Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths
Tóm tắt
The predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was compared with 3 actuarial risk scales in a sample of 81 offenders followed for a maximum of 67 months (average of 30 months). The recommittal or general recidivism rate for the entire sample was 57% (40% for nonpsychopaths, 51.2% for a mixed group, and 85% for psychopaths). The violent reoffense rate was 10% for the sample (nonpsychopaths 0%, mixed 7.3%, psychopaths 25%). All instruments were significantly correlated with general recidivism; however, the PCL-R was the best predictor of violent recidivism. Compared to the actuarial scales, the PCL-R had a higher predictive efficiency (Relative Improvement Over Chance (RIOC)) and yielded fewer decision errors. Most importantly, Factor 1 was a better predictor of violent recidivism than Factor 2, suggesting that the trait construct of psychopathy makes a unique contribution to the prediction of violent recidivism.
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Psychiatric Association (1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th edition). Washington, DC: Author.
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (1995).Manual for the Level of Service Inventory-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Blackburn, R. (1993).The psychology of criminal conduct. Chichester, England: Wiley.
Carson, R. C. (1991). Dilemmas in the pathway of DSM-IV.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 302–307.
Correctional Service of Canada (1989).Population profile report. Ottawa: Canada.
Gottfredson, D. M., & Bonds, J. A. (1961).A manual for intake base expectancy scoring. San Francisco: California Department of Corrections, Research Division.
Hare, R. D. (1981). Psychopathy and violence. In J. R. Hays, T. K. Roberts, & Solway, K. S. (Eds.),Violence and the violent individual (pp. 53–74). New York: Spectrum.
Hare, R. D. (1983). Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in two prison populations.American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 887–890.
Hare, R. D. (1991).Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D., Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Newman, J. P. (1990). The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: Reliability and factor structure.Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 338–341.
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 391–398.
Hare, R. D., & McPherson, L. M. (1984). Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths.International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7, 35–50.
Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 741–747.
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications.Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 6–17.
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism.Law and Human Behavior, 15, 625–637.
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 315–335.
Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1989). Discriminant validity of the Psychopathy Checklist in a forensic psychiatric population.Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 211–218.
Hart, S. D., Hare, R. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1992). The Psychopathy Checklist: Overview for researchers and clinicians. In J. Rosen & P. McReynolds (Eds.),Advances in Psychological Assessment, Vol. 7 (pp. 103–130). New York: Plenum.
Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 227–232.
Hoffman, P., & Beck, J. L. (1974). Parole decision-making: A salient factor score.Journal of Criminal Justice, 2, 195–206.
Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Evaluation of the construct validity of psychopathy in Black and White male inmates: Three preliminary studies.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 250–259.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (1994). Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy.Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 17–38.
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review.Psychological Bulletin, 94, 68–99.
Meloy, J. R. (1995). Treatment of antisocial personality disorder. In G. Gabbard (Ed.),Treatments of psychiatric disorders: The DSM-IV Edition, (pp. 2273–2290), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Millon, T. (1981).Disorders of personality; DSM-III: Axis II. New York: Wiley.
Monahan, J. (1981).Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mulvey, E. P., & Lidz, C. W. (1984). Clinical considerations in the prediction of dangerousness in mental patients.Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 379–401.
Newman, J. P., & Wallace, J. F. (1993). Psychopathy and cognition. In K. S. Dobson and P. C. Kendall (Eds.),Psychopathology and cognition (pp. 293–349). Orlando, FL: Academic.
Nuffield, J. (1982).Parole decision-making in Canada: Research towards decision guidelines. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada.
Quinsey, V. L., Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1994). The actuarial prediction of sexual recidivism.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 85–105.
Quinsey, V. L., & Walker, W. D. (1992). Dealing with dangerousness: Community risk management strategies with violent offenders. In R. DeV. Peters, R. J. McMahon, & V. L. Quinsey (Eds.),Aggression and violence throughout the life span (pp. 244–262) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Quinsey, V. L. (1990). A follow-up of rapists assessed in maximum security psychiatric facility.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 435–448.
Rogers, R., Duncan, J. C., Lynett, E., & Sewell, K. E. (1994). Prototypical analysis of antisocial personality disorder: DSM-IV and beyond.Law and Human Behavior, 18, 471–484.
Serin, R. C. (1991). Psychopathy and violence in criminals.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 423–431.
Serin, R. C., & Amos, N. L. (1995). The role of psychopathy in the assessment of dangerousness.International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 231–238.
Serin, R. C., & Barbaree, H. E. (1993). Decision issues in risk assessment.Forum on Corrections Research, 5, 22–25.
Serin, R. C., Peters, R. DeV., & Barbaree, H. E. (1990). Predictors of psychopathy and release outcome in a criminal population.Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 419–422.
Steadman, H. J., Monahan, J., Robins, P. C., Applebaum, P., Grissor, T., Klassen, D., Mulvey, E. P., & Roth, L. (1993). From dangerousness to risk assessment: Implications for appropriate research strategies. In S. Hodgins (Ed.),Mental disorder and crime (pp. 39–62). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Webster, C. D., Dickens, B., & Addario, S. (1985).Constructing dangerousness: Scientific, legal and policy implications. Research report of the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Webster, C. D., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Cormier, C., & Quinsey, V. L. (1994).The violence prediction scheme: Assessing dangerousness in high risk men. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto. Williamson.
Hare, S., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. (1987). Violence: Criminal psychopaths and their victims.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 19, 454–462.
Wong, S. (1984).The criminal and institutional behaviours of psychopaths. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.
Wulach, J. S. (1983). Diagnosing the DSM-III antisocial personality disorder.Professional Psychology, 14, 330–340.