The Placenta Contributes to Activation of the Renin Angiotensin System in Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome

Gardiner, 2003, Twin–twin transfusion syndrome: the influence of intrauterine laser photocoagulation on arterial distensibility in childhood, Circulation, 107, 1906, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000060543.64250.80

Cheung, 2000, Fetal origins of reduced arterial distensibility in the donor twin in twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Lancet, 355, 1157, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02068-7

Denbow, 2000, Placental angioarchitecture in monochorionic twin pregnancies: relationship to fetal growth, fetofetal transfusion syndrome, and pregnancy outcome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, 417, 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70233-X

Jain, 2004, The twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 47, 181, 10.1097/00003081-200403000-00020

Mari, 2001, Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome: results of the International Amnioreduction Registry, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 185, 708, 10.1067/mob.2001.117188

Graef, 2006, Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of 167 children after intrauterine laser treatment for severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194, 303, 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.07.040

Denbow, 1998, Neonatal cranial ultrasonographic findings in preterm twins complicated by severe fetofetal transfusion syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 178, 479, 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70424-7

Haverkamp, 2001, Neurodevelopmental risks in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: preliminary findings, Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 5, 21, 10.1053/ejpn.2001.0400

Banek, 2003, Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine laser treatment for severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 188, 876, 10.1067/mob.2003.202

Fisk, 2004, Twin–twin transfusion—as good as it gets?, N Engl J Med, 351, 182, 10.1056/NEJMe048047

Senat, 2004, Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amnioreduction for severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, N Engl J Med, 351, 136, 10.1056/NEJMoa032597

Mahieu-Caputo, 2003, Fetal hypertension: an insight into the pathogenesis of the twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Prenat Diagn, 23, 640, 10.1002/pd.652

Zosmer, 1994, Clinical and echographic features of in utero cardiac dysfunction in the recipient twin in twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Br Heart J, 72, 74, 10.1136/hrt.72.1.74

Karatza, 2002, Influence of twin–twin transfusion syndrome on fetal cardiovascular structure and function: prospective case-control study of 136 monochorionic twin pregnancies, Heart, 88, 271, 10.1136/heart.88.3.271

Taylor, 2002, Ultrasound-guided umbilical cord occlusion using bipolar diathermy for Stage III/IV twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Prenat Diagn, 22, 70, 10.1002/pd.256

Taylor, 1986, Concentration and molecular forms of active and inactive renin in human fetal kidney, amniotic fluid and adrenal gland: evidence for renin-angiotensin system hyperactivity in 2nd trimester of pregnancy, J Hypertens, 4, 121, 10.1097/00004872-198602000-00019

Mahieu-Caputo, 2001, Pathogenesis of twin–twin transfusion syndrome: the renin-angiotensin system hypothesis, Fetal Diagn Ther, 16, 241, 10.1159/000053919

Kilby, 2001, Renin gene expression in fetal kidneys of pregnancies complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Pediatr Dev Pathol, 4, 175, 10.1007/s100240010124

Mahieu-Caputo, 2000, Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Role of the fetal renin-angiotensin system, Am J Pathol, 156, 629, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64767-0

Wee, 2007, Longitudinal blood flow in shared (arteriovenous anastomoses) and non-shared cotyledons in monochorionic placentae, Placenta, 28, 516, 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.09.001

Nielsen, 2000, Current topic: the uteroplacental renin-angiotensin system, Placenta, 21, 468, 10.1053/plac.2000.0535

Cooper, 1999, The localization and expression of the renin-angiotensin system in the human placenta throughout pregnancy, Placenta, 20, 467, 10.1053/plac.1999.0404

Li, 2000, Definitive molecular evidence of renin-angiotensin system in human uterine decidual cells, Hypertension, 36, 159, 10.1161/01.HYP.36.2.159

Knock, 1994, Angiotensin II (AT1) vascular binding sites in human placentae from normal-term, preeclamptic and growth retarded pregnancies, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 271, 1007

Li, 1998, Cellular localization of AT1 receptor mRNA and protein in normal placenta and its reduced expression in intrauterine growth restriction. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of vasorelaxants, J Clin Invest, 101, 442, 10.1172/JCI119881

Shah, 2005, Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 288, F614, 10.1152/ajprenal.00410.2003

Quintero, 1999, Staging of twin–twin transfusion syndrome, J Perinatol, 19, 550, 10.1038/sj.jp.7200292

Deinum, 1999, Improved immunoradiometric assay for plasma renin, Clin Chem, 45, 847, 10.1093/clinchem/45.6.847

Volland, 1999, A solid-phase immobilised epitope immunoassay (SPIE-IA) permitting very sensitive and specific measurement of angiotensin II in plasma, J Immunol Methods, 228, 37, 10.1016/S0022-1759(99)00097-6

Bradford, 1976, A rapid and sensitive method for quantification of microgram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye-binding, Anal Biochem, 72, 248, 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

Poisner, 1998, The human placental renin-angiotensin system, Front Neuroendocrinol, 19, 232, 10.1006/frne.1998.0166

Mahieu-Caputo, 2005, Paradoxic activation of the renin-angiotensin system in twin–twin transfusion syndrome: an explanation for cardiovascular disturbances in the recipient, Pediatr Res, 58, 685, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000180558.03164.E8

Kingdom, 1993, Fetal angiotensin II levels and vascular (type I) angiotensin receptors in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 100, 476, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15276.x

Wee, 2006, Histomorphometric characterisation of shared and non-shared cotyledonary villus territories of monochorionic placentae in relation to pregnancy complications, Placenta, 27, 475, 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.02.020

Yagami, 1994, Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in human placenta and its physiologic role in the fetal circulation, Obstet Gynecol, 84, 453

Germain, 1998, A novel distal enhancer confers chorionic expression on the human renin gene, J Biol Chem, 273, 25292, 10.1074/jbc.273.39.25292

Downing, 1995, Stimulation of placental prorenin secretion by selective inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, Biochem Pharmacol, 49, 1675, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00080-J

Downing, 1997, Beta-adrenoreceptor activation-induced placental prorenin secretion is mediated by increased renin messenger RNA and protein synthesis, Mol Pharm, 51, 201, 10.1124/mol.51.2.201

Brar, 1987, Increased fetoplacental active renin production in pregnancy-induced hyptertension, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157, 363, 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80173-4

Singh, 2004, Raised prorenin and renin concentrations in pre-eclamptic placentae when measured after acid activation, Placenta, 25, 631, 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.013

Denbow, 1998, Haematological indices at fetal blood sampling in monochorionic pregnancies complicated by feto–fetal transfusion syndrome, Prenat Diagn, 18, 941, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199809)18:9<941::AID-PD427>3.0.CO;2-G

Poisner, 1995, Regulation of utero-placental prorenin, Adv Exp Med Biol, 377, 411, 10.1007/978-1-4899-0952-7_31

Poisner, 1991, Cyclic AMP as a second messenger for prorenin release from human decidual cells, Placenta, 12, 263, 10.1016/0143-4004(91)90007-3

Bajoria, 1991, Endothelin concentrations in monochorionic twins with severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome, Hum Reprod, 14, 1614, 10.1093/humrep/14.6.1614

Fuchs, 2002, Functionality of two new polymorphisms in the human renin gene enhancer region, J Hypertens, 20, 2391, 10.1097/00004872-200212000-00018

Morgan, 1999, Angiotensinogen Thr235 variant is associated with abnormal physiologic change of the uterine spiral arteries in first-trimester decidua, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 180, 95, 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70156-0

Alwan, 2005, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist treatment during pregnancy, Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 73, 123, 10.1002/bdra.20102