Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
ASTM. ASTM F 2792-10 standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies
Jacobs P F. Rapid Prototyping & Manufacturing: Fundamentals of Stereolithography. Dearborn: SME publication, 1992
Comb JW, Priedeman WR, Turley PW. FDM technology process improvements. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 1994, 42–49
Beaman J J, Barlow JW, Bourell D L, Barlow JW, Crawford R H, McAlea K P. Solid Freeform Fabrication: A New Direction in Manufacturing. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 25–49
Feygin M, Hsieh B. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM): a simpler process. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 1991, 123–130
Sachs M E, Haggerty J S, Cima M J, Williams P A. Three dimensional printing techniques. US Patent, 5204055, 1993
Mazumder J, Schifferer A, Choi J. Direct materials deposition: designed macro and microstructure. Materials Research Innovations, 1999, 3(3): 118–131
Waterman N A, Dickens P. Rapid product development in the USA, Europe and Japan. World Class Design to Manufacture, 1994, 1(3): 27–36
Thomas C L, Gaffney TM, Kaza S, Lee C H. Rapid prototyping of large scale aerospace structures. In: Proceedings of Aerospace Applications Conference IEEE. Aspen, CO, 1996, 4: 219–230
Song Y, Yan Y, Zhang R, Xu D, Wang F. Manufacturing of the die of an automobile deck part based on rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technology. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 120(1–3): 237–242
Giannatsis J, Dedoussis V. Dedoussis. Additive fabrication technologies applied to medicine and health care: a review. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2009, 40(1–2): 116–127
Sachlos E, Czernuszka J T. Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. European Cells & Materials, 2003, 5: 29–39, discussion 39–40
Pham D T, Dimov S S. Rapid prototyping and rapid tooling — the key enablers for rapid manufacturing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2003, 217(1): 1–23
Onuh S O, Yusuf Y Y. Rapid prototyping technology: applications and benefits for rapid product development. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999, 10(3/4): 301–311
Goldsberry C. Rapid change in additive manufacturing landscape. http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/rapid-change-additive-manufacturing-landscape . 2009
Kruth J P. Material increase manufacturing by rapid prototyping techniques. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 1991, 40(2): 603–614
Kruth J P, Leu M C, Nakagawa T. Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 1998, 47(2): 525–540
Brady A G, Halloran J W. Stereolithography of ceramic suspensions. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1997, 3(2): 61–65
Doreau F, Chaput C, Chartier T. Stereolithography for manufacturing ceramic parts. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2000, 2(8): 493–496
Chartier T, Chaput C, Doreau F, Loiseau M. Stereolithography of structural complex ceramic parts. Journal of Materials Science, 2002, 37(15): 3141–3147
Monneret S, Loubere V, Corbel S. Microstereolithography using dynamic mask generator and a non-coherent visible light source. Proceedings of the Society for Photo-Instrumentation Engineers, 1999, 3680: 553–561
Sun C, Fang N, Wu D M, Zhang X. Projection microstereolighography using digital micro-mirror dynamic mask. Sensors and Actuators. A, Physical, 2005, 121(1): 113–120
Chua C K, Leong K F, Lim C S. Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications. 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010, 165–171
Zhang W, Leu M C, Ji Z, Yan Y. Rapid freezing prototyping with water. Materials & Design, 1999, 20(2–3): 139–145
Leu M C, Zhang W, Sui G. An experimental and analytical study of ice part fabrication with rapid freeze prototyping. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 2000, 49(1): 147–150
Leu M C. Rapid freeze prototyping. Materials World Journal, 2000: 9–11
Liu Q, Sui G, Leu M C. Experimental study on the ice pattern fabrication for the investment casting by rapid freeze prototyping. Computers in Industry, 2002, 48(3): 181–197
Bryant F D, Sui G, Leu M C. A study on effects of process parameters in rapid freeze prototyping. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2003, 9(1): 19–23
