Habitat fragmentation reduces genetic diversity and connectivity among toad populations in the Brazilian Atlantic Coastal Forest

Andersen, 2004, Habitat fragmentation causes bottlenecks and inbreeding in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea), Proceedings of Biological Sciences, 271, 1293, 10.1098/rspb.2004.2720 Arens, 2007, Genetic population differentiation and connectivity among fragmented Moor frog (Rana arvalis) populations in the Netherlands, Landscape Ecology, 22, 1489, 10.1007/s10980-007-9132-4 Avise, 1987, Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial bridge between population genetics and systematics, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 18, 489, 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002421 Baldissera, 2004, Review of the Bufo crucifer species group with the description of two new related species (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 62, 255 Banks, 2005, The effects of habitat fragmentation via forestry plantation establishment on spatial genotypic structure in the small marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis, Molecular Ecology, 14, 1667, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02525.x Bennett, 1990, Habitat corridors and the conservation of small mammals in a fragmented forest environment, Landscape Ecology, 4, 109, 10.1007/BF00132855 Beebee, 2005, The amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology, Biological Conservation, 125, 271, 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009 Becker, 2007, Habitat split and the global decline of amphibians, Science, 318, 1775, 10.1126/science.1149374 Bohonak, 2002, IBD (Isolation By Distance): a program for analyses of isolation by distance, Journal of Heredity, 93, 153, 10.1093/jhered/93.2.153 Bohonak, A.J., 2004. Software for reduced major axis regression, v.1.2. San Diego State Univ., <http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/andy/rma.html>. Bridges, 2000, Variation in pesticide tolerance of tadpoles among and within species of Ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline, Conservation Biology, 14, 1490, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99343.x Catharino, E.L., Bernacci, L.C., Franco, G.A.D.C., Durigan, G., Metzger, J.P., 2006. Aspectos da composição e diversidade do componente arbóreo das florestas da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia, SP. Biota Neotropica, 6(2) <http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n2/pt/abstract?article+bn00306022006> (accessed: 25.05.06). Clement, 2000, TCS: a computer program to estimate genealogies, Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657, 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x Cunningham, 1998, Genetic effects of forest fragmentation on a rainforest restricted lizard (Scincidae: Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae), Biological Conservation, 83, 19, 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00046-3 Cushman, 2006, Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: review and prospectus, Biological Conservation, 128, 231, 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.031 deMaynedier, 2000, Road effects on amphibian movements in a forested landscape, Natural Areas Journal, 20, 56 Dixo, M., 2005. Diversidade de sapos e lagartos de serrapilheira numa paisagem fragmentada do Planalto Atlântico de São Paulo. Ph.D. Thesis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Dodd, 2003, Habitat destruction and alteration: historical trends and future prospects for amphibians, 94 Dupanloup, 2002, A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations, Molecular Ecology, 11, 2571, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01650.x Excoffier, 1992, Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data, Genetics, 13, 479, 10.1093/genetics/131.2.479 Excoffier, 2005, Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 1, 47 Ezard, 2006, The impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on genetic drift and fixation time, Oikos, 114, 367, 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14778.x Fahrig, 2003, Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 34, 487, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 Findlay, 1997, Anthropogenic correlates of species richness in southeastern Ontario wetlands, Conservation Biology, 11, 1000, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96144.x Fonseca, 1985, The vanishing Brazilian Atlantic forest, Biological Conservation, 34, 17, 10.1016/0006-3207(85)90055-2 Frankham, 1996, Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife conservation biology, 10, 1500 Galbusera, 2004, Genetic equilibrium despite habitat fragmentation in an Afrotropical bird, Molecular Ecology, 13, 1409, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02175.x Gibbs, 1998, Amphibian movements in response to forest edges, roads, and streambeds in Southern New England, Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 584, 10.2307/3802333 Goebel, 1999, PCR Primers and amplification methods for 12S ribossomal DNA, the control region, cytochrome oxidase I, and cytochrome b in Bufonids and other frogs, and an overview of PCR primers which have amplified DNA in amphibians successfully, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11, 163, 10.1006/mpev.1998.0538 Hanski, 1999 Harris, 1984 Henle, 2004, Species survival in fragmented landscapes: where are we now?, Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 1, 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000004311.04226.29 Hitchings, 1997, Genetic substructuring as a result of barriers to gene flow in urban Rana temporaria (common frog) populations: implications for biodiversity conservation, Heredity, 79, 117, 10.1038/hdy.1997.134 Hitchings, 1998, Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in common toad (Bufo bufo) populations isolated by inimical habitat, Journal of Evolution Biology, 11, 269 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2007. Contagem da população 2007 e estimativas da população 2007. <http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/contagem2007/populacao_ufs_05102007.pdf>. Johansson, 2007, Does habitat fragmentation reduce fitness and adaptability? A case study of the common frog (Rana temporaria), Molecular Ecology, 16, 