013. RIWA-Rhine, Nieuwegein Roberts PH, Thomas KV (2005) The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower Tyne catchment. Trends Biotechnol 23:163–167 Rogers HR (1996) Sources, behavior and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment and in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 185:3–26 Röhricht M, Krisam J, Weise U, Kraus UR, During RA (2009) Elimination of carbamazepine, diclofenac and naproxen from treated wastewater by nanofiltration. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 37:638–641 Röhricht M, Krisam J, Weise U, Kraus UR, Düring RA (2010) Elimination of pharmaceuticals from wastewater by submerged nanofiltration plate modules. Desalination 250:1025–1026 Rosenfeldt EJ, Linden KG (2004) Degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals bisphenol A, ethinylestradiol, and estradiol during UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol 38:5476–5483 Rosenfeldt EJ, Linden KG, Canonica S, von Gunten U (2006) Comparison of the efficiency of *OH radical formation during ozonation and the advanced oxidation processes O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2. Water Res 40:3695–3704 Rosenfeldt EJ, Chen PJ, Kullman S, Linden KG (2007) Destruction of estrogenic activity in water using UV advanced oxidation. Sci Total Environ 377:105–113 Sacher F, Ehmann M, Gabriel S, Graf C, Brauch HJ (2008) Pharmaceutical residues in the river Rhine—results of a one-decade monitoring programme. J Environ Monit 10:664–670 Sahar E, David I, Gelman Y, Chikurel H, Aharoni A, Messalem R (2011) The use of RO to remove emerging micropollutants following CAS/UF or MBR treatment of municipal wastewater. Desalination 273:142–147 Salgado R, Noronha JP, Oehmen A, Carvalho G, Reis MA (2010) Analysis of 65 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 5 wastewater treatment plants in Portugal using a simplified analytical methodology. Water Sci Technol 62:2862–2871 Salgado R, Marques R, Noronha JP, Carvalho G, Oehmen A, Reis MA (2012) Assessing the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a full-scale activated sludge plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1818–1827 Samaras VG, Stasinakis AS, Mamais D, Thomaidis NS, Lekkas TD (2013) Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds during wastewater treatment and sludge anaerobic digestion. J Hazard Mater 244:259–267 Santos LHMLM, Gros M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Delerue-Matos C, Pena A, Barceló D, Montenegro MCBSM (2013) Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Sci Total Environ 461:302–316 Sari S, Ozdemir G, Yangin-Gomec C, Zengin GE, Topuz E, Aydin E, Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E, Kutman O, Tas D (2014) Seasonal variation of diclofenac concentration and its relation with wastewater characteristics at two municipal wastewater treatment plants in Turkey. J Hazard Mater 272:155–164 Schäfer AI, Akanyeti I, Semião AJC (2011) Micropollutant sorption to membrane polymers: a review of mechanisms for estrogens. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 164:100–117 Schröder P (2007) Exploiting plant metabolism for phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics. In: Willey N (ed) Phytoremediation: methods and reviews. Humana, Totowa, pp 251–265 Schröder P, Collins CJ (2002) Conjugating enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism of organic xenobiotics in plants. Int J Phytoremediation 4:247–265 Schröder P, Navarro Avino J, Azaizeh H, Golan Goldhirsh A, DiGregorio S, Komives T, Langergraber G, Lenz A, Maestri E, Memon A, Ranalli A, Sebastiani L, Smrcek S, Vanek T, Vuillemier S, Wissing F (2007) Position paper: using phytoremediation technologies to upgrade waste water treatment in Europe. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:490–497 Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele RD (2004) Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 68:141–150 Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (2003) Environmental organic chemistry. Wiley, New York Sein MM, Zedda M, Tuerk J, Schmidt TC, Gilloch J, Von Sonntag C (2008) Oxidation of diclofenac with ozone in aqueous solution. Environ Sci Technol 42:6656–6662 Serrano D, Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2010) Influence of the employment of adsorption and coprecipitation agents for the removal of PPCPs in conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. Water Sci Technol 62:728–735 Serrano D, Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2011) Removal of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants from sewage by addition of PAC in a sequential membrane bioreactor. Water Res 43:9323–9333 Shi W, Wang L, Rousseau DPL, Lens PNL (2010) Removal of estrone, 17β-ethinylestradiol, and 17β-estradiol in algae and duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:824–833 Shore RF, Taggart MA, Smits J, Mateo R, Richards NL, Fryday S (2014) Detection and drivers of exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals in higher vertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc B 369:20130570 Silva CP, Otero M, Esteves V (2012) Process for the elimination of estrogenic steroid hormones from water: a review. Environ Pollut 165:38–58 Sirés I, Brillas E (2012) Remediation of water pollution caused by pharmaceutical residues based on electrochemical separation and degradation technologies: a review. Environ Int 40:212–229 Sirés I, Brillas E, Oturan MA, Rodrigo MA, Panizza M (2014) Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: today and tomorrow. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:8336–8367 Škrbić B, Petrović M, Živančev J, Đurišić-Mladenović N (2014) Pharmaceutically active compounds in untreated municipal waste water. Proceedings of The International Conference Protection and Restoration of the Environment, Skiathos Island, pp 72–77 Snip LJP, Flores-Alsina X, Plósz BG, Jeppsson U, Gernaey KV (2014) Modelling the occurrence, transport and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater systems. Environ Model Softw 62:112–127 Snyder SA, Villeneuve DL, Snyder EM, Giesy JP (2001) Identification and quantification of estrogen receptor agonists in wastewater effluents. Environ Sci Technol 35:3620–3625 Snyder SA, Adham S, Redding AM, Cannon FS, DeCarolis J, Oppenheimer J, Wert EC, Yoon Y (2007) Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. Desalination 202:156–181 Song HL, Nakano K, Taniguchi T, Nomura M, Nishimura O (2009) Estrogen removal from treated municipal effluent in small-scale constructed wetland with different depth. Bioresour Technol 100:2945–2951 SRU (2007) The German Advisory Council on the Environment: pharmaceuticals in the environment. A statement. SRU, Vol. 12, Dessau. Stadler LB, Ernstoff AS, Aga DS, Love NG (2012) Micropollutant data in wastewater treatment: redefining “removal”. Environ Sci Technol 46:10485–10486 Stamm C, Eggen RIL, Hering JG, Hollender J, Joss A, Schärer M (2015) Micropollutant removal from wastewater: facts and decision making despite uncertainties. Environ Sci Techol 49:6374–6375 Stasinakis AS, Kordoutis CI, Tsiouma VC, Gatidou G, Thomaidis NS (2010) Removal of selected endocrine disrupters in activated sludge systems: effect of sludge retention time on their sorption and biodegradation. Bioresour Technol 101:2090–2095 Suárez S, Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM (2008) How are pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) removed from urban wastewaters? Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 7:125–130 Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2009) Pre-treatment of hospital wastewater by coagulation-flocculation and flotation. Bioresour Technol 100:2138–2146 Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2010) Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions. Water Res 44:3214–3224 Suarez S, Reif R, Lema JM, Omil F (2012) Mass balance of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in pilot-scale system: influence of T, SRT and recirculation ratio. Chemosphere 89:164–167 Sui Q, Huang J, Deng S, Yu G, Fan Q (2010) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China. Water Res 44:417–426 Sweetman SC (2002) The complete drug reference, 3rd edn. Pharmaceutical Press, London Tadkaew N, Hai FI, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Nghiem LD (2011) Removal of trace organics by MBR treatment: the role of molecular properties. Water Res 45:2439–2451 Ternes TA (1998) Occurrence of drugs in German sewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Res 32:3245–3260 Ternes TA (2001) Pharmaceuticals and metabolites as contaminants of the aquatic environment. In: Daughton CG, Jones-Lepp TL (eds) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: scientific and regulatory issues. ACS Symp. Ser. 791, Washington, pp 39–54 Ternes TA, Stumpf M, Mueller J, Haberer K, Wilken RD, Servos M (1999) Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants--I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Sci Total Environ 225(1–2):81–90 Ternes TA, Stüber J, Herrmann N, McDowell D, Ried A, Kampmann M, Teiser B (2003) Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Res 37:1976–1982 Ternes TA, Herrmann N, Bonerz M, Knacker T, Siegrist H, Joss A (2004a) A rapid method to measure the solidwater distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water Res 38:4075–4084 Ternes TA, Joss A, Siegrist H (2004b) Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Technol 38:392A–399A Terzić S, Senta I, Ahel M, Gros M, Petrović M, Barcelo D, Müller J, Knepper T, Martí I, Ventura F, Jovancić P, Jabucar D (2008) Occurrence and fate of emerging wastewater contaminants in Western Balkan Region. Sci Total Environ 399:66–77 Thomas KV, Hilton MJ (2004) The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 49:436–444 Thomas KV, Dye C, Schlabach M, Langford KH (2007) Source to sink tracking of selected human pharmaceuticals from two Oslo city hospitals and a wastewater treatment