Crump S S. Fused deposition modeling (FDM): putting rapid back into prototyping. In: The 2nd International Conference on Rapid Prototyping. Dayton, Ohio, 1991: 354–357
Jafari M A, Han W, Mohammadi F, Safari A, Danforth S C, Langrana N. A novel system for fused deposition of advanced multiple ceramics. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2000, 6(3): 161–175
Khalil S, Nam J, Sun W. Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2005, 11(1): 9–17
Bellini A, Shor L, Guceri S I. New developments in fused deposition modeling of ceramics. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2005, 11(4): 214–220
Robocasting Enterprises L L C. http://www.robocasting.net/
Russias J, Saiz E, Deville S, Gryn K, Liu G, Nalla R K, Tomsia A P. Fabrication and in vitro characterization of three-dimensional organic/inorganic scaffolds by robocasting. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 2007, 83(2): 434–445
Mason M S, Huang T, Landers R G, Leu M C, Hilmas G E. Aqueous based extrusion of high solids loading ceramic pastes: process modeling and control. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, 209(6): 2946–2957
Huang T, Mason M S, Hilmas G E, Leu M C. Aqueous based freeze-form extrusion fabrication of alumina components. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2009, 15(2): 88–95
Liu H J, Leu M C. Liquid phase migration in extrusion of aqueous alumina paste for freeze-form extrusion fabrication. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 2009, 23(06n07): 1861–1866
Liu H J, Leu M C. Research on extrusion velocity in freeform extrusion fabrication of aqueous alumina paste. Key Engineering Materials, 2009, 419–420: 125–128
Pham D T, Dimov S, Lacan F. Selective laser sintering: applications and technological capabilities. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 1999, 213(5): 435–449
Das S, Wohlert M, Beaman J J, Bourell D L. Producing metal parts with selective laser sintering/hot isostatic pressing. Journal of Materials, 1998, 50(12): 17–20
Kruth J P, Levy G, Klocke F, Childs T H C. Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 2007, 56(2): 730–759
Kruth J P, Vandenbroucke B, Vaerenbergh J V, Mercelis P. Benchmarking of different SLS/SLM processes as rapid manufacturing techniques. In: Proceedings of International Conference Polymers & Moulds Innovations (PMI). Gent, Belgium, 2005
Kruth J P, Mercelis P, Vaerenbergh J V, Froyen L, Rombouts M. Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2005, 11(1): 26–36
Levy G N, Schindel R, Kruth J P. Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 2003, 52(2): 589–609
Kruth J P, Froyen L, Van Vaerenbergh J, Mercelis P, Rombouts M, Lauwers B. Selective laser melting of iron-based powder. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2004, 149(1–3): 616–622
Abe F, Osakada K, Shiomi M, Uematsu K, Matsumoto M. The manufacturing of hard tools from metallic powders by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001, 111(1–3): 210–213
Lu L, Fuh J, Chen Z, Leong C C, Wong Y S. In situ formation of TiC composite using selective laser melting. Materials Research Bulletin, 2000, 35(9): 1555–1561
Osakada K, Shiomi M. Flexible manufacturing of metallic products by selective laser melting of powder. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2006, 46(11): 1188–1193
Cormier D, Harrysson O, West H. Characterization of H13 steel produced via electron beam melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2004, 10(1): 35–41
Heinl P, Rottmair A, Korner C, Singer R F. Cellular titanium by selective electron beam melting. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2007, 9(5): 360–364
Rännar L E, Glad A, Gustafson C G. Efficient cooling with tool inserts manufactured by electron beam melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2007, 13(3): 128–135
Harrysson O, Cansizoglu O, Marcellin-Little D J, Cormier D R, West H A II. Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2008, 28(3): 366–373
Cormier D, West H, Harrysson O, Knowlson K. Characterization of thin walled Ti-6Al-4V components produced via electron beam melting. In: Proceeding of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2004
