Defense mechanisms and disease prevention in farmed marine invertebrates

Adema, 1991, Molluscan hemocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: the role of reactive oxygen intermediates, Rev. Aquat. Sci., 4, 201 Alder, 1989, Serious mortality in populations of giant clams on reefs surrounding Lizard Island, great barrier reef, Austr. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 40, 205, 10.1071/MF9890205 Allen, 1976, Phagocytic activation of a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in rabbit alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 69, 245, 10.1016/S0006-291X(76)80299-9 Anderson, 1994, Hemocyte-derived reactive oxygen intermediate production in four bivalve mollusks, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 18, 89, 10.1016/0145-305X(94)90237-2 Anderson, 1992, Increased reactive oxygen intermediate production by hemocytes withdrawn from Crassostrea virginica infected with Perkinsus marinus, Biol. Bull., 183, 476, 10.2307/1542024 Anderson, 1995, Molecular diagnosis of Marteilia sydneyi (Paramyxea) in Sidney rock oysters Saccostrea commercialis (Angas), J. Fish Dis., 18, 507, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00354.x Andrews, 1966, Oyster mortality studies in Virginia: V. Epizootiology of MSX, a protistan pathogen of oysters, Ecology, 47, 19, 10.2307/1935741 Bachère, 1991, Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by hemocytes of two marine bivalves, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas, Dis. Aquat. Org., 11, 173, 10.3354/dao011173 Bachère, 1995, Identification of defence effectors in the haemolymph of crustaceans with particular reference to the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Bate): prospects and applications, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 5, 597, 10.1016/S1050-4648(95)80044-1 Beckman, 1996, Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad and the ugly, Am. J. Physiol., 271, C1424, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424 Besnard-Cochennec, N., 1997. La Bonamiose: caractérisation du parasite Bonamia ostreae et étude de ses intéractions avec l'hôte, l'huı̂tre plate Ostrea edulis. Thèse EPHE, p. 175. Boman, 1995, Peptide antibiotics and their role in innate immunity, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 13, 61, 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.000425 Bonami, 1990, Purification and characterization of the infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus of penaeid shrimps, J. Gen. Virol., 71, 2657, 10.1099/0022-1317-71-11-2657 Boonyaratpalin, 1993, Non-occluded baculo-like virus, the causative agent of yellow head disease in the black tiger shrimp (Penaus monodon), Gyobyo Kenkyu, 28, 103, 10.3147/jsfp.28.103 Boulo, 1996, Transient expression of luciferase reporter gene after lipofection in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) primary cell cultures, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 5, 167 Boulo, 1989, Immunodiagnosis of Bonamia ostreae (ascetospora) infection of Ostrea edulis L. and subcellular identification of epitopes by monoclonal antibodies, J. Fish. Dis., 12, 257, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00310.x Bower, 1994, Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish, Annu. Rev. Fish Dis., 4, 1, 10.1016/0959-8030(94)90028-0 Bramble, 1997, Modulation of Crassostrea virginica hemocyte reactive oxygen species production by Listonella anguillarum, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 21, 337, 10.1016/S0145-305X(97)00017-7 Buroker, 1983, Population genetics of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, along the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Biol., 75, 99, 10.1007/BF00392635 Burreson, 1996, Epizootiology of Perkinsus marinus disease of oysters in Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on data since 1985, J. Shellfish Res., 15, 17 Cadoret, 1992, Electric field induced polyploidy in mollusc embryos, Aquaculture, 106, 127, 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90197-S Cadoret, 1997, Promoter from Drosophila heat shock protein and Cytomegalovirus drive transient expression of luciferase introduced by particle bombardment into embryos of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, J. Biotechnol., 56, 183, 10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00118-1 Cadoret, 1997, Microinjection of bivalve eggs: Application in genetics, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 6, 72 Carballal, 1997, Enzymes involved in defense functions of hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 70, 96, 10.1006/jipa.1997.4670 Carballal, 1997, Hemolymph cell types of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Dis. Aquat. Org., 29, 127, 10.3354/dao029127 Charlet, 1996, Innate immunity: Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusc Mytilus edulis, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 21808, 10.1074/jbc.271.36.21808 Cheng, 1975, Release of lysozyme from hemolymph cells of Mercenaria mercenaria during phagocytosis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 25, 261, 10.1016/0022-2011(75)90076-2 Chu, 1993, Development of disease caused by the parasite, Perkinsus marinus and defense-related hemolymph factors in three populations of oysters from the Chesapeake Bay, USA, J. Shellfish Res., 12, 21 Cochennec, 1992, A direct monoclonal antibody sandwich immunoassay for detection of Bonamia ostreae (Ascetospora) in hemolymph samples of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Dis. Aquat. Org., 12, 129, 10.3354/dao012129 Comps, 1993, A herpes-like virus from the European oyster Ostrea edulis L., J. Invertebr. Pathol., 62, 201, 10.1006/jipa.1993.1098 Comps, 1976, Une virose de l'huı̂tre portugaise (Crassostrea angulata), C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 282, 1991 Conte, 1995, Nitric oxide synthase activity in molluscan hemocytes, FEBS Lett., 365, 261, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00439-G Couble, P., 1997. The biolistic. In: Houdebine, L.