Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise

Journal of the American College of Cardiology - Tập 72 - Trang 1622-1639 - 2018
Gerald F. Fletcher1, Carolyn Landolfo1, Josef Niebauer2, Cemal Ozemek3, Ross Arena3, Carl J. Lavie4
1Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
2Universitätsinstitut für Präventive und Rehabilitative Sportmedizin, Institut für Sportmedizin des Landes Salzburg, Sportmedizin des Olympiazentrums Salzburg-Rif, Salzburg, Austria
3Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
4Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute Ochsner Clinical School–The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana

Tài liệu tham khảo

Fletcher, 2013, Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 128, 873, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44 Lavie, 2015, Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes, Circ Res, 117, 207, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205 Katzmarzyk, 2017, Epidemiology of physical activity and exercise training in the United States, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 3, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.01.004 Wisloff, 2017, Taking physical activity, exercise, and fitness to a higher level, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 1, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.06.002 Vuori, 2013, Physical activity promotion in the health care system, Mayo Clin Proc, 88, 1446, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.020 Harber, 2017, Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: advances since 2009, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 11, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.001 Nauman, 2017, Global fitness levels: findings from a web-based surveillance report, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 78, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.01.009 Turco, 2018, Cardiovascular health promotion: an issue that can no longer wait, J Am Coll Cardiol, 72, 908, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.007 Arem, 2015, Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship, JAMA Intern Med, 175, 959, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533 Dumith, 2011, Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries, Prev Med, 53, 24, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.02.017 Owen, 2010, Sedentary behavior: emerging evidence for a new health risk, Mayo Clin Proc, 85, 1138, 10.4065/mcp.2010.0444 Rey-Lopez, 2010, Sedentary patterns and media availability in European adolescents: the HELENA study, Prev Med, 51, 50, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.03.013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2005-2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed August 1, 2018. Carlson, 2010, Trend and prevalence estimates based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, Am J Prev Med, 39, 305, 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.06.006 Lee, 2012, Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy, Lancet, 380, 219, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 Biswas, 2015, Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 162, 123, 10.7326/M14-1651 Ekelund, 2016, Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women, Lancet, 388, 1302, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1 Matthews, 2008, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004, Am J Epidemiol, 167, 875, 10.1093/aje/kwm390 Powell, 1987, Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease, Annu Rev Public Health, 8, 253, 10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345 Yusuf, 2004, Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, Lancet, 364, 937, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9 Adams, 2015, Reversing heart failure-associated pathophysiology with exercise: what actually improves and by how much?, Heart Fail Clin, 11, 17, 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.08.001 Adams, 2017, Molecular effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease: focus on skeletal muscle, endothelium and myocardium, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 313, H72, 10.1152/ajpheart.00470.2016 King, 1995, Long-term effects of varying intensities and formats of physical activity on participation rates, fitness, and lipoproteins in men and women aged 50 to 65 years, Circulation, 91, 2596, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.10.2596 Kraus, 2002, Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins, N Engl J Med, 347, 1483, 10.1056/NEJMoa020194 Halverstadt, 2007, Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women, Metabolism, 56, 444, 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.019 Smith, 1999, Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease, JAMA, 281, 1722, 10.1001/jama.281.18.1722 Wang, 1995, Effects of exercise training and deconditioning on platelet function in men, Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol, 15, 1668, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.10.1668 Stevenson, 1995, Hemostatic, metabolic, and androgenic risk factors for coronary heart disease in physically active and less active postmenopausal women, Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol, 15, 669, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.5.669 Koenig, 1997, Leisure-time physical activity but not work-related physical activity is associated with decreased plasma viscosity. Results from a large population sample, Circulation, 95, 335, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.2.335 Levine, 1995, Exercise training and blood viscosity in patients with ischemic heart disease, Am J Cardiol, 76, 80, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80808-X Fletcher, 1995, Exercise standards. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group, Circulation, 91, 580, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.2.580 Fletcher, 1996, Circulation, 94, 857, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857 Sixt, 2008, Exercise training but not rosiglitazone improves endothelial function in pre-diabetic patients with coronarary disease, Eur J Cardiov Prev R, 15, 473, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283002733 Sixt, 2010, 6 months multifactorial intervention with focus on exercise training in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease improves cardiovascular risk factor profile and endothelial dysfunction, Eur Heart J, 31, 112, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp398 Kachur, 2017, Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in coronary heart disease, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 103, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.07.002 Strasser, 2010, Resistance training in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of resistance training on metabolic clustering in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism, Sports Med, 40, 397, 10.2165/11531380-000000000-00000 Wendel-Vos, 2004, Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data, Int J Epidemiol, 33, 787, 10.1093/ije/dyh168 Howard, 2015, Physical activity in primary stroke prevention: just do it!, Stroke, 46, 1735, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.006317 Michaud, 2001, Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer, JAMA, 286, 921, 10.1001/jama.286.8.921 Kushi, 2012, American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity, CA Cancer J Clin, 62, 30, 10.3322/caac.20140 Wolin, 2009, Physical activity and colon cancer prevention: a meta- analysis, Br J Cancer, 100, 611, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604917 Boyle, 2012, Physical activity and risks of proximal and distal colon cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Natl Cancer Inst, 104, 1548, 10.1093/jnci/djs354 Marcus, 1999, The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med, 159, 1229, 10.1001/archinte.159.11.1229 Loprinzi, 2015, Exercise and cognitive function: a randomized controlled trial examining acute exercise and free-living physical activity and sedentary effects, Mayo Clin Proc, 90, 450, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.023 Northey, 2018, Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis, Br J Sports Med, 52, 154, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587 Herring, 2010, The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review, Arch Intern Med, 170, 321, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.530 Lavie, 2016, Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on psychological risk factors and subsequent prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease, Can J Cardiol, 32 Suppl, S365, 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.508 Blair, 1989, Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women, JAMA, 262, 2395, 10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028 Blair, 1996, Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women, JAMA, 276, 205, 10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029 Sandvik, 1993, Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men, N Engl J Med, 328, 533, 10.1056/NEJM199302253280803 Leon, 1987, Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, JAMA, 258, 2388, 10.1001/jama.1987.03400170074026 Paffenbarger, 1993, The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men, N Engl J Med, 328, 538, 10.1056/NEJM199302253280804 Sesso, 2000, Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: the Harvard Alumni Health Study, Circulation, 102, 975, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.9.975 Lee, 2000, Physical activity and coronary heart disease risk in men: does the duration of exercise episodes predict risk?, Circulation, 102, 981, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.9.981 Lee, 2003, Relative intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease, Circulation, 107, 1110, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052626.63602.58 Ekelund, 1988, Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. The Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study, N Engl J Med, 319, 1379, 10.1056/NEJM198811243192104 Kujala, 1998, Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish twin cohort, JAMA, 279, 440, 10.1001/jama.279.6.440 Manson, 1999, A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women, N Engl J Med, 341, 650, 10.1056/NEJM199908263410904 Manson, 2002, Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women, N Engl J Med, 347, 716, 10.1056/NEJMoa021067 Lee, 2001, Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is “no pain, no gain” passe?, JAMA, 285, 1447, 10.1001/jama.285.11.1447 Mora, 2003, Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all- cause death in asymptomatic women: a 20-year follow-up of the lipid research clinics prevalence study, JAMA, 290, 1600, 10.1001/jama.290.12.1600 Gulati, 2005, The prognostic value of a nomograrn for exercise capacity in women, N Engl J Med, 353, 468, 10.1056/NEJMoa044154 Wagner, 2002, Physical activity and coronary event incidence in Northern Ireland and France: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME), Circulation, 105, 2247, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016345.58696.4F Tanasescu, 2002, Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men, JAMA, 288, 1994, 10.1001/jama.288.16.1994 LaMonte, 2000, Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors: the LDS Hospital Fitness Institute cohort, Circulation, 102, 1623, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623 Laukkanen, 2001, Cardiovascular fitness as a predictor of mortality in men, Arch Intern Med, 161, 825, 10.1001/archinte.161.6.825 Myers, 