Heinl P, Müller L, Körner C, Singer R F, Müller F A. Cellular Ti-6Al-4V structures with interconnected macro porosity for bone implants fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Acta Biomaterialia, 2008, 4(5): 1536–1544
Gasser A, Backes G, Kelbassa I, Weisheit A, Wissenbach K. Laser additive manufacturing: laser metal deposition (LMD) and selective laser melting (SLM) in turbo-engine applications. Laser Material Processing, 2010, 2: 58–63
Balla V K, DeVasConCellos P D, Xue W, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Fabrication of compositionally and structurally graded Ti-TiO2 structures using laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Acta Biomaterialia, 2009, 5(5): 1831–1837
Lewis G K, Schlienger E. Practical considerations and capabilities for laser assisted direct metal deposition. Materials & Design, 2000, 21(4): 417–423
Zhang K, Liu W, Shang X. Research on the processing experiments of laser metal deposition shaping. Optics & Laser Technology, 2007, 39(3): 549–557
Lewis G K. Direct laser metal deposition process fabricates nearnet-shape components rapidly. Materials Technology, 1995, 10(3): 51–54
Hofmeister W, Griffith M, Ensz M, Smugeresky J. Solidification in direct metal deposition by LENS processing. JOM, 2001, 53(9): 30–34
Sachs E, Cima M, Cornie J, Brancazio D, Bredt J, Curodeau A, Fan T, Khanuja S, Lauder A, Lee J, Michaels S. Three-dimensional printing: the physics and implications of additive manufacturing. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 1993, 42(1): 257–260
Melican M C, Zimmerman M C, Dhillon M S, Ponnambalam A R, Curodeau A, Parsons J R. Three-dimensional printing and porous metallic surfaces: a new orthopedic application. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2001, 55(2): 194–202
Dimitrov D, Schreve K, Beer N. Advances in three dimensional printing — state of the art and future perspectives. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2006, 12(3): 136–147
Lee M, Dunn J C, Wu B M. Scaffold fabrication by indirect threedimensional printing. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(20): 4281–4289
Butscher A, Bohner M, Roth C, Ernstberger A, Heuberger R, Doebelin N, von Rohr P R, Müller R. Printability of calcium phosphate powders for three-dimensional printing of tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomaterialia, 2012, 8(1): 373–385
Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C. Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, 2005, 74(2): 782–788
Sachs E, Cima M, Cornie J. Three-dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly form a CAD model. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 1990, 39(1): 201–204
Bak D. Rapid prototyping or rapid production? 3D printing processes move industry towards the latter. Assembly Automation, 2003, 23(4): 340–345
Mueller B, Kochan D. Laminated object manufacturing for rapid tooling and patternmaking in foundry industry. Computers in Industry, 1999, 39(1): 47–53
Prechtl M, Otto A, Geiger M. Rapid tooling by laminated object manufacturing of metal foil. Advanced Materials Research, 2005, 6–8: 303–312
Park J, Tari M J, Hahn H T. Characterization of the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) process. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2000, 6(1): 36–50
Weisensel L, Travitzky N, Sieber H, Greil P. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) of SiSiC composites. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2004, 6(11): 899–903
Liao Y S, Li H C, Chiu Y Y. Study of laminated object manufacturing with separately applied heating and pressing. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2006, 27(7–8): 703–707
Pham D T, Gault R S. A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 1998, 38(10–11): 1257–1287
Griffith M L, Halloran J W. Freeform fabrication of ceramics via stereolithography. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1996, 79(10): 2601–2608
Dufaud O, Corbel S. Stereolithography of PZT ceramic suspensions. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2002, 8(2): 83–90
Hinczewski C, Corbel S, Chartier T. Ceramic suspensions suitable for stereolithography. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 1998, 18(6): 583–590
