Gut memories: Towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews - Tập 36 - Trang 310-340 - 2012
Paul J. Kennedy1,2, Gerard Clarke1,2, Eamonn M.M. Quigley1,3, John A. Groeger4, Timothy G. Dinan1,2, John F. Cryan1,5
1Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
2Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
3Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
4School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
5Department of Anatomy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aaron, 2001, A review of the evidence for overlap among unexplained clinical conditions, Ann. Intern. Med., 134, 868, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_Part_2-200105011-00011 Adeyemi, 1999, Characterization of autonomic dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome by means of heart rate variability studies, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 94, 816, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00861.x Adeyemo, 2010, Meta-analysis: do irritable bowel syndrome symptoms vary between men and women?, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 32, 738, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04409.x Afzal, 2006, Selective processing of gastrointestinal symptom-related stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome, Psychosom. Med., 68, 758, 10.1097/01.psy.0000232270.78071.28 Aisa, 2007, Cognitive impairment associated to HPA axis hyperactivity after maternal separation in rats, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 256, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.013 Aisa, 2008, Effects of maternal separation on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal responses, cognition and vulnerability to stress in adult female rats, Neuroscience, 154, 1218, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.011 Al-Khatib, 2009, Immune activation and gut microbes in irritable bowel syndrome, Gut Liver, 3, 14, 10.5009/gnl.2009.3.1.14 Alley, 2008, Inflammation and rate of cognitive change in high-functioning older adults, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 63, 50, 10.1093/gerona/63.1.50 Aloe, 1999, Overexpression of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the brain of transgenic mice differentially alters nerve growth factor levels and choline acetyltransferase activity, Cytokine, 11, 45, 10.1006/cyto.1998.0397 Altamura, 2010, Prefrontal cortex modulation during anticipation of working memory demands as revealed by magnetoencephalography, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging, 10.1155/2010/840416 Altman, 2006, Increased symptoms in female IBS patients with dysmenorrhea and PMS, Gastroenterol. Nurs., 29, 4, 10.1097/00001610-200601000-00002 Alvarez, 2006, Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review, Neuropsychol. Rev., 16, 17, 10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x Anisman, 1998, Do early-life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors?, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 16, 149, 10.1016/S0736-5748(98)00025-2 Arnold, 2002, Using an interleukin-6 challenge to evaluate neuropsychological performance in chronic fatigue syndrome, Psychol. Med., 32, 1075, 10.1017/S0033291702006086 Austin, 2001, Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology, Br. J. Psychiatry, 178, 200, 10.1192/bjp.178.3.200 Azpiroz, 2007, Mechanisms of hypersensitivity in IBS and functional disorders, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 19, 62, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00875.x Backhed, 2005, Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine, Science, 307, 1915, 10.1126/science.1104816 Baier, 2009, Impaired hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning in IL-6 deficient mice, Behav. Brain Res., 200, 192, 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.013 Balschun, 2004, Interleukin-6: a cytokine to forget, FASEB J., 18, 1788, 10.1096/fj.04-1625fje Banich, 2009, Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: a neural perspective with implications for psychopathology, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 33, 613, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.010 Bantick, 2002, Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI, Brain Behav. Immun., 125, 310 Baran, 2009, Chronic stress and sex differences on the recall of fear conditioning and extinction, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 91, 323, 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.11.005 Barnett, 2010, Assessing cognitive function in clinical trials of schizophrenia, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 34, 1161, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012 Barrientos, 2002, Memory for context is impaired by a post context exposure injection of interleukin-1 beta into dorsal hippocampus, Behav. Brain Res., 134, 291, 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00043-8 Baune, 2008, Association between IL-8 cytokine and cognitive performance in an elderly general population—the MEMO-study, Neurobiol. Aging, 29, 937, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.003 Beck, 1963, Thinking and depression. I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 9, 324, 10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002 Beck, 1964, Thinking and depression. II. Theory and therapy, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 10, 561, 10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720240015003 Beck, 1987, Cognitive models of depression, J. Cogn. Psychother., 1, 5 Beck, 2005, The current state of cognitive therapy: a 40-year retrospective, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 62, 953, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.953 Beck, 2008, The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates, Am. J. Psychiatry, 165, 969, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721 Bellani, 2006, Peripubertal anxiety profile can predict predisposition to spatial memory impairments following chronic stress, Behav. Brain Res., 166, 263, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.08.006 Benedetti, 1996, The opposite effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone and the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide on placebo analgesia, Pain, 64, 535, 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00179-4 Benedetti, 1997, The neurobiology of placebo analgesia: from endogenous opioids to cholecystokinin, Prog. Neurobiol., 52, 109, 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00006-3 Benedetti, 1995, Potentiation of placebo analgesia by proglumide, Lancet, 346, 1231, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92938-X Berman, 2002, Condition-specific deactivation of brain regions by 5-HT3 receptor antagonist Alosetron, Gastroenterology, 123, 969, 10.1053/gast.2002.35990 Berman, 2000, Gender differences in regional brain response to visceral pressure in IBS patients, Eur. J. Pain, 4, 157, 10.1053/eujp.2000.0167 Berman, 2008, Reduced brainstem inhibition during anticipated pelvic visceral pain correlates with enhanced brain response to the visceral stimulus in women with irritable bowel syndrome, J. Neurosci., 28, 349, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2500-07.2008 Bingel, 2006, Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: rACC recruitment of a subcortical antinociceptive network, Pain, 120, 8, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.08.027 Birnbaum, 1999, A role for norepinephrine in stress-induced cognitive deficits: alpha-1-adrenoceptor mediation in the prefrontal cortex, Biol. Psychiatry, 46, 1266, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00138-9 Bjugstad, 1998, Preventive actions of a synthetic antioxidant in a novel animal model of AIDS dementia, Brain Res., 795, 349, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00351-5 