Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases

Hurst, 1997, Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activity of rat class Theta glutathione transferase T2-2, Biochem Soc Trans, 25, S559, 10.1042/bst025s559 Jornot, 1998, Hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage is independent of nuclear calcium but dependent on redox-active ions, Biochem J, 335, 85, 10.1042/bj3350085 Mills, 1998, Nerve growth factor treatment prevents the increase in superoxide produced by epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells, J Biol Chem, 273, 22165, 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22165 Ghosh, 1998, Inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase triggers massive apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 13182, 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13182 Yin, 1995, Effect of zhuchun pill on immunity and endocrine function of elderly with kidney-yang deficiency, Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 15, 601 Bae, 1997, Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced generation of hydrogen peroxide, J Biol Chem, 272, 217, 10.1074/jbc.272.1.217 Lee, 1998, Glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are mediated by oxidative stress in multidrug-resistant human breast carcinoma cells, J Biol Chem, 273, 5294, 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5294 Chopra, 1998, Induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in human cancer cells in response to increased production of reactive oxygen species, Biochem Pharmacol, 55, 1119, 10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00601-1 Czene S, Tibäck M, Harms-Ringdahl M. pH-dependent DNA cleavage in permeabilized human fibroblasts. Biochem J 1997; 323: 337–341. Wojtaszek, 1997, Oxidative burst, Biochem J, 322, 681, 10.1042/bj3220681 Da Silva, 1998, Quercetin metabolites inhibit copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in rat plasma, FEBS Lett, 430, 405, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00709-1 Esterbauer, 1992, The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL, Free Radic Biol Med, 13, 341, 10.1016/0891-5849(92)90181-F Meyer, 1996, Time-course studies by synchrotron X-ray solution scattering of the structure of human low-density lipoprotein during Cu2+-induced oxidation in relation to changes in lipid composition, Biochem J, 319, 217, 10.1042/bj3190217 Patterson, 1998, Human serum, cysteine and histidine inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein less at acidic pH, FEBS Lett, 434, 317, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01002-3 Rikans, 1997, Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection and aging, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1362, 116, 10.1016/S0925-4439(97)00067-7 Oesch, 1984, Metabolism of carcinogens, possibilities for modulation, Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh), 55, 15, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1984.tb02480.x Wagner, 1998, Sensitivity of K562 and HL-60 cells to edelfosine, an ether lipid drug, correlates with production of reactive oxygen species, Cancer Res, 58, 2809 Kowaltowski, 1996, Effect of inorganic phosphate concentration on the nature of inner mitochondrial membrane alterations mediated by Ca2+ ions. A proposed model for phosphate-stimulated lipid peroxidation, J Biol Chem, 271, 2929, 10.1074/jbc.271.6.2929 Omodeo-Salè, 1998, Macrophage populations of different origins have distinct susceptibilities to lipid peroxidation induced by β-haematin (malaria pigment), FEBS Lett, 433, 215, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00915-6 Requena, 1997, Quantification of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts to lysine residues in native and oxidized human low-density lipoprotein, Biochem J, 322, 317, 10.1042/bj3220317 Scott, 1989, Enhancement of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, Blood, 74, 2542, 10.1182/blood.V74.7.2542.2542 Beaudeux, 1996, Resistance of lipoprotein(a) to lipid peroxidation induced by oxygenated free radicals produced by gamma radiolysis, Biochem J, 314, 277, 10.1042/bj3140277 Hall, 1998, The majority of human glutathione peroxidase type 5 (GPX5) transcripts are incorrectly spliced, Biochem J, 333, 5, 10.1042/bj3330005 Jankowska, 1994, The influence of vitamin A on production of oxygen free radicals and activity of granulocyte catalase in patients with chronic bronchitis, Pneumonol Alergol Pol, 62, 628 Stahl, 1998, Carotenoid mixtures protect multilamellar liposomes against oxidative damage, FEBS Lett, 427, 305, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00434-7 Stait, 1996, The effects of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate on the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, Biochem J, 320, 373, 10.1042/bj3200373 Aleryani, 1998, Superoxide-mediated decomposition of biological S-nitrosothiols, J Biol Chem, 273, 6041, 10.1074/jbc.273.11.6041 Brouwer, 1998, Biochemical defense mechanisms against copper-induced oxidative damage in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, Arch