Allahverdi M, Danforth S C, Jafari M, Safari A. Processing of advanced electroceramic components by fused deposition technique. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2001, 21(10–11): 1485–1490
Rangarajan S, Qi G, Venkataraman N, Safari A, Danforth S C. Powder processing, rheology, and mechanical properties of feedstock for fused deposition of Si3N4 ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2000, 83(7): 1663–1669
Agarwala M K, Weeren R, Bandyopadhyay A, Whalen P J, Safari A, Danforth S C. Fused deposition of ceramics and metals: an overview. In: Proceeding of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 1996
Leu M C, Pattnaik S, Hilmas G E. Optimization of selective laser sintering process for fabrication of zirconium diboride parts. In: Proceeding of International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2010
Phenix Systems. http://www.phenix-systems.com/home_en.php
Guo N, Leu MC. Effect of different graphite materials on electrical conductivity and flexural strength of bipolar plates fabricated by selective laser sintering. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2010
Goodridge R D, Dalgarno K W, Wood D J. Indirect selective laser sintering of an apatite-mullite glass-ceramic for potential use in bone replacement applications. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine, 2006, 220(1): 57–68
Sun W, Dcosta D J, Lin F, El-Raghy T. Freeform fabrication of Ti3SiC2 powder-based structures, part I — integrated fabrication process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 127(3): 343–351
Nikzad M, Masood S H, Sbarski I, Groth A. Rheological properties of a particulate-filled polymeric composite through fused deposition process. Materials Science Forum, 2010, 654–656: 2471–2474
Zhong W, Li F, Zhang Z, Song L, Li Z. Short fiber reinforced composites for fused deposition modeling. Materials Science and Engineering, 2001, A301: 125–130
Shofner M L, Lozano K, Rodriguez-Macias F J, Barrera E V. Nanofiber-reinforced polymers prepared by fused deposition modeling. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003, 89: 3081–3090
Suwanprateeb J, Sanngam R, Suvannapruk W, Panyathanmaporn T. Mechanical and in vitro performance of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic reinforced hydroxyapatite composite fabricated by 3D-printing. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 2009, 20(6): 1281–1289
Rambo C R, Travitzky N, Zimmermann K, Greil P. Synthesis of TiC/Ti-Cu composites by pressureless reactive infiltration of TiCu alloy into carbon performs fabricated by 3D-printing. Materials Letters, 2005, 59(8–9): 1028–1031
Klosterman D, Chartoff R, Graves G, Osborne N, Priore B. Interfacial characteristics of composites fabricated by laminated object manufacturing. Compos Part A, 1998, 29(9–10): 1165–1174
Klosterman D, Chartoff R, Agarwala M, Fiscus I, Murphy J, Cullen S, Yeazell M. Direct fabrication of polymer composite structures with curved LOM. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 1999: 401–409
Klosterman D A, Chartoff R P, Osborne N R, Graves G A, Lightman A, Han G, Bezeredi A, Rodrigues S. Curved layer LOM of ceramics and composites. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 1998: 671–680
Kumar S, Kruth J P. Composites by rapid prototyping technology. Materials & Design, 2010, 31(2): 850–856
Wiria F E, Leong K F, Chua C K, Liu Y. Poly-epsiloncaprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering. Acta Biomaterialia, 2007, 3(1): 1–12
Eosoly S, Lohfeld S, Brabazon D. Effect of hydroxyapatite on biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by SLS. Key Engineering Materials, 2009, 396–398: 659–662
Leong C C, Lu L, Fuh J Y H, Wong Y S. In-situ formation of copper matrix composites by laser sintering. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2002, 338(1–2): 81–88
Evans R S, Bourell D L, Beaman J J, Campbell M I. Rapid manufacturing of silicon carbide composites. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2004
Stevinson B Y, Bourell D L, Beaman J J. Over-infiltration mechanisms in selective laser sintered Si/SiC preforms. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2008, 14(3): 149–154
Bandyopadhyay A, Krishna B V, Xue W, Bose S. Application of laser engineered net shaping (LENS) to manufacture porous and functionally graded structures for load bearing implants. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 2009, 20(S1 Suppl 1): 29–34