-M. (Ed.), Transgenic animals: generation and use. Harwood Academic Publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 209–213. Davis, 1994, Size-dependent mortality in hatchery-reared populations of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin 1791, affected by juvenile oyster disease, J. Shellfish Res., 13, 137 Destoumieux, 1997, Penaeidins: A new family of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the Penaeus vannamei (Decapoda), J. Biol. Chem., 272, 28398, 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28398 Di Salvo, 1978, Vibrio anguillarum and larval mortality in a California coastal shellfish hatchery, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35, 219, 10.1128/AEM.35.1.219-221.1978 Doonan, 1994, Catastrophic reduction of the oyster, Tiostrea chilensis (Bivalvia: ostreidae), in Foveaux Strait, New Zealand, due to infestation by the protistan Bonamia sp., N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 28, 335, 10.1080/00288330.1994.9516623 Durand, 1996, Application of genes probes as diagnostic tools for white spot baculovirus (WSBV) of penaeid shrimp, Dis. Aquat. Org., 27, 59, 10.3354/dao027059 Dyrynda, 1997, Sub-population of haemocytes in the adult and developing marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, identified by use of monoclonal antibodies, Cell Tissue Res., 289, 527, 10.1007/s004410050898 Elston, 1985, Pathology, management and diagnosis of oyster velar virus disease (OVVD), Aquaculture, 48, 189, 10.1016/0044-8486(85)90124-3 FAO, 1992. FAO Report on Aquaculture, Circ. 522, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Ford, 1994, A comparison of juvenile oyster disease in the USA and brown ring disease of Manila clams in Europe, J. Shellfish Res., 13, 314 Gaffney, 1996, Genetic aspects of disease resistance in oysters, J. Shellfish Res., 15, 135 Garza, 1991, Introduction of the transposable element mariner into the germline of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, 128, 303, 10.1093/genetics/128.2.303 Gendreau, 1995, Transient expression of a luciferase reporter gene after ballistic introduction into Artemia franciscana (crustacea) embryos, Aquaculture, 133, 199, 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00369-Y Goulletquer, Ph., Héral, M., Marine molluscan production trends in France: from fisheries to aquaculture. In: US Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS, 129, 1997, pp. 137–164. Gulka, 1983, Prokaryotic infection associated with a mass mortality of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus, J. Fish Dis., 6, 355, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1983.tb00087.x Hasson, 1995, Taura syndrome in Penaeus vannamei: demonstration of a viral etiology, Dis. Aquat. Org., 23, 115, 10.3354/dao023115 Hervio, 1996, Detection, isolation, and experimental transmission of Mikrocytos mackini, a microcell parasite of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 67, 72, 10.1006/jipa.1996.0011 Hine, 1992, Herpesviruses associated with mortalities among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas, Dis. Aquat. Org., 12, 135, 10.3354/dao012135 Hubert, 1997, Structure and differential target sensitivity of the stimulable cytotoxic complex from hemolymph of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1361, 29, 10.1016/S0925-4439(97)00013-6 Hubert, 1996, Cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas (bivalve molluscs) hemolymph, Aquat. Living Resour., 9, 115, 10.1051/alr:1996015 Hubert, 1996, A member of the arthropod defensin family from edible Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), Eur. J. Biochem., 240, 302, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0302h.x Imai, 1965, Studies on the mass mortality of the oyster in Matsushima Bay: II. Search for the cause of mass mortality and the possibility to prevent it by transplantation experiment, Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 25, 27 Karl, 1992, Balancing selection at allozyme loci in oysters: implications from nuclear RFLPs, Science, 256, 100, 10.1126/science.1348870 Kellner-Cousin, 1993, Genomic DNA cloning of rickettsia-like organisms (RLO) of Saint-Jacques scallop Pecten maxitus: evaluation of prokaryote diagnosis by hybridization with a non-isotopically labelled probe and by polymerase chain reaction, Dis. Aquat. Org., 15, 145, 10.3354/dao015145 Kisugi, 1992, Biopolymers from marine invertebrates: XIII. Characterization of an antibacterial protein, dolabellanin A, from the albumen gland of the sea hare Dolabella auricularia, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 40, 1537, 10.1248/cpb.40.1537 Larson, 1989, Effect of environmental pollutants on the chemiluminescence of hemocytes from the American oyster Crassostrea virginica, Dis. Aquat. Org., 6, 131, 10.3354/dao006131 Le Deuff, 1996, Effects of