2002, Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing, N Engl J Med, 346, 793, 10.1056/NEJMoa011858 Blair, 1995, Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men, JAMA, 273, 1093, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520380029031 Carnethon, 2003, Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, JAMA, 290, 3092, 10.1001/jama.290.23.3092 Soares-Miranda, 2016, Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health study, Circulation, 133, 147, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018323 Lavie, 2016, A call to increase physical activity across the globe in the 21st century, Future Cardiol, 12, 605, 10.2217/fca-2016-0055 Clark, 2005, Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease, Ann Intern Med, 143, 659, 10.7326/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010 Taylor, 2004, Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am J Med, 116, 682, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.009 Wannamethee, 2000, Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease, Circulation, 102, 1358, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.12.1358 Steffen-Batey, 2000, Change in level of physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality or reinfarction: the Corpus Christi Heart Project, Circulation, 102, 2204, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2204 Anderson, 2016, Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 67, 1, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.044 Lavie, 2016, Cardiac rehabilitation and healthy life-style interventions: rectifying program deficiencies to improve patient outcomes, J Am Coll Cardiol, 67, 13, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.103 Lavie, 2018, Making cardiac rehabilitation more available and affordable, Heart Moholdt, 2017, Interaction of physical activity and body mass index on mortality in coronary heart disease: data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Am J Med, 130, 949, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.043 Moholdt, 2018, Sustained physical activity, not weight loss, associated with improved survival in coronary heart disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 71, 1094, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.011 Fihn, 2012, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 2564, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.012 Bauman, 2012, Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?, Lancet, 380, 258, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1 DeMoor, 2009, Genome-wide association study of exercise behavior in Dutch and American adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41, 1887, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a2f646 Moore-Harrison, 2010, Driven to be inactive: the genetics of physical activity, Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 94, 271, 10.1016/B978-0-12-375003-7.00010-8 Simonen, 2002, Familial aggregation of physical activity levels in the Quebec family study, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34, 1137, 10.1097/00005768-200207000-00014 Stubbe, 2006, Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37051 twin pairs from seven countries, PLoS One, 1, e22, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000022 Lauderdale, 1997, Familial determinants of moderate and intense physical activity: a twin study, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29, 1062, 10.1097/00005768-199708000-00012 Choi, 2017, Correlates associated with participation in physical activity among adults: a systematic review of reviews and update, BMC Public Health, 17, 356, 10.1186/s12889-017-4255-2 Piepoli, 2016, 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice, Eur Heart J, 37, 2315, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106 Smith, 2011, AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 2432, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.824 Lawler, 2011, Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post- myocardial infarction: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Am Heart J, 162, 571, 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.07.017 Suaya, 2009, Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 25, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.078 Lavie, 2017, Enhancing cardiac rehabilitation in women, J Womens Health, 26, 817, 10.1089/jwh.2017.6476 Bennett, 2017, Cardiac rehabilitation following acute coronary syndrome in women, Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 19, 57, 10.1007/s11936-017-0559-x Arena R. The Case for Cardiac Rehabilitation Post-PCI and Why We Aren't Meeting Our Goal. American College of Cardiology website. August 14, 2015. Available at: http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/08/13/14/10/the-case-for-cardiac-rehabilitation-post-pci. Accessed October 22, 2015. Arena, 2012, Increasing referral and participation rates to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: the valuable role of healthcare professionals in the inpatient and home health settings: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 125, 1321, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318246b1e5 Sandesara, 2015, Cardiac rehabilitation and risk reduction: time to “rebrand and reinvigorate.”, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 389, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.059 De Schutter, 2018, Cardiac rehabilitation fitness changes and subsequent survival, Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 4, 173 Franklin, 2013, Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness: implications regarding patient benefit, Mayo Clin Pro, 88, 431, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.03.009 Maddison, 2018, Effects and costs of real-time cardiac telerehabilitation: randomised controlled noninferiority trial, Heart O'Donovan, 2017, Association