Vamsi Krishna B, Xue W, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Functionally graded Co-Cr-Mo coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy structures. Acta Biomaterialia, 2008, 4(3): 697–706
Liu W, DuPont J N. Fabrication of functionally graded TiC/Ti composites by laser engineered net shaping. Scripta Materialia, 2003, 48(9): 1337–1342
Domack M S, Baughman J M. Development of nickel-titanium graded composition components. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2005, 11(1): 41–51
Wang F, Mei J, Wu X. Compositionally graded Ti6Al4V + TiC made by direct laser fabrication using powder and wire. Materials & Design, 2007, 28(7): 2040–2046
Leu M C, Tang L, Deuser B, Landers R G, Hilmas G E, Zhang S, Watts J. Freeze-form extrusion fabrication of composite structures. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2011, 111–124
Caulfield B, McHugh P E, Lohfeld S. Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2007, 182(1–3): 477–488
Zarringhalam H, Majewski C, Hopkinson N. Degree of particle melt in Nylon-12 selective laser-sintered parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2009, 15(2): 126–132
Ahn S H, Montero M, Odell D, Roundy S, Wright P K. Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2002, 8(4): 248–257
Lam C X F, Mo X M, Teoh S H, Hutmacher D W. Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2002, 20(1–2): 49–56
Schmidt M, Pohle D, Rechtenwald T. Selective laser sintering of PEEK. Annals- Manufacturing Technology, 2007, 56(1): 205–208
Leong K F, Wiria F E, Chua C K, Li S H. Characterization of a poly-ɛ-caprolactone polymeric drug delivery device built by selective laser sintering. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 2007, 17(3): 147–157
Ramanath H S, Chua C K, Leong K F, Shah K D. Melt flow behaviour of poly-ɛ-caprolactone in fused deposition modelling. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 2008, 19(7): 2541–2550
Ramanath H S, Chandrasekaran M, Chua C K, Leong K F, Shah K D. Modeling of extrusion behavior of biopolymer and composites in fused deposition modeling. Key Engineering Materials, 2007, 334–335: 1241–1244
Cheah C M, Chua C K, Lee C W, Feng C, Totong K. Rapid prototyping and tooling techniques: a review of applications for rapid investment casting. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2005, 25(3–4): 308–320
Agarwala M, Bourell D, Beaman J, Marcus H, Barlow J. Direct selective laser sintering of metals. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1995, 1(1): 26–36
Agarwala M, Bourell D, Beaman J, Marcus H, Barlow J. Postprocessing of selective laser sintered metal parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1995, 1(2): 36–44
Allen S M, Sachs E M. Three-dimensional printing of metal parts for tooling and other applications. Metals and Materials, 2000, 6(6): 589–594
Clarinval A M, Carrus R, Dormal T, Soyeur Q. Fabrication of stainless steel and ceramic parts with the Optoform process. Advanced Research inVirtual and Rapid Manufacturing. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2007: 415–418
Xue L, Purcell C. Laser consolidation of net-shape shells for flextensional sonar projectors. In: Proceedings of ICALEO. Scottsdale, AZ, 2006
Strondl A, Palm M, Gnauk J, Frommeyer G. Microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel based superalloy IN718 produced by rapid prototyping with electron beam melting (EBM). Materials Science and Technology, 2011, 27(5): 876–883
Mudge R P, Wald N R. Laser engineered net shaping advances additive manufacturing and repair. Welding Journal-New York, 2007, 86(1): 44–48
MTT Technologies Group. MTT selective laser melting. 2009
Arcam A B. http://www.arcam.com
Otubo J, Antunes A S. Characterization of 150 mm in diameter NiTi SMA ingot produced by electron beam melting. Materials Science Forum, 2010, 643: 55–59
Sachs E, Cima M, Bredt J. CAD-casting: direct fabrication of ceramic shells and cores by three-dimensional printing. Manufacturing Review (USA), 1992, 5(2): 117–126
Rudraraju A, Deptowicz D, Das S. Strategies for fabricating nextgeneration multifunctional airfoil designs through LAMP. In: Proceedings of the International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2011