works. J Environ Monit 9:1410–1418 Tixier C, Singer HP, Oellers S, Müller SR (2003) Occurrence and fate of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 37:1061–1068 Triebskorn R, Casper H, Heyd A, Eikemper R, Kohler H-R, Schwaiger J (2004) Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part II. Cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 68:151–166 Trojanowicz M, Bojanowska-Czajka A, Gciuk G et al (2012) Application of ionizing radiation in decomposition of selected organic pollutants in water. Eur Water 39:15–26 Tröster I, Schäfer L, Fryda M, Matthée T (2004) Electrochemical advanced oxidation process using DiaChem® electrodes. Water Sci Technol 49:207–212 Trueman RJ, Erber L (2013) Invasive species may offer advanced phytoremediation of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. Emirates J Food Agric 25:648–656 Tsagarakis KP, Mara DD, Angelakis AN (2003) Application of cost criteria for selection of municipal wastewater treatment systems. Water Air Soil Pollut 142(1–4):187–210 Urase T, Sato K (2007) The effect of deterioration of nanofiltration membrane on retention of pharmaceuticals. Desalination 202:385–391 Vedenyapina MD, Strel’tsova ED, Davshan NA, Vedenyapin AA (2011) Study of the electrochemical degradation of diclofenac on a boron-doped diamond electrode by UV spectroscopy. Russ J Appl Chem 84:204–207 Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Zambello E (2012) Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment—a review. Sci Total Environ 429:123–155 Vieno N (2007) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Finnish sewage treatment plants, surface waters and their elimination in drinking water treatment processes (PhD thesis). Tampere University of Technology; No. 666. Vieno N, Sillanpää M (2014) Fate of Diclofenac in municipal wastewater treatment plant—a review. Environ Int 69:28–39 Vieno N, Tuhkanen T, Kronberg L (2006) Removal of pharmaceuticals from drinking water treatment. Effect of chemical coagulation. Environ Technol 27:183–192 Viganò L, Benfenati E, van Cauwenberge A, Eidem JK, Erratico C, Goksøyr A, Kloas W, Maggioni S, Mandich A, Urbatzka R (2008) Estrogenicity profile and estrogenic compounds determined in river sediments by chemical analysis, ELISA and yeast assays. Chemosphere 73:1078–1089 Vogna D, Marotta R, Andreozzi R, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M (2004) Advanced oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac with UV/H2O2 and ozone. Water Res 38:414–422 Von Gunten U (2003) Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res 37:1443–1467 Von Sonntag C (2008) Advanced oxidation processes. Mechanistic aspects. Water Sci Technol 58:1015–1021 Vulliet E, Cren-Olive C, Grenier-Loustalot M (2011) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in drinking water treated from surface waters. Environ Chem Lett 9:103–114 Weber S, Gallenkemper M, Melin T, Dott W, Hollender J (2004) Efficiency of nanofiltration for the elimination of steroids from water. Water Sci Technol 50:9–14 Wert EC, Gonzales S, Dong MM, Rosario-Ortiz FL (2011) Evaluation of enhanced coagulation pretreatment to improve ozone oxidation efficiency in wastewater. Water Res 45:5191–5199 Wright-Walters M, Volz C (2007) Municipal wastewater concentrations of pharmaceutical and xeno-estrogens: wildlife and human health implications. Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Science &Technology, Greensboro Xu P, Drewes JE, Kim T, Bellona C, Amy G (2006) Effect of membrane fouling on transport of emerging organic contaminants in NF/RO membrane applications. J Membr Sci 279:165–175 Yang X, Flowers RC, Weinberg HS, Singer PC (2011) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Res 45:5218–5228 Yoon Y, Westerhoff P, Snyder SA, Wert EC, Yoon J (2007) Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals by nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 202:16–23 Zhang Y, Zhou JL (2005) Removal of estrone and 17β-estradiol from water by adsorption. Water Res 39:3991–4003 Zhang Y, Zhou JL, Ning B (2007) Photodegradation of estrone and 17β-estradiol in water. Water Res 41:19–26 Zhou H, Liu J, Xia H, Zhang Q, Ying T, Hu T (2015) Removal and reduction of selected organic micro-pollutants in effluent sewage by the ozone-based oxidation processes. Chem Eng J 269:245–254 Zorita S, Mårtensson L, Mathiasson L (2009) Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden. Sci Total Environ 407:2760–2770 Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Fanelli R, Reitano G, Bagnati R, Chiabrando C, Pomati F, Rossetti C, Calamari D (2006) Pharmaceuticals in the environment in Italy: causes, occurrence effects and control. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:15–21 Zwiener C, Frimmel FH (2003) Short-term tests with a pilot sewage plant and biofilm reactors for the biological degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds clofibric acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac. Sci Total Environ 309:201–211