temperature on herpes-like virus detection among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, Dis. Aquat. Org., 24, 149, 10.3354/dao024149 Le Gall, 1991, Chemiluminescence analysis of the activity of Pecten maximus hemocytes stimulated with zymosan and host-specific rickettsiales-like organisms, Dis. Aquat. Org., 11, 181, 10.3354/dao011181 Le Gall, 1988, Branchial rickettsiales-like infection associated with a mass mortality of sea scallop Pecten maximus (1), Dis. Aquat. Org., 4, 229, 10.3354/dao004229 Leippe, 1988, Release of cytotoxic and agglutinating molecules by Mytilus hemocytes, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 12, 297, 10.1016/0145-305X(88)90006-7 Lemaitre, 1996, The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/toll/cactus control the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults, Cell, 86, 973, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5 Lopez, 1994, Absence of generation of active oxygen radicals coupled with phagocytosis by hemocytes of the clam Ruditapes decussatus (mollusca: bivalvia), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 64, 188, 10.1016/S0022-2011(94)90125-2 Lu, 1996, Production of transgenic dwarf surfclams, Mulinia lateralis, with pantropic retroviral vectors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 3482, 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3482 Lu, 1995, Distribution of yellow-head virus in selected tissues and organs of penaeid shrimp Penaeus vannamei, Dis. Aquat. Org., 23, 67, 10.3354/dao023067 Mari, 1995, Partial cloning of the genome of an unusual shrimp parvovirus (HPV): use of gene probes in disease diagnosis, Dis. Aquat. Org., 22, 129, 10.3354/dao022129 Mello, 1991, Efficient gene transfer in Caenorhabditis elegans. Extrachromosomal maintenance and integration of transforming sequences, EMBO J., 10, 3959, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04966.x Mialhe, E., Boulo, V., Cadoret, J.P., Cedeno, V., Rousseau, C., Motte, E., Gendreau, S., Bachère, E., 1997. Gene transfer technology in marine invertebrates. In: Houdebine, L.-M. (Ed.), Transgenic Animals: Generation and Use. Harwood Academic Publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 151–155. Mialhe, 1988, Serological analysis of Bonamia in Ostrea edulis and Tiostrea lutaria using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, Aquat. Living Resour., 1, 67, 10.1051/alr:1988008 Mialhe, 1994, Development of biolistic techniques for transfection of mosquito embryos (Anopheles gambiae), Biotechniques, 16, 924 Miller, 1987, Stable integration and expression of a bacterial gene in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, Science, 237, 779, 10.1126/science.3039658 Miyata, 1989, Antimicrobial peptides, isolated from horseshoe crab hemocytes, tachyplesin II, and polyphemusins I and II: chemical structures and biological activity, J. Biochem., 106, 663, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122913 Montes, 1996, When the venerid clam Tapes decussatus is parasitized by the protozoan Perkinsus sp. it synthesizes a defensive polypeptide that is closely related to p225, Dis. Aquat. Org., 26, 149, 10.3354/dao026149 Mourton, 1992, Interactions between Bonamia ostrea (Protozoa: ascetospora) and hemocytes of Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia): in vitro system establishment, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 59, 235, 10.1016/0022-2011(92)90127-P Munford, 1981, A study on the mass mortality of mussels in the Laguna Veneta, J. World Maricul. Soc., 12, 186, 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1981.tb00294.x Muta, 1987, Primary structure of anti-lippopolysaccharide factor from American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus, Eur. J. Biochem., 101, 1321, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a121999 Naciri-Graven, 1998, Selecting the flat oyster Ostrea edulis for survival when infected with the parasite Bonamia ostreae, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 224, 91, 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00171-8 Nakamura, 1985, In vitro production of hydrogen peroxide by the amoebocytes of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay), Dev. Comp. Immunol., 9, 407, 10.1016/0145-305X(85)90004-7 Nakano, 1994, Mass mortalities of cultured Kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993: epizootiological survey and infection trials, Fish. Pathol., 29, 135, 10.3147/jsfp.29.135 Nicolas, 1992, Herpes-like virus infecting Pacific oyster larvae Crassostrea gigas, Bull. Eur. As. Fish Pathol., 12, 11 Noël, 1993, Phagocytosis associated chemiluminescence of hemocytes in Mytilus edulis (bivalvia), Dev. Comp. Immunol., 17, 483, 10.1016/S0145-305X(05)80004-7 Noël, 1991, Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against neoplastic hemocytes of Mytilus edulis (bivalvia), Dis. Aquat. Org., 10, 51, 10.3354/dao010051 Noël, 1992, Treatment against the Vibrio P1, suspected to be responsible for mortalities in Tapes philippinarum, Aquaculture, 107, 171, 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90063-Q Noël, 1996, Developmental of a colony-blot ELISA assay using monoclonal antibodies to identify Vibrio P1 responsible for `brown ring disease' in the clam Tapes philippinarum, Aquaculture, 146, 171, 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01385-3 Noga, 1996, Specificity and some physicochemical characteristics of the antibacterial