Yuan D, Kambly K, Shao P, Rudraraju A, Cilio P, Tomeckoa V, Torres C, Halloran J W, Das S. Experimental investigations on a photocurable ceramic material system for large area maskless photolymerization. In: Proceedings of the International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2009
Z Corporation. 3DP Consumables Catalog. 2010
Wilkes J, Hagedorn Y C, Meiners W, Wissenbach K. Additive manufacturing of ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic components by selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2013, 19(1): 51–57
Balla V K, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Processing of bulk alumina ceramics using laser engineered net shaping. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2008, 5(3): 234–242
Jackson T R, Liu H, Patrikalakis N M, Sachs E M, Cima M J. Modelling and designing functionally graded material components for fabrication with local composition control. Materials & Design, 1999, 20(2–3): 63–75
Optomec. http://www.optomec.com/
Concept Laser Gmb H. http://www.concept-laser.de/
Morris Technologies. http://www.morristech.com/
Prometal R C T. http://www.prometal-rct.com/
Hedges M, Calder N. Near net shape rapid manufacture & repair by LENS. In: Cost Effective Manufacture via Net-shape Processing. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, 2006, 13-1–4
Kelbassa I, Gasser A, Wissenbach K. Laser cladding as a repair technique for blisks out of titanium and nickel based alloys used in aero engines. In: Proceedings of the 1st Pacific International Conference on Application of Lasers and Optics. Melbourne, 2004
Xue L, Islam M U. Laser consolidation-a novel one-step manufacturing process for making net-shape functional components. In: Cost Effective Manufacturing via Net-Shape Processing. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, 2006, 15-1–4
Richter K H, Orban S, Nowotny S. Laser cladding of the titanium alloy Ti6242 to restore damaged blades. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics. 2004
Qi H, Azer M, Singh P. Adaptive toolpath deposition method for laser net shape manufacturing and repair of turbine compressor airfoils. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2010, 48(1–4): 121–131
Liou F, Slattery K, Kinsella M, Newkirk J, Chou H N, Landers R. Applications of a hybrid manufacturing process for fabrication of metallic structures. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2007, 13(4): 236–244
Liou F W, Choi J, Landers R G, Janardhan V, Balakrishnan S N, Agarwal S. Research and development of a hybrid rapid manufacturing process. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2001
Ren L, Padathu A P, Ruan J, Sparks T, Liou F W. Three dimensional die repair using a hybrid manufacturing system. In: Proceedings of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2006
Bae C J. Integrally cored ceramic investment casting mold fabricated by ceramic stereolithography. Dissertation for Doctor Degree. University of Michigan, 2008
Wu H, Li D, Guo N. Fabrication of integral ceramic mold for investment casting of hollow turbine blade based on stereolithography. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2009, 15(4): 232–237
Wu H, Li D, Tang Y, Guo N, Sun B, Xu D. Rapid casting of hollow turbine blade using integral ceramic moulds. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2009, 223(6): 695–702
Murr L E, Gaytan S M, Medina F, Martinez E, Martinez J L, Hernandez D H, Machado B I, Ramirez D A, Wicker R B. Characterization of Ti6Al4V open cellular foams fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527(7–8): 1861–1868
Gaytan S, Murr L, Medina F, Martinez E, Martinez L, Wicker R. Fabrication and characterization of reticulated, porous mesh arrays and foams for aerospace applications by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting. In: Proceedings of Minerals, Metals and Materials Society/AIME. Warrendale PA, 2010
Daneshmand S, Adelnia R, Aghanajafi S. Design and production of wind tunnel testing models with selective laser sintering technology using glass-reinforced Nylon. Materials Science Forum, 2006, 532–533: 653–656
Technology CRP. http://www.crptechnology.com