Biochem Biophys, 351, 257, 10.1006/abbi.1997.0568 Grazioli, 1998, Antioxidant enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation in cultured human chondrocytes from vertebral plate cartilage, FEBS Lett, 431, 149, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00731-5 Lapenna, 1998, Antioxidant properties of ticlopidine on human low density lipoprotein oxidation, FEBS Lett, 436, 357, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01166-1 Mao, 1993, Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-catalase conjugates. Role of hydrogen peroxide and the Fenton reaction in SOD toxicity, J Biol Chem, 268, 416, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54167-3 Sigalov, 1998, Enzymatic repair of oxidative damage to human apolipoprotein A-I, FEBS Lett, 433, 196, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00908-9 Sohal, 1995, Simultaneous overexpression of copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase and catalase retards age-related oxidative damage and increases metabolic potential in Drosophila melanogaster, J Biol Chem, 270, 15671, 10.1074/jbc.270.26.15671 Fridovich, 1995, Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases, Annu Rev Biochem, 64, 97, 10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.000525 Sandalio, 1997, Immunocytochemical localization of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase in peroxisomes from watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) cotyledons, Free Radic Res, 26, 187, 10.3109/10715769709097798 Teixeira, 1998, Lower intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels in cells overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 7872, 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7872 Sandstróm, 1994, 10-fold increase in human plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase content caused by a mutation in heparin-binding domain, J Biol Chem, 269, 19163, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32289-5 Sun, 1995, The mechanism for the effect of selenium supplementation on immunity, Biol Trace Elem Res, 48, 231, 10.1007/BF02789405 Meier, 1998, pH-dependent inhibition by azide and fluoride of the iron superoxide dismutase from Propionibacterium shermanii, Biochem J, 331, 403, 10.1042/bj3310403 Leone, 1998, Fourier Transform infrared analysis of the interaction of azide with the active site of oxidized and reduced bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, Biochemistry, 37, 4459, 10.1021/bi971878e Vance, 1998, Spectroscopic comparisons of the pH dependence of Fe-substituted (Mn)superoxide dismutase and Fe-superoxide dismutase, Biochemistry, 37, 5518, 10.1021/bi972580r MacMillan-Crow, 1998, Peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase involves nitration and oxidation of critical tyrosine residues, Biochemistry, 37, 1613, 10.1021/bi971894b Stralin, 1994, Effects of oxidative stress on expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase, CuZn-superoxide dismutase and Mn-superoxide dismutase in human dermal fibroblasts, Biochem J, 298, 347, 10.1042/bj2980347 Yamakura, 1998, Inactivation of human manganese-superoxide dismutase by peroxynitrite is caused by exclusive nitration of tyrosine 34 to 3-nitrotyrosine, J Biol Chem, 273, 14085, 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14085 Farr, 1986, Oxygen-dependent mutagenesis in Escherichia coli lacking superoxide dismutase, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 83, 8268, 10.1073/pnas.83.21.8268 van Loon, 1986, A yeast mutant lacking mitochondrial manganese-superoxide dismutase is hypersensitive to oxygen, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 83, 3820, 10.1073/pnas.83.11.3820 Li, 1995, Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide dismutase, Nat Genet, 11, 376, 10.1038/ng1295-376 Hachiya, 1997, Endogenous production of tumour necrosis factor is required for manganese superoxide dismutase expression by irradiation in the human monocytic cell line THP-1, Biochem J, 328, 615, 10.1042/bj3280615 Kizaki, 1993, Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and other antioxidant genes in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells and their relationship to cytotoxicity by tumor necrosis factor, Blood, 82, 1142, 10.1182/blood.V82.4.1142.bloodjournal8241142 St. Clair, 1991, Overproduction of human Mn-superoxide dismutase modulates paraquat-mediated toxicity in mammalian cells, FEBS Lett, 293, 199, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81186-C Wispé, 1992, Human Mn-superoxide dismutase in pulmonary epithelial cells of transgenic mice confers protection from oxygen injury, J Biol Chem, 267, 23937, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35927-1 Battistoni, 1996, The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli retains monomeric structure at high protein concentration. Evidence for altered subunit interaction in all the bacteriocupreins, Biochem J, 320, 713, 10.1042/bj3200713 Battistoni, 1998, Role of the dimeric structure in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. pH-Dependent, reversible