2693, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03357.x Lacy, 1987, Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations: interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection and population subdivision, Conservation Biology, 1, 143, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00023.x Lindenmayer, 2000, The Tumut experiment-integrating demographic and genetic studies to unravel fragmentation effects: a case study of native bush rat, 173 Luoy, 2007, Strongly diverging population genetic patterns of three skipper species: the role of habitat fragmentation and dispersal ability, Conservation Genetics, 8, 671, 10.1007/s10592-006-9213-y Manel, 2003, Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 189, 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9 Manni, 2004, Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected by using Monmonier’s algorithm, Human Biology, 76, 173, 10.1353/hub.2004.0034 McArdle, 1988, The structural relationship: regression in biology, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 2329, 10.1139/z88-348 Mech, 2001, Evaluating the effectiveness of corridors: a genetic approach, Conservation Biology, 15, 464, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x Merriam, 1991, Corridors and connectivity: animal population in heterogeneous environments, 133 Miller, 2005, Alleles in Space: computer software for the joint analysis of interindividual spatial and genetic information, Journal of Heredity, 96, 722, 10.1093/jhered/esi119 Miller, 2006, Effects of historical climate change, habitat connectivity, and vicariance on genetic structure and diversity across the range of the red tree vole (Phenacomys longicaudus) in the Pacific Northwest United States, Molecular Ecology, 15, 145, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02765.x Mittermeier, 1999 Monmonier, 1973, Maximum-difference barriers: an alternative numerical regionalization method, Geographical Analysis, 3, 245 Myers, 2000, Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature, 403, 853, 10.1038/35002501 Noël, 2007, Impact of urban fragmentation on the genetic structure of the eastern red-backed salamander, Conservation Genetics, 8, 599, 10.1007/s10592-006-9202-1 Oliveira-Filho, 2000, Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic forests in southeastern Brazil and influence of climate, Biotropica, 32, 793, 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00619.x Peakall, 2006, Genetic insights into population recovery following experimental perturbation in a fragmented landscape, Biological Conservation, 132, 520, 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.013 Pardini, 2005, The role of forest structure, fragment size and corridors in maintaining small mammal abundance and diversity in an Atlantic forest landscape, Biological Conservation, 124, 253, 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.033 Pounds, 2006, Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming, Nature, 439, 161, 10.1038/nature04246 Reed, 2003, Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity, Conservation Biology, 17, 230, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01236.x Richmond, J.Q., Reid, D.T., Ashton, K.G., Zamudio, K.R., in press. Delayed genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on the ecologically specialized Florida sand skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi). Conservation Genetics. Doi:10.1007/s110592-008-9707-x. Saccheri, 1998, Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation, Nature, 392, 491, 10.1038/33136 Sambrook, 2001 Saunders, 1991, Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review, Conservation Biology, 5, 18, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x Seabra, M., 1971. Vargem Grande: Organização e Transformação de um Setor do Cinturão Paulistano. USP, Instituto de Geografia, São Paulo, Brazil. Sokal, 1995 SOS Mata Atlântica, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2008. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica, período de 2000 a 2005. Available online <http://www.sosmatatlantica.org.br>. Statsoft Inc., 2001. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 6. <http://www.statsoft.com/>. Stow, 2004, Inbreeding avoidance in Cunningham’s skinks (Egernia cunninghami) in natural and fragmented habitat, Molecular Ecology, 13, 443, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02060.x Stuart, 2004, Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide, Science, 306, 1783, 10.1126/science.1103538 Sumner, 2004, Limited effect of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on molecular diversity in a rain forest skink, Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae, Molecular Ecology, 13, 254, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02056.x Teixeira, A.M.G., Soares-Filho, B.S., Freitas, S.R., Metzger, J.P., 2008. Modeling landscape dynamics in an Atlantic Rainforest region: implications for conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, in press. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.10.011. Telles, 2007, Landscape genetics of Physalaemus cuvieri in Brazilian Cerrado: correspondence between population structure and patterns of human occupation and habitat loss, Biological Conservation, 139, 37, 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.003 Templeton, 1992, A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and dna sequence data, III. Cladogram Estimation. Genetics, 132, 619 Turner, 1996, The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 330, 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10046-X Wahbe, 2005, Population genetic structure of tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei) in clearcut and old-growth stream habitats in south coastal British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83, 1460, 10.1139/z05-141 Wells, 1977, The social behavior of anuran amphibians, Animal Behavior, 25, 666, 10.1016/0003-3472(77)90118-X Williams, 2003, Landscape scale genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on a high gene flow species: Speyeria idalia (Nymphalidae), Molecular Ecology, 12, 11, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01700.x Young, 1996, The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 413, 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8 Zar, 1996