Vilaro T, Abed S, Knapp W.Direct manufacturing of technical parts using selective laser melting: example of automotive application. In: Proceedings of 12th European Forum on Rapid Prototyping. 2008
Rosochowski A, Matuszak A. Rapid tooling: the state of the art. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2000, 106(1–3): 191–198
Bassoli E, Gatto A, Iuliano L, Violante MG. 3D printing technique applied to rapid casting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2007, 13(3): 148–155
Murr L E, Gaytan S M, Ceylan A, Martinez E, Martinez J L, Hernandez D H, Machado B I, Ramirez D A, Medina F, Collins S. Characterization of titanium aluminide alloy components fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting. Acta Materialia, 2010, 58(5): 1887–1894
Ilardo R, Williams C B. Design and manufacture of a formula SAE intake system using fused deposition modeling and fiber-reinforced composite materials. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2010, 16(3): 174–179
Chang R, Emami K, Wu H, Sun W. Biofabrication of a three-dimensional liver micro-organ as an in vitro drug metabolism model. Biofabrication, 2010, 2(4): 045004
Adler Ortho Group. http://www.alaortho.com/indBigEng.htm . Accessed in 2010
Liu Q, Leu M C, Schmitt S M. Rapid prototyping in dentistry: technology and application. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2006, 29(3–4): 317–335
Vandenbroucke B, Kruth J P. Selective laser melting of biocompatible metal for rapid manufacturing of medical parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2007, 13(4): 196–203
Peltola S M, Melchels F P, Grijpma D W, Kellomäki M. A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes. Annals of Medicine, 2008, 40(4): 268–280
Cooke M N, Fisher J P, Dean D, Rimnac C, Mikos A G. Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials, 2003, 64(2): 65–69
Kolan K C, Leu M C, Hilmas G E, Velez M. Selective laser sintering of 13–93 bioactive glass. In: Proceeding of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2010
Liu Y F, Dong X T, Zhu F D. Overview of rapid prototyping for fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffold. Advanced Materials Research, 2010, 102–104: 550–554
Rezwan K, Chen Q Z, Blaker J J, Boccaccini A R. Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(18): 3413–3431
Melchels F P W, Feijen J, Grijpma D W. A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(24): 6121–6130
Chim H, Hutmacher DW, Chou A M, Oliveira A L, Reis R L, Lim T C, Schantz J T. A comparative analysis of scaffold material modifications for load-bearing applications in bone tissue engineering. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2006, 35(10): 928–934
Zein I, Hutmacher D W, Tan K C, Teoh S H. Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 2002, 23(4): 1169–1185
Lorrison J C, Goodridge R D, Dalgarno KW, Wood D J. Selective laser sintering of bioactive glass-ceramics. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2002
Weinand C, Pomerantseva I, Neville C M, Gupta R, Weinberg E, Madisch I, Shapiro F, Abukawa H, Troulis M J, Vacanti J P. Hydrogel-β-TCP scaffolds and stem cells for tissue engineering bone. Bone, 2006, 38(4): 555–563
Williams JM, Adewunmi A, Schek RM, Flanagan C L, Krebsbach P H, Feinberg S E, Hollister S J, Das S. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(23): 4817–4827
Tan K H, Chua C K, Leong K F, Cheah CM, Cheang P, Abu Bakar M S, Cha S W. Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone-hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials, 2003, 24(18): 3115–3123
Arcaute K, Mann B K, Wicker R B. Stereolithography of three-dimensional bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) constructs with encapsulated cells. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2006, 34 (9): 1429–1441
Dhariwala B, Hunt E, Boland T. Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. Tissue Engineering, 2004, 10(9–10): 1316–1322
Dellinger J G, Eurell J A C, Stewart M, Jamison R D. Bone response to 3D periodic hydroxyapatite scaffolds with and without tailored microporosity to deliver bone morphogenetic protein 2. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A, 2006, 76(2): 366–376
Shor L, Güçeri S, Chang R, Gordon J, Kang Q, Hartsock L, An Y, Sun W. Precision extruding deposition (PED) fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 2009, 1(1): 015003
