Stand structure and development after gypsy moth defoliation in the Appalachian Plateau

Forest Ecology and Management - Tập 89 - Trang 79-88 - 1996
Mary Ann Fajvan1, John M. Wood1
1Division of Forestry, West Virginia University, Box 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506-6125, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abrams, 1990, Successional replacement of old-growth white oak by mixed mesophytic hardwoods in southwestern Pennsylvania, Can. J. For. Res., 20, 1864, 10.1139/x90-250 Allen, 1989, Regeneration in oak stands following gypsy moth defoliation, 67 Campbell, 1977, Forest stand responses to defoliation by the gypsy moth, For. Sci. Monogr., 19, 34 Canham, 1988, Growth and canopy architecture of shadetolerant trees: response to canopy gaps, Ecology, 63, 786, 10.2307/1941027 Clinton, 1994, Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: Influence of topographic position and evergreen understory, Am. Midl. Nat., 132, 308, 10.2307/2426587 Collins, 1961, Benefits to understory from canopy defoliation by gypsy moth larvae, Ecology, 42, 836, 10.2307/1933521 Crow, 1988, Reproductive mode and mechanisms for selfreplacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra)—A review, For. Sci., 34, 19 Davison, 1980, Vegetational change in a mature oak forest: a thirty year study, 93 Ehrenfeld, 1980, Understory response to canopy gaps of varying size in a mature oak forest, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club., 107, 29, 10.2307/2484848 Fosbroke, 1989, Tree mortality following gypsy moth defoliation in southwestern Pennsylvania, 74 Gingrich, 1967, Measuring and evaluating stand density in upland hardwood forests in the central states, For. Sci., 13, 38 Godman, 1990, Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Vol. 2, 877 Gottschalk, 1987, Prevention: the silvicultural alternative, 105 Guldin, 1985, Crown differentiation in even-aged northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes region, USA, For. Ecol. Manage., 10, 65, 10.1016/0378-1127(85)90014-3 Hibbs, 1982, Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest, Can. J. For. Res., 12, 522, 10.1139/x82-081 Hibbs, 1983, Forty years of forest succession in central New England, Ecology, 64, 1394, 10.2307/1937493 Hix, 1991, Development of regeneration following gypsy moth defoliation of Appalachian Plateau and Ridge and Valley hardwood stands Hodges, 1992, Ecology and physiology of oak regeneration, 54 Kelty, 1986, Development patterns in two hemlock-hardwood stands in southern New England, Can. J. For. Res., 16, 885, 10.1139/x86-158 Kittredge, 1988, The influence of species composition on the growth of individual red oaks in mixed stands in southern New England, Can. J. For. Res., 18, 1550, 10.1139/x88-237 Loftis, 1990, A shelterwood method for regenerating red oak in the southern Appalachians, For. Sci., 36, 917 Lorimer, 1980, Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest, Ecology, 61, 1169, 10.2307/1936836 Lorimer, 1984, Development of the red maple understory in northeastern oak forests, For. Sci., 30, 3 Lorimer, 1992, Causes of the oak regeneration problem, 14 Lorimer, 1994, Tall understory vegetation is a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands, J. Ecol., 82, 227, 10.2307/2261291 Mantel, 1963, Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom: extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, Am. Stat. Assoc. J., 48, 690, 10.2307/2282717 Marquis, 1992, Prescribing silvicultural treatments in hardwood stands of the Alleghenies, 90 McGee, 1984, Heavy mortality and sucession in a virgin mixed mesophytic forest, USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station Research Paper SO-209, 9 Oliver, 1978, Development of northern red oak in mixed species stands in central New England, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bull. no. 91, 63 Oliver, 1977, Reconstruction of a mixed species forest in central New England, Ecology, 58, 562, 10.2307/1939005 Rudolph, 1976, Silvicultural cuttings in an oak-hickory stand in Michigan: 21 year results, 431 Sander, 1983, Oak-hickory, 116 Smith, 1983, Appalachian mixed hardwoods, 141