denaturation of the monomeric enzyme from Escherichia coli, J Biol Chem, 273, 5655, 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5655 Leah, 1998, The copper chaperone CCS directly interacts with copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, J Biol Chem, 273, 23625, 10.1074/jbc.273.37.23625 Stroppolo, 1998, Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from Photobacterium leignathi is an hyperefficient enzyme, Biochemistry, 37, 12287, 10.1021/bi980563b Prasad, 1995, Serum IgG and IgM responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in weaned calves fed milk supplemented with Zn and Cu, Nutrition, 11, 712 Marklund, 1980, Distribution of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase in human tissues and extracellular fluids, Acta Physiol Scand Suppl, 492, 19 Buschfort, 1997, DNA excision repair profiles of normal and leukemic human lymphocytes, Cancer Res, 57, 651 Aebi HE. Enzymes 1: oxidoreductases, transferases. In: Bergmeyer H, Ed. Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol. III. Pp. 273–82. Deerfield Beach, FL: Verlag Chemie, 1980. Turrens, 1984, Protection against oxygen toxicity by intravenous injection of liposome-entrapped catalase and superoxide dismutase, J Clin Invest, 73, 87, 10.1172/JCI111210 Speranza, 1993, Cells enriched for catalase are sensitized to the toxicities of bleomycin, adriamycin, and paraquat, J Biol Chem, 268, 19039, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46732-9 Tappel, 1978, Glutathione peroxidase and hydroperoxides, Methods Enzymol, 52, 506, 10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52055-7 Imai, 1998, Suppression of leukotriene formation in RBL-2H3 cells that overexpressed phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, J Biol Chem, 273, 1990, 10.1074/jbc.273.4.1990 De Haan, 1998, Mice with a homozygous null mutation for the most abundant glutathione peroxidase, Gpx1, show increased susceptibility to the oxidative stress-inducing agents paraquat and hydrogen peroxide, J Biol Chem, 273, 22528, 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22528 Amstad, 1994, Glutathione peroxidase compensates for the hypersensitivity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase overproducers to oxidant stress, J Biol Chem, 269, 1606, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42068-0 Dedon, 1998, Indirect mutagenesis by oxidative damage, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 11113, 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11113 Limoli, 1998, Apoptosis, reproductive failure, and oxidative stress in chinese hamster ovary cells with compromised genomic integrity, Cancer Res, 58, 3712 Kelner, 1995, Superoxide dismutase abolishes the platelet-derived growth factor-induced release of prostaglandin E2 by blocking induction of nitric oxide synthase, Arch Biochem Biophys, 322, 31, 10.1006/abbi.1995.1432 Shull, 1991, Differential regulation of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidants, J Biol Chem, 266, 24398, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54242-3 Kelner, 1990, Alteration of endogenous glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and glutathione transferase activity in cells transfected with a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase expression vector. Explanation for variations in paraquat resistance, J Biol Chem, 265, 10872, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38527-8 Teixeira, 1996, Chinese hamster fibroblasts overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase undergo a global reduction in antioxidants and an increasing sensitivity of DNA to oxidative damage, Biochem J, 315, 821, 10.1042/bj3150821 Nappi, 1995, Superoxide anion generation in Drosophila during melanotic encapsulation of parasites, Eur J Cell Biol, 68, 450 Ishikawa, 1998, Increased cellular resistence to oxidative stress by expression of cyanobacterium catalase-peroxidase in animal cells, FEBS Lett, 426, 221, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00347-0 Rhoden, 1997, Protective effect of colchicine on tissue damage caused by free radical in hepatic cirrhosis, Arq Gastroenterol, 34, 91 Tsai, 1998, Impaired production of nitric oxide, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide in glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficient granulocytes, FEBS Lett, 436, 411, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01174-0 Ramotar, 1998, A yeast homologue of the human phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator PTPA is implicated in protection against oxidative damage induced by the model carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, J Biol Chem, 272, 21489, 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21489 Miller, 1993, Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function, J Dairy Sci, 76, 2812, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77620-1 Wiseman, 1996, Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, Biochem J, 313, 17, 10.1042/bj3130017 Beasley, 1991, Selenium, glutathione peroxidase and asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 157, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00824.x Bibi, 1988, Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in asthmatic children, Ann Allergy, 61, 339 Kato, 1991, Effects of antiasthma drugs on superoxide anion generation from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes or hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 96, 128, 10.1159/000235483 Kurosawa, 1993, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities in platelets from stable bronchial asthmatic patients, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 101, 61, 10.1159/000236499 Misso, 1996, Reduced platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and serum selenium concentration in atopic asthmatic patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 838, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00616.x Pearson, 1991, Selenium status in relation to reduced glutathione peroxidase activity in aspirin-sensitive asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 203, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00831.x Buchanan, 1997, Thioredoxin-linked mitigation of allergic responses to wheat, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 94, 5372, 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5372 Bjórkman, 1993, Activity of antioxidative enzymes in erythrocytes and concentration of selenium in plasma related to mercury exposure, J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis, 7, 157 Niwa, 1990, Induction of superoxide dismutase in leukocytes by paraquat, Blood, 76, 835, 10.1182/blood.V76.4.835.835 Tanaka, 1998, Citrus auraptene exerts dose-dependent chemopreventive activity in rat large bowel tumorigenesis, Cancer Res, 58, 2550 Chinery, 1998, Antioxidants reduce cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin production, and proliferation in colorectal cancer cells, Cancer Res, 58, 2323 Torzewski, 1998, Expression of Bcl-X(L), an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res, 4, 577 Durak, 1997, Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in cancerous and non-cancerous human kidney tissues, Int Urol Nephrol, 29, 5, 10.1007/BF02551410 Kennedy, 1998, Overexpression of hMTH1 mRNA, FEBS Lett, 429, 17, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00505-5 Kiningham, 1998, Physical activity and the primary prevention of cancer, Prim Care, 25, 515, 10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70080-4 Shisler, 1998, Ultraviolet-induced cell death blocked by a selenoprotein from a human dermatotropic poxvirus, Science, 279, 40, 10.1126/science.279.5347.102 Cantwell, 1998, The effect of a conjugated linoleic acid on a superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in oxidatively-challenged liver cells, Biochem Soc Trans, 26, S62, 10.1042/bst026s062 Caspar-Bauguil, 1998, Mildly oxidized low-density lipoproteins suppress the proliferation of activated CD4+ T-lymphocytes and their interleukin 2 receptor expression in vitro, Biochem J, 330, 659, 10.1042/bj3300659 Fu, 1998, Evidence for roles of radicals in protein oxidation in advanced human atherosclerotic plaque, Biochem J, 333, 519, 10.1042/bj3330519 Napoli, 1997, Low density lipoprotein oxidation and atherogenesis, G Ital Cardiol, 27, 1302 Schmidt, 1994, Cellular receptors for advanced glycation end products. Implications for induction of oxidant stress and cellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions, Arterioscler Thromb, 14, 1521, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.10.1521 Stroes, 1998, Origin of superoxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase, FEBS Lett, 438, 161, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01292-7 Sundaresan, 1995, Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived-growth factor signal transduction, Science, 270, 296, 10.1126/science.270.5234.296 Duranteau, 1998, Intracellular signaling by reactive oxygen species during hypoxia in cardiomyocytes, J Biol Chem, 273, 11619, 10.1074/jbc.273.19.11619 Mukhopadhyay, 1998, Ceruloplasmin copper induces oxidant damage by a redox process utilizing cell-derived superoxide as reductant, Biochemistry, 37, 14222, 10.1021/bi981137t Vanden Hoek, 1998, Reactive oxygen species released from mitochondria during brief hypoxia induce preconditioning in cardiomyocytes, J Biol Chem, 273, 18092, 10.1074/jbc.273.29.18092 Weisbrot-Lefkowitz, 1998, Overexpression of human glutathione peroxidase protects transgenic mice against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 53, 333, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00313-6 Zager, 1997, Decreased expression of mitochondrial-derived H2O2 and hydroxyl radical in cytoresistant proximal tubules, Kidney Int, 52, 942, 10.1038/ki.1997.416 Chang, 1998, Virulence of catalase-deficient aspergillus nidulans in p47(phox)−/− mice. Implications for fungal pathogenicity and host defense in chronic granulomatous disease, J Clin Invest, 101, 1843, 10.1172/JCI2301 Aguirre, 1998, Oxidative damage, plasma antioxidant capacity, and glucemic control in elderly NIDDM patients, Free