Blanchard, 2005, A critical review of cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive–behavioral therapies for irritable bowel syndrome, J. Cogn. Psychother., 19, 101, 10.1891/jcop.19.2.101.66787 Blanchard, 2007, A controlled evaluation of group cognitive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, Behav. Res. Ther., 45, 633, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.003 Bohmelt, 2005, Basal and stimulated hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders and healthy controls, Psychosom. Med., 67, 288, 10.1097/01.psy.0000157064.72831.ba Bondi, 2008, Chronic unpredictable stress induces a cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in rats that is prevented by chronic antidepressant drug treatment, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 320, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301410 Borkowska, 2009, The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the N-back test in mild cognitive impairment and elderly depression, World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 10, 870, 10.1080/15622970701557985 Bos, 2009, Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function, Front. Behav. Neurosci., 3, 16, 10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009 Bouin, 2002, Rectal distention testing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pain sensory thresholds, Gastroenterology, 122, 1771, 10.1053/gast.2002.33601 Bourdeau, 2002, Loss of brain volume in endogenous Cushing's syndrome and its reversibility after correction of hypercortisolism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 1949 Bowie, 2008, Predicting schizophrenia patients’ real-world behavior with specific neuropsychological and functional capacity measures, Biol. Psychiatry, 63, 505, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.022 Bowman, 2001, Chronic restraint stress enhances radial arm maze performance in female rats, Brain Res., 904, 279, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02474-X Braida, 2004, Cognitive function in young and adult IL (interleukin)-6 deficient mice, Behav. Brain Res., 153, 423, 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.12.018 Bravo, 2011, Alterations in the central CRF system of two different rat models of comorbid depression and functional gastrointestinal disorders, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 14, 666, 10.1017/S1461145710000994 Bravo, J.A., Scaravage, E., Chew, M., Forsythe, P., Dinan, T.G., Bienenstock, J., Cryan, J.F., 2010. The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri induces constitutive changes in central GABA receptor expression. SFN 795.17/FFF2 (abstract). Bremner, 2003, Neural correlates of declarative memory for emotionally valenced words in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to early childhood sexual abuse, Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 879, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01891-7 Brennan, 2004, Proinflammatory cytokines differentially affect leverpress avoidance acquisition in rats, Behav. Brain Res., 153, 351, 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.12.025 Brooks, 2002, fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention, Neuroimage, 15, 293, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0974 Buchanan, 2001, Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 307, 10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00058-5 Buckner, 2001, The cognitive neuroscience of remembering, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2, 624, 10.1038/35090048 Burke, 2005, Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010 Burr, 2009, Catecholamine and cortisol levels during sleep in women with irritable bowel syndrome, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 21, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01351.x Bush, 2002, Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 523, 10.1073/pnas.012470999 Bushnell, 1999, Pain perception: is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 7705, 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7705 Cahill, 2006, Why sex matters for neuroscience, Nat. Rev., 7, 477, 10.1038/nrn1909 Cahill, 2003, Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding, Learn. Mem., 10, 270, 10.1101/lm.62403 Cahill, 1996, Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 8016, 10.1073/pnas.93.15.8016 Camilleri, 2001, Management of the irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 120, 652, 10.1053/gast.2001.21908 Capuron, 2009, Does cytokine-induced depression differ from idiopathic major depression in medically healthy individuals?, J. Affect. Disord., 119, 181, 10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.017 Casement, 2006, The contribution of sleep to improvements in working memory scanning speed: a study of prolonged sleep restriction, Biol. Psychol., 72, 208, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.002 Cebra, 1999, Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 1046S, 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1046s Cerqueira, 2007, The prefrontal cortex as a key target of the maladaptive response to stress, J. Neurosci., 27, 2781, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4372-06.2007 Cerqueira, 2005, Morphological correlates of corticosteroid-induced changes in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviors, J. Neurosci., 25, 7792, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1598-05.2005 Chadwick, 2002, Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 122, 1778, 10.1053/gast.2002.33579 Chan, 2008, Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues, Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol., 23, 201, 10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010 Chang, 2002, Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 123, 1686, 10.1053/gast.2002.36603 Chang, 2001, Sensation of bloating and visible abdominal distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 3341, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05336.x Chang, 2009, Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in irritable bowel syndrome, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 21, 149, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01171.x Chapman, 2011, Attention to pain words in irritable bowel syndrome: increased orienting and speeded engagement, Br. J. Health Psychol., 16, 47, 10.1348/135910710X505887 Chen, 2008, Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system, Brain Behav. Immun., 22, 301, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.014 Chitkara, 2008, Early life risk factors that contribute to irritable bowel syndrome in adults: a systematic review, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 103, 765, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01722.x Christodoulou, 1998, Relation between neuropsychological impairment and functional disability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 64, 431, 10.1136/jnnp.64.4.431 Chrousos, 2009, Stress and disorders of the stress system, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 5, 374, 10.1038/nrendo.2009.106 Chuah, 2008, Functional neuroimaging of sleep deprived healthy volunteers and persons with sleep disorders: a brief review, Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 37, 689, 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N8p689 Chuah, 2006, The neural basis of interindividual variability in inhibitory efficiency after sleep deprivation, J. Neurosci., 26, 7156, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0906-06.2006 Chudasama, 2006, Functions of frontostriatal systems in cognition: comparative neuropsychopharmacological studies in rats, monkeys and humans, Biol. Psychol., 73, 19, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.005 Clark, 2010, Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: convergence with