The effect of clumping and stomatal response on evaporation from sparsely vegetated shrublands

Allen, 1994, A low cost psychrometer for field measurements of atmospheric humidity, Plant Cell Environ., 17, 219, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00286.x Aphalo, 1991, Do stomata respond to relative humidity, Plant Cell Environ., 14, 127, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01379.x Baldocchi, 1991, Discerning the forest from the trees: an essay on scaling stomatal conductance, Agric. For. Meteorol., 54, 197, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90006-C Brenner, 1995, A heated leaf replica technique for determination of leaf boundary layer conductance in the field, Agric. For. Meteorol., 72, 261, 10.1016/0168-1923(94)02160-L Brenner, 1995, A comparison of direct and indirect methods for measuring leaf and surface area of individual bushes, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 1332, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00193.x Camillo, 1986, A resistance parameter for bare-soil evaporation models, Soil Sci., 141, 95, 10.1097/00010694-198602000-00001 Choudhury, 1988, A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogenous land surfaces, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 373, 10.1002/qj.49711448006 Culf, 1993, Energy and water budgets of an area of patterned woodland in the Sahel, Agric. For. Meteorol., 66, 65, 10.1016/0168-1923(93)90082-S Daamen, 1996, Application of a two source energy balance model to a sparse millet field an the use of soil surface resistance, Agric. For. Meteorol. Daamen, 1993, Use of microlysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils, Agric. For. Meteorol., 65, 159, 10.1016/0168-1923(93)90002-Y Davies, 1991, Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol., 42, 55, 10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.000415 Denmead, 1985, Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy, 421 Dolman, 1993, A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models, Agric. For. Meteorol., 65, 21, 10.1016/0168-1923(93)90036-H Dolman, 1991, Lagrangian and K-theory approaches in modelling evaporation from sparse canopies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 117, 1325 Domingo, 1996, Variation of boundary layer conductance in sparse canopies of Retama sphaerocarpa and Stipa tenacissima in S.E. Spain, Agric. For. Meteorol. Dugas, 1991, Evaporation from rangeland with and without honey mesquite, J. Range Manage., 44, 161, 10.2307/4002316 Fuchs, 1968, Evaporation from a drying soil, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 852, 10.1175/1520-0450(1967)006<0852:EFADS>2.0.CO;2 Ham, 1991, Aerodynamic and surface resistances affecting energy transport in a sparse crop, Agric. For. Meteorol., 53, 267, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90047-T Jarvis, 1981, Stomatal Physiology, 295 Jones, 1992, Plants and Microclimate, 428 Kondo, 1990, A parameterization of evaporation from bare. soil surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 385, 10.1175/1520-0450(1990)029<0385:APOEFB>2.0.CO;2 Lafleur, 1990, Application of an energy combination model for evaporation from sparse canopies, Agric. For. Meteorol., 49, 135, 10.1016/0168-1923(90)90047-A Leuning, 1990, Estimation of transpiration by single trees: Comparison of a ventilated chamber, leaf energy budgets and a combination equation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 51, 63, 10.1016/0168-1923(90)90042-5 Marshall, 1983, Radiation interception and growth in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut, Field Crops Res., 7, 141, 10.1016/0378-4290(83)90018-7 Massman, 1992, A surface energy balance method for partitioning evapotranspiration data into plant and soil components for a surface with partial canopy cover, Water Resourc. Res., 28, 1723, 10.1029/92WR00217 Meyers, 1986, Testing of a higher-order closure model for modelling airflow within and above plant canopies, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 37, 297, 10.1007/BF00122991 Monteith, 1965, Evaporation and the environment, 19, 205 Monteith, 1990, Principles of Environmental Physics, 291 Nichols, 1992, Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland, Agric. For. Meteorol., 60, 221, 10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7 Puigdefabregas, 1996, The Rambla Honda field site. Interactions of soil and vegetation along a catena in semi-arid S.E. Spain, 137 Raupach, 1989, A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 609, 10.1002/qj.49711548710 Rouse, 1992, Impacts of summer warming on the energy and water balance of wetland tundra, Climate Change, 22, 305, 10.1007/BF00142431 Saugier, 1991, Some factors controlling evapotranspiration, Agric. For. Meteorol., 54, 263, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90009-F Shuttleworth, 1990, The theoretical relationship between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crops, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 498, 10.1002/qj.49711649213 Shuttleworth, 1985, Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 839, 10.1256/smsqj.46909 Stannard, 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semi-arid rangeland, Water Resourc. Res., 29, 1379, 10.1029/93WR00333 Turner, 1991, Measurement and influence of environmental and plant factors on stomatal conductance in the field, Agric. For. Meteorol., 54, 137, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90003-9 Van den Hurk, 1995, Implementation of near-field dispersion in a simple two-layer surface resistance model, J. Hydrol., 166, 293, 10.1016/0022-1694(94)05087-E Wallace, 1995, Calculating evaporation: resistance to factors, Agric. For. Meteorol., 73, 353, 10.1016/0168-1923(94)05084-J Wallace, 1990, The estimation of transpiration from sparse dryland millet using stomatal conductance and vegetation area indices, Agric. For. Meteorol., 51, 35, 10.1016/0168-1923(90)90040-D