activity from blue crab Callinectes sapidus, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 6, 403, 10.1006/fsim.1996.0039 Nottage, 1990, Interactions between different strains of Vibrio alginolyticus and hemolymph fractions from adult Mytilus edulis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 56, 15, 10.1016/0022-2011(90)90138-V Obara, 1992, Molecular cloning of the antibacterial protein of the giant african snail Achatina fulica ferussac, Eur. J. Biochem., 209, 1, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17254.x O'Foighil, 1995, Differences in mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene sequences allow discrimination among American Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) and Asian C. gigas (Thunberg) C. ariakensis Wakiya oyster species, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 192, 211, 10.1016/0022-0981(95)00065-Y Ottaviani, 1993, Evidence for nitric oxide production and utilization as a bactericidal agent by invertebrate immunocytes, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 248, 319 Oubella, 1994, Changes in hemolymph parameters in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca Bivalvia) following bacterial challenge, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 64, 33, 10.1006/jipa.1994.1065 Paillard, 1994, The brown ring disease in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: establishment of a classification system, Dis. Aquat. Org., 19, 137, 10.3354/dao019137 Pichot, 1980, Recherches sur Bonamia ostreae gen. n., sp. n., parasite nouveau de l'huı̂tre plate Ostrea edulis L., Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit., 43, 131 Pipe, 1990, Hydrolytic enzymes associated with the granular haemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis, Histochem. J., 22, 595, 10.1007/BF01072941 Pipe, 1992, Generation of reactive oxygen metabolites by the haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 16, 111, 10.1016/0145-305X(92)90012-2 Poulos, 1994, Use of non-radioactively labeled DNA probes for the detection of a baculovirus from Penaeus monodon (Pm SNPV=MBV) by in situ hybridization on fixed tissue, J. Virol. Meth., 49, 187, 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90043-4 Powers, 1995, Electroporation as an effective means of introducing DNA into abalone (Haliotis rufescens) embryos, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 4, 369 Reichhart, 1992, Insect immunity: Developmental and inducible activity of the Drosophila diptericin promoter, EMBO J., 11, 1469, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05191.x Riquelme, 1996, Association of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus with laval mortalities of scallop (Argopecten purpuratus), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 67, 213, 10.1006/jipa.1996.0035 Roch, 1996, Present knowledge on the molecular basis of cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and stress response in marine bivalves, Ital. J. Zool., 63, 311, 10.1080/11250009609356151 Rogier, 1991, Monoclonal antibodies against Bonamia ostreae (Protozoa: Ascetospora), an intrahaemocytic parasite of flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Dis. Aquat. Org., 11, 135, 10.3354/dao011135 Rubin, 1982, Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors, Science, 218, 348, 10.1126/science.6289436 Saito, 1995, A novel big defensin identified in horseshoe crab hemocytes: isolation, amino acid sequence, and antibacterial activity, J. Biochem., 117, 1131, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124818 Schnapp, 1996, Purification and characterization of a proline-rich antibacterail peptide, with sequence similarity to bactenecin-7, from the hemocytes of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, Eur. J. Biochem., 240, 532, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0532h.x Small, 1997, Intraspecific variation in the 16S ribosomal of Crassostrea virginica, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 6, 189 Smith, 1992, Non-cellular immunity in crustaceans, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 2, 1, 10.1016/S1050-4648(06)80024-0 Sutton, 1993, Bacterial disease of cultured giant clam Tridacna gigas larvae, Dis. Aquat. Org., 16, 47, 10.3354/dao016047 Torreilles, 1997, Peroxidase-release associated with phagocytosis in Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 21, 267, 10.1016/S0145-305X(96)00034-1 Torreilles, 1996, Espèces oxygénées réactives et systèmes de défense des bivalves marins, Life Sci., 319, 209 Tournay, 1997, France put its efforts into farms overseas, Fish Farming Int., 24, 3 Villalba, 1993, Marteiliasis affecting cultured mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of Galicia (NW Spain): I. Etiology, phases of the infection, and temporal and spatial variability in prevalence, Dis. Aquat. Org., 16, 61, 10.3354/dao016061 Volety, 1995, Suppression of chemiluminescence of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 19, 135, 10.1016/0145-305X(94)00059-O Winston, 1996, Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes from the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis: lysosomal localization and effect of xenobiotics, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 113C, 221 Wittke, 1984, Quantification of cytotoxic hemocytes of Mytilus edulis using a cytotoxicity assay, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 43, 248, 10.1016/0022-2011(84)90144-7