neurobiological findings, Trends Cogn. Sci., 14, 418, 10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.007 Clarke, 2009, Tryptophan degradation in irritable bowel syndrome: evidence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in a male cohort, BMC Gastroenterol., 9, 6, 10.1186/1471-230X-9-6 Clarke, 2010, Marked elevations in pro-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites in females with irritable bowel syndrome, J. Lipid Res., 51, 1186, 10.1194/jlr.P000695 Clarke, 2009, Chain reactions: early-life stress alters the metabolic profile of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids in adulthood, Behav. Brain Res., 205, 319, 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.008 Clarke, 2009, Irritable bowel syndrome: towards biomarker identification, Trends Mol. Med., 15, 478, 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.08.001 Codling, 2010, A molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome, Dig. Dis. Sci., 55, 392, 10.1007/s10620-009-0934-x Cohen, 2003, Endotoxin-induced changes in human working and declarative memory associate with cleavage of plasma “readthrough” acetylcholinesterase, J. Mol. Neurosci., 21, 199, 10.1385/JMN:21:3:199 Collins, 2002, A case for an immunological basis for irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 122, 2078, 10.1053/gast.2002.34097 Collins, 2009, The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease, Gastroenterology, 136, 2003, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.075 Colvert, 2008, Do theory of mind and executive function deficits underlie the adverse outcomes associated with profound early deprivation?: findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 36, 1057, 10.1007/s10802-008-9232-x Colzato, 2010, Estrogen modulates inhibitory control in healthy human females: evidence from the stop-signal paradigm, Neuroscience, 167, 709, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.029 Compton, 2003, Paying attention to emotion: an fMRI investigation of cognitive and emotional stroop tasks, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 3, 81, 10.3758/CABN.3.2.81 Conners, 2000 Conrad, 1996, Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze, and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pretreatment, Behav. Neurosci., 110, 1321, 10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1321 Conrad, 1999, Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy, Behav. Neurosci., 113, 902, 10.1037/0735-7044.113.5.902 Coogan, 1999, The P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 antagonizes the inhibitory effects of interleukin-1beta on long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro, Neuroscience, 93, 57, 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00100-1 Cordero, 2003, Prior exposure to a single stress session facilitates subsequent contextual fear conditioning in rats – evidence for a role of corticosterone, Horm. Behav., 44, 338, 10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00160-0 Corney, 1990, Physical Symptom severity, psychological and social dysfunction in a series of outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome, J. Psychosom. Res., 34, 483, 10.1016/0022-3999(90)90022-V Cosgrove, 2007, Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry, Biol. Psychiatry, 62, 847, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001 Coull, 1996, A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: a PET study of sustained attention and working memory, Neuropsychologia, 34, 1085, 10.1016/0028-3932(96)00029-2 Craig, 2007, Oestrogen, cognition and the maturing female brain, J. Neuroendocrinol., 19, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01500.x Crombez, 1996, The disruptive nature of pain: an experimental investigation, Behav. Res. Ther., 34, 911, 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00058-7 Cryan, J.F., Clarke, G., Grenham, S., Scully, P., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T.G., 2010. The gut microbiome markedly influences hippocampal neurotransmission in the mouse: role of gender. SFN 795.18/FFF3 (abstract). Cryan, 2005, The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 4, 775, 10.1038/nrd1825 Cryan, 2011, The microbiome–gut–brain axis: from bowel to behavior, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 23, 187, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x Cumberland, 2003, The infectious intestinal disease study of England: a prospective evaluation of symptoms and health care use after an acute episode, Epidemiol. Infect., 130, 453, 10.1017/S0950268803008410 Cunningham, 1996, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibit long-term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro, Neurosci. Lett., 203, 17, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12252-4 Dachir, 1993, Cognitive deficits induced in young rats by long-term corticosterone administration, Behav. Neural Biol., 60, 103, 10.1016/0163-1047(93)90173-F Dancey, 2009, Words fail me: the verbal IQ deficit in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 15, 852, 10.1002/ibd.20837 Dantzer, 2004, Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: a neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 500, 399, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.040 Dantzer, 2009, Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression, Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am., 29, 247, 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.002 Dantzer, 1999 De Bellis, 2010, Demographic, maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents, J. Pediatr. Psychol., 35, 570, 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp116 de Jongh, 2005, The effects of sex and neonatal maternal separation on fear-potentiated and light-enhanced startle, Behav. Brain Res., 161, 190, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.004 de Kloet, 1999, Stress and cognition: are corticosteroids good or bad guys?, Trends Neurosci., 22, 422, 10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01438-1 de Quervain, 2003, Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of declarative memory retrieval is associated with reduced blood flow in the medial temporal lobe, Eur. J. Neurosci., 17, 1296, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02542.x de Quervain, 2000, Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans, Nat. Neurosci., 3, 313, 10.1038/73873 De Weerd, 2003, Attention, neural basis of, 408 Dedovic, 2009, The brain and the stress axis: the neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress, Neuroimage, 47, 864, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.074 Dedovic, 2005, The Montreal Imaging Stress Task: using functional imaging to investigate the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in the human brain, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 30, 319 Delis, 2000 Dere, 2008 Desbonnet, 2008, The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat, J. Psychiatr. Res., 43, 164, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009 Diamond, 1992, Inverted-U relationship between the level of peripheral corticosterone and the magnitude of hippocampal primed burst potentiation, Hippocampus, 2, 421, 10.1002/hipo.450020409 Dick, 2002, Attentional functioning in fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain patients, Arthritis Rheum., 47, 639, 10.1002/art.10800 Dick, 2007, Disruption of attention and working memory traces in individuals with chronic pain, Anesth. Analg., 104, 1223, 10.1213/01.ane.0000263280.49786.f5 Dickerson, 2010, The episodic memory system: neurocircuitry and disorders, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 86, 10.1038/npp.2009.126 Dik, 2005, Serum inflammatory proteins and cognitive decline in older persons, Neurology, 64, 1371, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000158281.08946.68 Dinan, 