of “weekend warrior” and other leisure time physical activity patterns with risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality, JAMA Intern Med, 177, 335, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8014 Hamer, 2012, Low-dose physical activity attenuates cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women with clustered metabolic risk factors, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 5, 494, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.965434 Lee, 2014, Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 472, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058 Eijsvogels, 2015, Exercise is medicine: at any dose?, JAMA, 314, 1915, 10.1001/jama.2015.10858 Arena, 2018, Let us talk about moving: reframing the exercise and physical activity discussion, Curr Probl Cardiol, 43, 154, 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2017.06.002 Mozaffarian, 2016, Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 133, 447, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000366 Sallis, 1990, Determinants of exercise behavior, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 18, 307, 10.1249/00003677-199001000-00014 Lee, 2013, Neighborhood walking among overweight and obese adults: age variations in barriers and motivators, J Community Health, 38, 12 Merom, 2016, Dancing participation and cardiovascular disease mortality: a pooled analysis of 11 population-based British cohorts, Am J Prev Med, 50, 756, 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.01.004 Krustrup, 2017, Broad-spectrum health improvements with one year of soccer training in inactive mildly hypertensive middle-aged women, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 27, 1893, 10.1111/sms.12829 Berger, 2018, Associations between bicycling for transportation and cardiometabolic risk factors among Minneapolis-Saint Paul area commuters: a cross-sectional study in working-age adults, Am J Health Promot, 32, 631, 10.1177/0890117117710735 Furie, 2012, Active transportation and cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. adults, Am J Prev Med, 43, 621, 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.034 Brawley, 2003, Promoting physical activity for older adults: the challenges for changing behavior, Am J Prev Med, 25, 172, 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00182-X Bunn, 2018, Current state of commercial wearable technology in physical activity monitoring 2015-2017, Int J Exerc Sci, 11, 503 Wright, 2017, How consumer physical activity monitors could transform human physiology research, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 312, R358, 10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2016 Kanejima, 2018, Self-monitoring to increase physical activity in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Aging Clin Exp Res Feldman, 2018, Harnessing mHealth technologies to increase physical activity and prevent cardiovascular disease, Clin Cardiol, 41, 985, 10.1002/clc.22968 Jakicic, 2016, Effect of wearable technology combined with a lifestyle intervention on long-term weight loss: the IDEA randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 316, 1161, 10.1001/jama.2016.12858 Zisko, 2017, Personal activity intelligence (PAI), sedentary behavior and cardiovascular risk factor clustering: the HUNT study, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 89, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.02.007 2008 Kay, 2014, Awareness and knowledge of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, J Phys Act Health, 11, 693, 10.1123/jpah.2012-0171 Sallis, 2009, Exercise is medicine and physicians need to prescribe it!, Br J Sports Med, 43, 3, 10.1136/bjsm.2008.054825 Lobelo, 2018, Routine assessment and promotion of physical activity in healthcare settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 137, e495, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000559 Sallis, 2015, Strategies for promoting physical activity in clinical practice, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 57, 375, 10.1016/j.pcad.2014.10.003 Grant, 2014, Exercise as a vital sign: a quasi-experimental analysis of a health system intervention to collect patient-reported exercise levels, J Gen Intern Med, 29, 341, 10.1007/s11606-013-2693-9 Arena, 2015, The healthy lifestyle team is central to the success of accountable care organizations, Mayo Clin Proc, 90, 572, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.017 Arena, 2015, Mayo Clin Proc, 90, 1082, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.001 Gong, 2018, Persistent effect at 30-month post intervention of a community-based randomized trial of KM2H(2) in reducing stroke and heart attack among senior hypertensive patients, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 15, 1, 10.1186/s12966-017-0635-3 Hutchison, 2009, Physical activity behavior change interventions based on the transtheoretical model: a systematic review, Health Educ Behav, 36, 829, 10.1177/1090198108318491 2015, Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 385, 117, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 Ng, 2012, Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe, Obes Rev, 13, 659, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00982.x Sallis, 2016, Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study, Lancet, 387, 2207, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2 Smith, 2017, Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport: an update and new findings on health equity, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 14, 158, 10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9 Hirsch, 2014, Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time: longitudinal results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Am J Epidemiol, 180, 799, 10.1093/aje/kwu218 Barrientos-Gutierrez, 2017, Neighborhood