Kolan K C, Doiphode N D, Leu M C. Selective laser sintering and freeze extrusion fabrication of scaffolds for bone repair using 13–93 bioactive glass: a comparison. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, Texas, 2010
Kolan K C, Leu M C, Hilmas G E, Brown R F, Velez M. Fabrication of 13–93 bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using indirect selective laser sintering. Biofabrication, 2011, 3(2): 025004
Lin L, Ju S, Cen L, Zhang H, Hu Q. Fabrication of porous β-TCP scaffolds by combination of rapid prototyping and freeze drying technology. IFMBE Proceedings, 2008, 19(4): 88–91
Chen Z, Li D, Lu B, Tang Y, Sun M, Wang Z. Fabrication of artificial bioactive bone using rapid prototyping. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2004, 10(5): 327–333
Mironov V, Trusk T, Kasyanov V, Little S, Swaja R, Markwald R. Biofabrication: a 21st century manufacturing paradigm. Biofabrication, 2009, 1(2): 022001
Cui X, Boland T. Human microvasculature fabrication using thermal inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(31): 6221–6227
Boland T, Xu T, Damon B, Cui X. Application of inkjet printing to tissue engineering. Biotechnology Journal, 2006, 1(9): 910–917
Wilson W C Jr, Boland T. Cell and organ printing 1: protein and cell printers. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 2003, 272(2): 491–496
Boland T, Mironov V, Gutowska A, Roth E A, Markwald R R. Cell and organ printing 2: fusion of cell aggregates in three-dimensional gels. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 2003, 272(2): 497–502
Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald R R. Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends in Biotechnology, 2003, 21(4): 157–161
U.S. Department of Energy. Future fuel cells R&D. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/ . Accessed in 2010
Chen S, Bourell D L, Wood K L. Fabrication of PEM fuel cell bipolar plates by indirect SLS. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2004, 244–256
Chen S, Murphy J, Herlehy J, Bourell D L, Wood K L. Development of SLS fuel cell current collectors. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2006, 12(5): 275–282
Alayavalli K, Bourell D L. Fabrication of electrically conductive, fluid impermeable direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) graphite bipolar plates by indirect selective laser sintering (SLS). In: Proceedings of the International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2008, 186–193
Alayavalli K, Bourell D L. Fabrication of modified graphite bipolar plates by indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) for direct methanol fuel cells. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2010, 16(4): 268–274
Guo N, Leu M C. Effect of different graphite materials on the electrical conductivity and flexural strength of bipolar plates fabricated using selective laser sintering. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(4): 3558–3566
Bourell D L, Leu M C, Chakravarthy K, Guo N, Alayavalli K. Graphite-based indirect laser sintered fuel cell bipolar plates containing carbon fiber additions. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 2011, 60(1): 275–278
Guo N, Leu M C. Experimental study of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using a graphite composite bipolar plate fabricated by selective laser sintering. In: Proceeding of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2012
Guo N, Leu M C, Wu M. Bio-inspired design of bipolar plate flow fields for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2011
Wu M, Leu M C, Guo N. Simulation and testing of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell bipolar plates fabricated by selective laser sintering. In: Proceedings of ASME 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. St. Louis, MO, 2012
Taghipour E, Leu M C, Guo N. Comparison of compression molding and selective laser sintering processes in the development of composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In: Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX, 2012
Bourell D L, Leu M C, Rosen D W. Roadmap for additive manufacturing: identifying the future of freeform processing. The University of Texas at Austin, Laboratory for Freeform Fabrication. Austin, TX, 2009, 7–10