2008, Enhanced cholinergic-mediated increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in irritable bowel syndrome: role of muscarinic receptors, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 103, 2570, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01871.x Dinan, 2010, IBS: an epigenetic perspective, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7, 465, 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.99 Dinan, 2006, Hypothalamic–pituitary–gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome: plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker?, Gastroenterology, 130, 304, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.033 Domes, 2004, Acute stress impairs recognition for positive words—association with stress-induced cortisol secretion, Stress Int. J. Biol. Stress, 7, 173, 10.1080/10253890412331273213 Domes, 2005, Inverted-U function between salivary cortisol and retrieval of verbal memory after hydrocortisone treatment, Behav. Neurosci., 119, 512, 10.1037/0735-7044.119.2.512 Drossman, 1999, Review article: an integrated approach to the irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 13, 3, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.0130s2003.x Drossman, 2006, The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process, Gastroenterology, 130, 1377, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.008 Drossman, 2011, Abuse, trauma, and GI illness: is there a link?, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 106, 14, 10.1038/ajg.2010.453 Drossman, 2002, AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 123, 2108, 10.1053/gast.2002.37095 Drossman, 2000, Effects of coping on health outcome among women with gastrointestinal disorders, Psychosom. Med., 62, 309, 10.1097/00006842-200005000-00004 Drossman, 1988, Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 95, 701, 10.1016/S0016-5085(88)80017-9 Drossman, 2003, Cognitive–behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders, Gastroenterology, 125, 19, 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00669-3 Dunlop, 2003, Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS, Gastroenterology, 125, 1651, 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.028 Earnst, 2001, Loss of financial capacity in Alzheimer's disease: the role of working memory, Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn., 8, 109, 10.1076/anec.8.2.109.839 Elliott, 1997, Prefrontal dysfunction in depressed patients performing a complex planning task: a study using positron emission tomography, Psychol. Med., 27, 937, 10.1017/S0033291797005187 Elsenbruch, 2011, Abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome: a review of putative psychological, neural and neuro-immune mechanisms, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 386, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.010 Elsenbruch, 2004, Are there alterations of neuroendocrine and cellular immune responses to nutrients in women with irritable bowel syndrome?, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 99, 703, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04138.x Elsenbruch, 2010, Patients with irritable bowel syndrome have altered emotional modulation of neural responses to visceral stimuli, Gastroenterology, 139, 1310, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.054 Elsenbruch, 2010, Affective disturbances modulate the neural processing of visceral pain stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome: an fMRI study, Gut, 59, 489, 10.1136/gut.2008.175000 Elzinga, 2005, Cortisol-induced impairments of working memory require acute sympathetic activation, Behav. Neurosci., 119, 98, 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.98 Endo, 1996, Impairment of maze learning in rats following long-term glucocorticoid treatments, Neurosci. Lett., 203, 199, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12296-6 Eriksson, 2008, Irritable bowel syndrome subtypes differ in body awareness, psychological symptoms and biochemical stress markers, World J. Gastroenterol., 14, 4889, 10.3748/wjg.14.4889 Fass, 2000, Sleep disturbances in clinic patients with functional bowel disorders, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95, 195, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02009.x Faymonville, 2000, Neural mechanisms of antinociceptive effects of hypnosis, Anesthesiology, 92, 1257, 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00013 Fernandez, 2002, Human declarative memory formation: segregating rhinal and hippocampal contributions, Hippocampus, 12, 514, 10.1002/hipo.10050 Fernandez, 2003, Menstrual cycle-dependent neural plasticity in the adult human brain is hormone, task, and region specific, J. Neurosci., 23, 3790, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03790.2003 Ferry, 1999, Involvement of alpha1-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala in modulation of memory storage, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 372, 9, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00169-7 Fiore, 1996, Neurobehavioral alterations in developing transgenic mice expressing TNF-alpha in the brain, Brain Behav. Immun., 10, 126, 10.1006/brbi.1996.0013 FitzGerald, 2009, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in women with irritable bowel syndrome in response to acute physical stress, West. J. Nurs. Res., 31, 818, 10.1177/0193945909339320 Forbes, 2000, Hypnotherapy and therapeutic audiotape: effective in previously unsuccessfully treated irritable bowel syndrome?, Int. J. Colorectal Dis., 15, 328, 10.1007/s003840000248 Forsythe, 2010, Mood and gut feelings, Brain Behav. Immun., 24, 9, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058 Frankenstein, 2001, Distraction modulates anterior cingulate gyrus activations during the cold pressor test, Neuroimage, 14, 827, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0883 Frankola, 2010, Effects of early rearing conditions on cognitive performance in prepubescent male and female rats, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 94, 91, 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.04.005 Franowicz, 1998, The alpha 2 noradrenergic agonist guanifacine improves spatial working memory in wild type mice with point mutations of the gene for the alpha-2A receptor, Soc. Soc. Neurosci. Abs., 24, 711 Fukudo, 1998, Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gut, 42, 845, 10.1136/gut.42.6.845 Fuster, 2001, The prefrontal cortex—an update: time is of the essence, Neuron, 30, 319, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00285-9 Galvez, 1996, Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock stimulation, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 66, 253, 10.1006/nlme.1996.0067 Gareau, 2011, Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice, Gut, 60, 307, 10.1136/gut.2009.202515 Gerber, 2004, Increased mortality and spatial memory deficits in TNF-alpha-deficient mice in ceftriaxone-treated experimental pneumococcal meningitis, Neurobiol. Dis., 16, 133, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.01.013 Gianaros, 2005, Anterior cingulate activity correlates with blood pressure during stress, Psychophysiology, 42, 627, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00366.x Gianaros, 2007, Heightened functional neural activation to psychological stress covaries with exaggerated blood pressure reactivity, Hypertension, 49, 134, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000250984.14992.64 Gibbs-Gallagher, 2001, Selective recall of gastrointestinal-sensation words: evidence for a cognitive–behavioral contribution to irritable bowel syndrome, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 1133, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03759.x Gibertini, 1996, IL1 beta impairs relational but not procedural rodent learning in a water maze task, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 