physical Environment and changes in body mass index: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Am J Epidemiol, 186, 1237, 10.1093/aje/kwx186 Hochsmann, 2018, Effect of e-bike versus bike commuting on cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight adults: a 4-week randomized pilot study, Clin J Sport Med, 28, 255, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000438 Arena, 2017, Public park spaces as a platform to promote healthy living: introducing a HealthPark concept, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 152, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.05.010 Chow, 2018, Does the use of outdoor fitness equipment by older adults qualify as moderate to vigorous physical activity?, PLoS One, 13, e0196507, 10.1371/journal.pone.0196507 Cranney, 2016, Impact of an outdoor gym on park users' physical activity: a natural experiment, Health Place, 37, 26, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.11.002 Serrano, 2018, Sub-population differences in the relationship between the neighborhood environment and Latinas' daily walking and vehicle time, J Transp Health, 8, 210 2010 Zubin Maslov, 2018, Personalized exercise dose prescription, Eur Heart J, 39, 2346, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx686 Lee, 2017, Running as a key lifestyle medicine for longevity, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 60, 45, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005 Wen, 2011, Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy, Lancet, 378, 1244, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6 Schnohr, 2015, Dose of jogging and long-term mortality, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 411, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.023 Williams, 2014, Increased cardiovascular disease mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack survivors, Mayo Clin Proc, 89, 1187, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.05.006 Mons, 2014, A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease, Heart, 100, 1043, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305242 Lavie, 2015, Exercise and the heart: the harm of too little and too much, Curr Sports Med Rep, 14, 104, 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000134 Lavie, 2015, Effects of running on chronic diseases and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, Mayo Clin Proc, 90, 1541, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001 Lee, 2015, Optimal dose of running for longevity: is more better or worse?, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 420, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.022 Lee, 2016, Running and mortality: is more actually worse?, Mayo Clin Proc, 91, 534, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.013 Armstrong, 2015, Frequent physical activity may not reduce vascular disease risk as much as moderate activity, Circulation, 131, 721, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010296 Ross, 2016, Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 134, E653, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461 Andersen, 2016, Update on the global pandemic of physical inactivity, Lancet, 388, 1255, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30960-6 Sallis, 2011, Developing healthcare systems to support exercise: exercise as the fifth vital sign, Br J Sports Med, 45, 473, 10.1136/bjsm.2010.083469 Arena, 2017, Let's talk about moving: the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise, steps and sitting on cardiovascular risk, Braz J Cardiovasc Surg, 32, III Hivert, 2016, Medical training to achieve competency in lifestyle counseling: an essential foundation for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic medical conditions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 134, e308, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000442 O'Brien, 2017, Health care provider confidence and exercise prescription practices of Exercise is Medicine Canada workshop attendees, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 42, 384, 10.1139/apnm-2016-0413 Jensen, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63 part B, 2985, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 Hivert, 2017, Training health professionals to deliver healthy living medicine, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 59, 471, 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.02.004 Luckman, 2017, An investigation into UK medical students' knowledge of lifestyle factors on cancer, Scott Med J, 62, 110, 10.1177/0036933017706896 Bairey Merz, 2009, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1336, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.019 2004 Windt, 2015, Can a 3-hour educational workshop and the provision of practical tools encourage family physicians to prescribe physical activity as medicine? A pre-post study, BMJ Open, 5, e007920, 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007920 Fowles, 2018, Exercise is Medicine Canada physical activity counselling and exercise prescription training improves counselling, prescription, and referral practices among physicians across Canada, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 43, 535, 10.1139/apnm-2017-0763 Lang, 2013, The provision of weight management advice: an investigation into occupational therapy practice, Aust Occup Ther J, 60, 387, 10.1111/1440-1630.12073 Curran, 2010, Dentists' attitudes about their role in addressing obesity in patients: a national survey, J Am Dent Assoc, 141, 1307, 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0075 Arena, 2016, Who will deliver comprehensive healthy lifestyle interventions to combat non-communicable disease? Introducing the healthy lifestyle practitioner discipline, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 14, 15, 10.1586/14779072.2016.1107477