Radic Biol Med, 24, 580, 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00293-1 Hannon, 1998, Antioxidant status and DNA damage in patients with insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Biochem Soc Trans, 26, S57, 10.1042/bst026s057 Leinonen, 1997, New biomarker evidence of oxidative DNA damage in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, FEBS Lett, 417, 150, 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01273-8 Wautier, 1994, Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the surface of diabetic erythrocytes bind to the vessel wall via a specific receptor inducing oxidant stress in the vasculature, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 91, 7742, 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7742 Yan, 1994, Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins, J Biol Chem, 269, 9889, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36966-1 Odetti, 1998, Early glycoxidation damage in brains from Down’s syndrome, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 243, 849, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8186 Pastor, 1998, Antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid status in erythrocytes of Down’s syndrome patients, Clin Chem, 44, 924, 10.1093/clinchem/44.5.924 Nagata, 1998, Helicobacter pylori generates superoxide radicals and modulates nitric oxide metabolism, J Biol Chem, 273, 14071, 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14071 Cuzzocrea, 1998, Evidence for in vivo peroxynitrite production in human chronic hepatitis, Life Sci, 63, 25, 10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00252-5 Chen, 1997, Effect of selenium supplementation on mice infected with LP-BM5 MuLV, a murine AIDS model, Biol Trace Elem Res, 59, 187, 10.1007/BF02783244 Peterhans, 1997, Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in viral diseases, Biol Trace Elem Res, 56, 107, 10.1007/BF02778986 Dandyshev, 1998, Risk factors and the molecular cellular mechanisms of a protracted course in pnemonia, Ter Arkh, 70, 41 Aaseth, 1998, Rheumatoid arthritis and metal compounds, Analyst, 123, 3, 10.1039/a704840h Szabo, 1998, Protection against peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury and arthritis development by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthase, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 3867, 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3867 Taraza, 1997, Importance of reactive oxygen species in rheumatoid arthritis, Rom J Intern Med, 35, 89 Cross, 1997, Evidence for the production of peroxynitrite in inflammatory CNS demyelination, J Neuroimmunol, 80, 121, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00145-8 Price, 1998, Genetic neurodegenerative diseases, Science, 286, 1079, 10.1126/science.282.5391.1079 Yan, 1994, Glycated tau protein in Alzheimer disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 91, 7787, 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7787 Guttmann, 1998, Oxidative stress inhibits calpain activity in situ, J Biol Chem, 273, 13331, 10.1074/jbc.273.21.13331 Couillard-Després, 1998, Protective effect of neurofilament heavy gene overexpression in motor neuron disease induced by mutant superoxide dismutase, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 9626, 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9626 Hardy, 1998, Genetic classification of primary neurodegenerative disease, Science, 282, 1075, 10.1126/science.282.5391.1075 Rosen, 1993, Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Nature, 362, 59, 10.1038/362059a0 Singh, 1998, Reexamination of the mechanism of hydroxyl radical adducts formed from the reaction between familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutants and H2O2, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 6675, 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6675 Williamson, 1998, Absence of neurofilaments reduces the selective vulnerability of motor neurons and slows disease caused by a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked superoxide dismutase 1 mutant, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 9631, 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9631 Ziv, 1994, Dopamine induces apoptosis-like cell death in cultured chick sympathetic neurons a possible novel pathogenetic mechanism in Parkinson’s disease, Neurosci Lett, 170, 136, 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90258-5 Brown, 1998, Prion protein expression and superoxide dismutase activity, Biochem J, 334, 423, 10.1042/bj3340423 Spector, 1997, Microperoxidases catalytically degrade reactive oxygen species and may be anti-cataract agents, Exp Eye Res, 65, 457, 10.1006/exer.1997.0336 Kurysheva, 1998, Comparative study of antiradical effects of several antiglaucoma drugs, Vestn Oftalmol, 114, 6 Vang, 1997, Combined effects of complex mixtures of potentially anti-carcinogenic compounds on antioxidant enzymes and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in the rat, Cancer Lett, 114, 283, 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04681-8