402, 207, 10.1007/978-1-4613-0407-4_27 Gibney, 2010, Colorectal distension-induced prefrontal cortex activation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat: implications for irritable bowel syndrome, Neuroscience, 165, 675, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.076 Gimeno, 2008, Inflammatory markers and cognitive function in middle-aged adults: the Whitehall II study, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1322, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.07.006 Golan, 2004, Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in hippocampal development and function, Cereb. Cortex, 14, 97, 10.1093/cercor/bhg108 Goldsmith, 1993, Effect of sleep quality on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, Dig. Dis. Sci., 38, 1809, 10.1007/BF01296103 Gonsalkorale, 2002, Hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale audit of a clinical service with examination of factors influencing responsiveness, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 97, 954, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05615.x Gonsalkorale, 2003, Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome, Gut, 52, 1623, 10.1136/gut.52.11.1623 Gonsalkorale, 2004, Cognitive change in patients undergoing hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome, J. Psychosom. Res., 56, 271, 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00076-X Gosselin, 2010, Riluzole normalizes early-life stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats: role of spinal glutamate reuptake mechanisms, Gastroenterology, 138, 2418, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.003 Grace, 1999, Concentration and memory deficits in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 21, 477, 10.1076/jcen.21.4.477.876 Greve, 2002, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in chronic severe traumatic brain injury: factor structure and performance subgroups, Brain Inj., 16, 29, 10.1080/0269905011008803 Grevert, 1983, Partial antagonism of placebo analgesia by naloxone, Pain, 16, 129, 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90203-8 Groeger, 1999, Measuring memory span, Int. J. Psychol., 34, 359, 10.1080/002075999399693 Groeger, 2008, Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism, Sleep, 31, 1159 Guglielmetti, 2011, Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life -- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 33, 1123, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04633.x Gwee, 1999, The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction, Gut, 44, 400, 10.1136/gut.44.3.400 Hamann, 2002, Positive and negative emotional verbal stimuli elicit activity in the left amygdala, Neuroreport, 13, 15, 10.1097/00001756-200201210-00008 Hampson, 1990, Estrogen-related variations in human spatial and articulatory-motor skills, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 15, 97, 10.1016/0306-4530(90)90018-5 Harrison, 2000, Prefrontal neuropsychological effects of sleep deprivation in young adults – a model of healthy aging?, Sleep, 23, 1067, 10.1093/sleep/23.8.1f Harman, 2005, Working through the pain: a controlled study of the impact of persistent pain on performing a computer task, Clin. J. Pain, 21, 216, 10.1097/00002508-200505000-00004 Hart, 1988, Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 12, 123, 10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6 Hatta, 2009, Menstrual cycle phase effects on memory and Stroop task performance, Arch. Sex. Behav., 38, 821, 10.1007/s10508-008-9445-7 Hazlett-Stevens, 2003, Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among university students: the roles of worry, neuroticism, anxiety sensitivity and visceral anxiety, J. Psychosom. Res., 55, 501, 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00019-9 Hedges, 2011, Early-life stress and cognitive outcome, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 214, 121, 10.1007/s00213-010-2090-6 Heijtz, 2011, Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 3047, 10.1073/pnas.1010529108 Heitkemper, 2003, Symptoms across the menstrual cycle in women with irritable bowel syndrome, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 98, 420, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07233.x Heitkemper, 2009, Do fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect gastrointestinal symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome?, Gender medicine, 6, 152, 10.1016/j.genm.2009.03.004 Het, 2005, A meta-analytic review of the effects of acute cortisol administration on human memory, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 771, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.005 Heyser, 1997, Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 1500, 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1500 Hillila, 2004, Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to different diagnostic criteria in a non-selected adult population, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 20, 339, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02034.x Hofmann, 2011, Cognitive enhancers for anxiety disorders, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 99, 275, 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.020 Holmes, 2009, Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 33, 773, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.005 Houghton, 1996, Symptomatology, quality of life and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome—the effect of hypnotherapy, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 10, 91, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1996.tb00181.x Houghton, 1997, Opening the doors of perception in the irritable bowel syndrome, Gut, 41, 567, 10.1136/gut.41.4.567 Hryniewicz, 2007, Impairment of recognition memory in interleukin-6 knock-out mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 577, 219, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.046 Hsu, 2003, Effects of a single dose of cortisol on the neural correlates of episodic memory and error processing in healthy volunteers, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 167, 431, 10.1007/s00213-003-1413-2 Hu, 2002, Anxiety but not depression determines health care-seeking behaviour in Chinese patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 16, 2081, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01377.x Hui, 2004, Memory enhancement of classical fear conditioning by post-training injections of corticosterone in rats, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 81, 67, 10.1016/j.nlm.2003.09.002 Hunt, 2009, Catastrophizing the consequences of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome, J. Cogn. Psychother., 23, 160, 10.1891/0889-8391.23.2.160 Huot, 2002, Neonatal maternal separation reduces hippocampal mossy fiber density in adult Long Evans rats, Brain Res., 950, 52, 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02985-2 Hyland, 2009, A distinct subset of submucosal mast cells undergoes hyperplasia following neonatal maternal separation: a role in visceral hypersensitivity?, Gut, 58, 1029, 10.1136/gut.2008.167882 Janitzkya, 2011, Species-relevant inescapable stress differently influences memory consolidation and retrieval of mice in a spatial radial arm maze, Behav. Brain Res., 219, 142, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.032 Jarrett, 2000, Sleep disturbance influences gastrointestinal symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome, Dig. Dis. Sci., 45, 952, 10.1023/A:1005581226265 Johnson, 2001, Brain activation on fMRI and verbal memory ability: functional neuroanatomic correlates of CVLT performance, J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 7, 55, 10.1017/S135561770171106X Jones, 2006, Brain–gut connections in functional GI disorders: anatomic and physiologic relationships, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 