Apolipoprotein E and its mimetic peptide suppress Th1 and Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Ali, 2005, Apolipoprotein E suppresses the type I inflammatory response in vivo, Circ. Res., 97, 922, 10.1161/01.RES.0000187467.67684.43 Baitsch, 2011, Apolipoprotein E induces antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 31, 1160, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.222745 Ben-Sasson, 2009, IL-1 acts directly on CD4 T cells to enhance their antigen-driven expansion and differentiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 7119, 10.1073/pnas.0902745106 Christensen, 2011, Apolipoprotein E and peptide mimetics modulate inflammation by binding the SET protein and activating protein phosphatase 2A, J. Immunol., 186, 2535, 10.4049/jimmunol.1002847 Chung, 2009, Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling, Immunity, 30, 576, 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.007 Dardalhon, 2008, Role of Th1 and Th17 cells in organ-specific autoimmunity, J. Autoimmun., 31, 252, 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.017 El-behi, 2010, Current views on the roles of Th1 and Th17 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 5, 189, 10.1007/s11481-009-9188-9 Gao, 2010, A critical function of Th17 proinflammatory cells in the development of atherosclerotic plaque in mice, J. Immunol., 185, 5820, 10.4049/jimmunol.1000116 Ghaffar, 2010, APOE e4 and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a review, J. Neuropsychiatry. Clin. Neurosci., 22, 155, 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.2.155 Glass, 2001, Atherosclerosis: the road ahead review, Cell, 104, 503, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00238-0 Hampton, 2008, An experimental model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis that shows regional variation in gliosis, remyelination, axonal and neuronal loss, J. Neuroimmunol., 201, 200, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.034 Hauser, 2011, Apolipoprotein E: from lipid transport to neurobiology, Prog. Lipid Res., 50, 62, 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.09.001 Iwamoto, 2007, TNF-α drives human CD14+ monocytes to differentiate into CD70+ dendritic cells evoking Th1 and Th17 responses, J. Immunol., 179, 1449, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1449 Jofre‐Monseny, 2008, Impact of apoE genotype on oxidative stress, inflammation and disease risk, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 131, 10.1002/mnfr.200700322 Karussis, 2003, Lack of apolipoprotein-E exacerbates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Mult. Scler., 9, 476, 10.1191/1352458503ms950oa Langrish, 2005, IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation, J. Exp. Med., 201, 233, 10.1084/jem.20041257 Laskowitz, 2006, Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides reduce CNS inflammation: implications for therapy of neurological disease, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica., 114, 15, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00680.x Li, 2006, Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides ameliorate clinical disability and inflammatory infiltrates into the spinal cord in a murine model of multiple sclerosis, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 318, 956, 10.1124/jpet.106.103671 Linton, 1991, Phenotypes of apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein E after liver transplantation, J. Clin. Invest., 88, 270, 10.1172/JCI115288 Lynch, 2003, APOE genotype and an ApoE-mimetic peptide modify the systemic and central nervous system inflammatory response, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 48529, 10.1074/jbc.M306923200 Macatonia, 1993, Dendritic cells and macrophages are required for Th1 development of CD4+ T cells from αβ TCR transgenic mice: IL-12 substitution for macrophages to stimulate IFN-γ production is IFN-γ-dependent, Int. Immunol., 5, 1119, 10.1093/intimm/5.9.1119 Nakashima, 1994, ApoE-deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 14, 133, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.1.133 Nath, 2009, Metformin attenuated the autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in animal models of multiple sclerosis, J. Immunol., 182, 8005, 10.4049/jimmunol.0803563 Notley, 2008, Blockade of tumor necrosis factor in collagen-induced arthritis reveals a novel immunoregulatory pathway for Th1 and Th17 cells, J. Exp. Med., 205, 2491, 10.1084/jem.20072707 Pinholt, 2006, The association between apolipoprotein E and multiple sclerosis, Eur. J. Neurol., 13, 573, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01360.x Postigo, 2011, Exacerbation of type II collagen-induced arthritis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in association with the expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells, Arthritis Rheum., 63, 971, 10.1002/art.30220 Riddell, 2008, Impact of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism on brain ApoE levels, J. Neurosci., 28, 11445, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1972-08.2008 Singh, 2011, The apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG112 inhibits NF-κB signaling, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and disease activity in murine models of colitis, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 3839, 10.1074/jbc.M110.176719 Smith, 2010, Blockade of interleukin-17A results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Circulation, 121, 1746, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924886 t Hart, 2011, EAE: imperfect but useful models of multiple sclerosis, Trends Mol. Med., 17, 119, 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.11.006 Taleb, 2009, Loss of SOCS3 expression in T cells reveals a regulatory role for interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis, J. Exp. Med., 206, 2067, 10.1084/jem.20090545 Tamam, 2011, Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with prognosis in multiple sclerosis, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 15, 1122 Veldhoen, 2006, TGFβ in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells, Immunity, 24, 179, 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.001 Verghese, 2011, Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders, Lancet Neurol., 10, 241, 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70325-2 Weaver, 2005, An elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in an animal model of multiple sclerosis is protective by affecting Th1/Th2 polarization, FASEB J., 19, 1668, 10.1096/fj.04-2030fje Yanjuan, 2010, Apolipoprotein E inhibits Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-4 mediated macrophage activation through distinct mechanisms, Biochem. J., 428, 47, 10.1042/BJ20100016 Yao, 2010, Apolipoprotein E negatively regulates house dust mite-induced asthma via a low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated pathway, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 182, 1228, 10.1164/rccm.201002-0308OC Zamvil, 1990, The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 8, 579, 10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.003051 Zhou, 2007, IL-6 programs TH-17 cell differentiation by promoting sequential engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 pathways, Nat. Immunol., 8, 967, 10.1038/ni1488