18, 91, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00730.x Jordanova, 2007, Markers of inflammation and cognitive decline in an African-Caribbean population, Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 22, 966, 10.1002/gps.1772 Kalisch, 2005, Anxiety reduction through detachment: subjective, physiological, and neural effects, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 17, 874, 10.1162/0898929054021184 Kalisch, 2006, Neural correlates of self-distraction from anxiety and a process model of cognitive emotion regulation, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 18, 1266, 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1266 Kalman, 1997, Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of dementia in Down syndrome and in Alzheimer's disease, Acta Neurol. Scand., 96, 236, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00275.x Kamiya, 2006, Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in Sprague-Dawley rats, Gut, 55, 191, 10.1136/gut.2005.070987 Kanazawa, 2008, Contributions of pain sensitivity and colonic motility to IBS symptom severity and predominant bowel habits, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 103, 2550, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02066.x Kane, 1998, The menstrual cycle and its effect on inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome: a prevalence study, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 93, 1867, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.540_i.x Karl, 2006, A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 30, 1004, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004 Karling, 1998, Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 33, 572, 10.1080/00365529850171800 Kassinen, 2007, The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects, Gastroenterology, 133, 24, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.005 Keefe, 2004, Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science, J. Pain, 5, 195, 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.02.576 Kilkens, 2005, The effects of an acute serotonergic challenge on brain–gut responses in irritable bowel syndrome patients and controls, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 22, 865, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02660.x Kilkens, 2004, Acute tryptophan depletion affects brain–gut responses in irritable bowel syndrome patients and controls, Gut, 53, 1794, 10.1136/gut.2004.041657 Kinsey, 2007, Repeated social defeat causes increased anxiety-like behavior and alters splenocyte function in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 458, 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.11.001 Kleen, 2006, Chronic stress impairs spatial memory and motivation for reward without disrupting motor ability and motivation to explore, Behav. Neurosci., 120, 842, 10.1037/0735-7044.120.4.842 Knapp, 2008, Cognitive therapy: foundations, conceptual models, applications and research, Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr., 30, s54, 10.1590/S1516-44462008000600002 Koloski, 2005, A history of abuse in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: the role of other psychosocial variables, Digestion, 72, 86, 10.1159/000087722 Konishi, 1999, Contribution of working memory to transient activation in human inferior prefrontal cortex during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Cereb. Cortex, 9, 745, 10.1093/cercor/9.7.745 Kosten, 2007, Neonatal handling alters learning in adult male and female rats in a task-specific manner, Brain Res., 1154, 144, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.081 Krabbe, 2005, Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions, Brain Behav. Immun., 19, 453, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.010 Kraneveld, 2008, Neuro-immune interactions in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome: future therapeutic targets, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 585, 361, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.095 Kuhlmann, 2006, Arousal and cortisol interact in modulating memory consolidation in healthy young men, Behav. Neurosci., 120, 217, 10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.217 Kukolja, 2008, Modeling a negative response bias in the human amygdala by noradrenergic–glucocorticoid interactions, J. Neurosci., 28, 12868, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3592-08.2008 Kumar, 1992, Abnormal REM sleep in the irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 130, 12, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91089-M Kumar, 1985, The irritable bowel syndrome: a paroxysmal motor disorder, Lancet, 2, 973, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90525-2 Kwan, 2005, Abnormal forebrain activity in functional bowel disorder patients with chronic pain, Neurology, 65, 1268, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180971.95473.cc LaBar, 2006, Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 54, 10.1038/nrn1825 Labus, 2008, Sex differences in brain activity during aversive visceral stimulation and its expectation in patients with chronic abdominal pain: a network analysis, Neuroimage, 41, 1032, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.009 Lackner, 2006, Cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome is associated with reduced limbic activity, GI symptoms, and anxiety, Behav. Res. Ther., 44, 621, 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.002 Lackner, 2007, How does cognitive behavior therapy for irritable bowel syndrome work?. A mediational analysis of a randomized clinical trial, Gastroenterology, 133, 433, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.014 Lackner, 2004, Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 72, 1100, 10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1100 Lackner, 2005, Pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between worry and pain suffering in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Behav. Res. Ther., 43, 943, 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.018 Lacosta, 1999, Influence of acute and repeated interleukin-2 administration on spatial learning, locomotor activity, exploratory behaviors, and anxiety, Behav. Neurosci., 113, 1030, 10.1037/0735-7044.113.5.1030 Ladd, 2004, Long-term adaptations in glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA and negative feedback on the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis following neonatal maternal separation, Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 367, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.007 Lagopoulos, 2007, A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of emotional Stroop in euthymic bipolar disorder, Neuroreport, 18, 1583, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282efa07a Lapiz-Bluhm, 2009, Chronic intermittent cold stress and serotonin depletion induce deficits of reversal learning in an attentional set-shifting test in rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 202, 329, 10.1007/s00213-008-1224-6 Lazarus, 1984 Lea, 2003, Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 17, 635, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01486.x Lee, 2010, Aberrant neuro-network in processing of visceral placebo analgesia among IBS patients, Gastroenterology, 138, S-117 Lee, 2010, Altered intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 22, 493, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01482.x Lee, 2007, Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in women regardless of the menstrual phase: a Rome II-based survey, J. Korean Med. Sci., 22, 851, 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.5.851 Lehmann, 2000, Long-term biobehavioral effects of maternal separation in the rat: consistent or confusing?, Rev. Neurosci., 11, 383, 10.1515/REVNEURO.2000.11.4.383 Lembo, 1999, Symptoms and visceral perception in patients with pain-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 94, 1320, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01009.x Levine, 1984, Influence of the method of drug administration on analgesic response, Nature, 312, 755, 10.1038/312755a0 Levine, 1978, The mechanism of placebo analgesia, Lancet, 2, 654, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 Li, 1997, Interleukin-6 inhibits long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices, Brain Res., 748, 30, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01283-8 Li, 2008, Chronic mild stress impairs cognition in mice: from brain homeostasis to behavior, Life Sci., 82, 934, 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.02.010 Li, 2009, Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria, Physiol. Behav., 96, 557, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.004 Liang, 1986, Modulating effects of posttraining epinephrine on memory: involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic system, Brain Res., 368, 125, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91049-8 Lieberman, 2004, The neural correlates of placebo effects: a disruption account, Neuroimage, 22, 447, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.037 Liebregts, 2007, Immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 132, 913, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.046 Liston, 2006, Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting, J. Neurosci., 26, 7870, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-06.2006 Lockwood, 2004, Mapping the neural systems that mediate the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT), J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 10, 26, 10.1017/S1355617704101045 Loftis, 2010, Neuroimmune mechanisms of cytokine-induced depression: current theories and novel treatment strategies, Neurobiol. Dis., 37, 519, 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.015 Longe, 2001, Counter-stimulatory effects on pain perception and processing are significantly altered by attention: an fMRI study, Neuroreport, 12, 2021, 10.1097/00001756-200107030-00047 Longstreth, 2006, Functional bowel disorders, Gastroenterology, 130, 1480, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061 Longstreth, 2003, Irritable bowel syndrome, health care use, and costs: a U.S. managed care perspective, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 98, 600, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07296.x Lu, 2011, Placebo effect in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 26, 116, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06651.x Lupien, 1999, Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: a dose–response study in humans, Behav. Neurosci., 113, 420, 10.1037/0735-7044.113.3.420 Lupien, 1994, Basal cortisol-levels and cognitive deficits in human aging, J. Neurosci., 14, 2893, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-05-02893.1994 Lupien, 1997, Stress-induced declarative memory impairment healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 2070 Lupien, 2007, The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: implications for the field of brain and cognition, Brain Cogn., 65, 209, 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.007 Lupien, 2009, Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition, Nat. Rev., 10, 434, 10.1038/nrn2639 Lupien, 2002, The modulatory effects of corticosteroids on cognition: studies in young human populations, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 401, 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00061-0 Lyte, 2006, Induction of anxiety-like behavior in mice during the initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentium, Physiol. Behav., 89, 350, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.06.019 Maddock, 2003, Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotional words: fMRI evidence from a valence decision task, Hum. Brain Mapp., 18, 30, 10.1002/hbm.10075 Madruga, 2006, Early handling, but not maternal separation, decreases emotional responses in two paradigms of fear without changes in mesolimbic dopamine, Behav. Brain Res., 166, 241, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.08.005 Majer, 2010, Association of childhood trauma with cognitive function in healthy adults: a pilot study, BMC Neurol, 10, 61, 10.1186/1471-2377-10-61 Maki, 2002, Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women, Neuropsychologia, 40, 518, 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00126-9 Malinen, 2005, Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 100, 373, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x Manabe, 2009, Pathophysiology underlying irritable bowel syndrome—from the viewpoint of dysfunction of autonomic nervous system activity, J. Smooth Muscle Res., 45, 15, 10.1540/jsmr.45.15 Manni, 2009, Changes in cognition induced by social isolation in the mouse are restored by electro-acupuncture, Physiol. Behav., 98, 537, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.08.011 Marsland, 2006, Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with cognitive performance among middle-aged community volunteers, Psychosom. Med., 68, 895, 10.1097/01.psy.0000238451.22174.92 Martin, 2010, Cognitive processing in putative functional gastrointestinal disorder: rumination yields orientation to social threat not pain, Eur. J. Pain, 14, 207, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.04.008 Matsumoto, 2002, Effects of intrahippocampal CT105, a carboxyl terminal fragment of beta-amyloid precursor protein, alone/with inflammatory cytokines on working memory in rats, J. Neurochem., 82, 234, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00944.x Matto, 2005, Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome—a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 43, 213, 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.08.009 Mayer, 2005, Differences in brain responses to visceral pain between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis, Pain, 115, 398, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.023 Mayer, 2006, Review article: modulation of the brain–gut axis as a therapeutic approach in gastrointestinal disease, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 24, 919, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03078.x Mayer, 2000, The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease, Gut, 47, 861, 10.1136/gut.47.6.861 Mayer, 2009, Brain imaging approaches to the study of functional GI disorders: a Rome working team report, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 21, 579, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01304.x Mayer, 2002, Evolving pathophysiologic models of functional gastrointestinal disorders, Gastroenterology, 122, 2032, 10.1053/gast.2002.33584 Mayer, 2011, The brain–gut axis in abdominal pain syndromes, Annu. Rev. Med., 62, 381, 10.1146/annurev-med-012309-103958 McAfoose, 2009, The effects of TNF deficiency on age-related cognitive performance, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 615, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.006 McEwen, 2010, Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1204, E38, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05568.x McFarland, 2008, Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, World J. Gastroenterol., 14, 2650, 10.3748/wjg.14.2650 McGaugh, 2004, The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 27, 1, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157 McKee, 1993, Intestinal motility in irritable bowel syndrome: is IBS a motility disorder? Part 1. Definition of IBS and colonic motility, Dig. Dis. Sci., 38, 1761, 10.1007/BF01296097 McKernan, 2010, The probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 displays visceral antinociceptive effects in the rat, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 22, 1029, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01520.x McKernan, 2011, Altered peripheral toll-like receptor responses in the irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 33, 1045, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04624.x McKernan, 2009, Toll-like receptor mRNA expression is selectively increased in the colonic mucosa of two animal models relevant to irritable bowel syndrome, PLoS One, 4, e8226, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008226 McLay, 1998, Chronic corticosterone impairs memory performance in the Barnes maze, Physiol. Behav., 63, 933, 10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00529-5 Mentzel, 1998, Cognitive stimulation with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: functional MR imaging at 1.5T, Radiology, 207, 399, 10.1148/radiology.207.2.9577487 Merlot, 2003, Importance of fighting in the immune effects of social defeat, Physiol. Behav., 80, 351, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.08.005 Mertz, 1995, Altered rectal perception is a biological marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 109, 40, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90267-8 Messaoudi, 2011, Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects, Br. J. Nutr., 105, 755, 10.1017/S0007114510004319 Miller, 2001, The association of irritable bowel syndrome and somatization disorder, Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 13, 25, 10.3109/10401230109147126 Miller, 2005, Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress, Psychosom. Med., 67, 679, 10.1097/01.psy.0000174172.82428.ce Miller, 2009, Hypnotherapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders: a review, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn., 57, 279, 10.1080/00207140902881098 Miracle, 2006, Chronic stress impairs recall of extinction of conditioned fear, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 85, 213, 10.1016/j.nlm.2005.10.005 Mizoguchi, 2000, Chronic stress induces impairment of spatial working memory because of prefrontal dopaminergic dysfunction, J. Neurosci., 15, 1568, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01568.2000 Moayyedi, 2010, The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review, Gut, 59, 325, 10.1136/gut.2008.167270 Monroy, 2010, Maternal separation disrupts dendritic morphology of neurons in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in male rat offspring, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 40, 93, 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.05.005 Moore, 1998, Do gastrointestinal symptoms vary with the menstrual cycle?, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 105, 1322, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10014.x Moriarty, 2011, The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research, Prog. Neurobiol., 93, 385, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.002 Morrison, 2010, Re-valuing the amygdala, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 20, 221, 10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.007 Mudipalli, 2007, Functional chest pain: esophageal or overlapping functional disorder, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 41, 264, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225521.36160.1b Muller-Lissner, 2001, Epidemiological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome in Europe and North America, Digestion, 64, 200, 10.1159/000048862 Mykletun, 2010, Prevalence of mood and anxiety disorder in self reported irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). An epidemiological population based study of women, BMC Gastroenterol., 10, 88, 10.1186/1471-230X-10-88 Nagahama, 2001, Dissociable mechanisms of attentional control within the human prefrontal cortex, Cereb. Cortex, 11, 85, 10.1093/cercor/11.1.85 Nakajima, 2010, Regular voluntary exercise cures stress-induced impairment of cognitive function and cell proliferation accompanied by increases in cerebral IGF-1 and GST activity in mice, Behav. Brain Res., 211, 178, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.028 Naliboff, 2003, Sex-related differences in IBS patients: central processing of visceral stimuli, Gastroenterology, 124, 1738, 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00400-1 Naliboff, 2006, Longitudinal change in perceptual and brain activation response to visceral stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome patients, Gastroenterology, 131, 352, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.014 Naliboff, 1997, Evidence for two distinct perceptual alterations in irritable bowel syndrome, Gut, 41, 505, 10.1136/gut.41.4.505 Navalta, 2006, Effects of childhood sexual abuse on neuropsychological and cognitive function in college women, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 18, 45, 10.1176/jnp.18.1.45 Neal, 1997, Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients, BMJ, 314, 779, 10.1136/bmj.314.7083.779 Nemeroff, 2004, Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 65, 18 Neufeld, 2009, Effects of gut microbiota on the brain: implications for psychiatry, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 34, 230 Neufeld, 2011, Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 23, 255, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x Nicholson, 2005, Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 431, 10.1038/nrmicro1152 North, 2004, The presentation of irritable bowel syndrome in the context of somatization disorder, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2, 787, 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00350-7 Nyhlin, 1993, Non-alimentary aspects of the irritable bowel syndrome, J. Psychosom. Res., 3, 155, 10.1016/0022-3999(93)90082-Q O’Mahony, 2005, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles, Gastroenterology, 128, 541, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.050 O’Mahony, 2008, Evidence of an enhanced central 5HT response in irritable bowel syndrome and in the rat maternal separation model, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 20, 680, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01065.x O’Mahony, 2011, Maternal separation as a model of brain-gut axis dysfunction, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 214, 71, 10.1007/s00213-010-2010-9 O’Mahony, 2009, Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses, Biol. Psychiatry, 65, 263, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.026 O’Malley, 2011, Neonatal maternal separation in the rat impacts on the stress responsivity of central corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in adulthood, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 214, 221, 10.1007/s00213-010-1885-9 O’Malley, 2011, Colonic soluble mediators from the maternal separation model of irritable bowel syndrome activate submucosal neurons via an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 300, G241, 10.1152/ajpgi.00385.2010 O’Malley, 2011, Do interactions between stress and immune responses lead to symptom exacerbations in irritable bowel syndrome?, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.009 Ochsner, 2005, The cognitive control of emotion, Trends Cogn. Sci., 9, 242, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 Oosterman, 2011, Memory functions in chronic pain: examining contributions of attention and age to test performance, Clin. J. Pain, 27, 70, 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181f15cf5 Oei, 2006, Psychosocial stress impairs working memory at high loads: an association with cortisol levels and memory retrieval, Stress Int. J. Biol. Stress, 9, 133, 10.1080/10253890600965773 Oerlemans, 2011, Intervening on cognitions and behavior in irritable bowel syndrome: a feasibility trial using PDAs, J. Psychosom. Res., 70, 267, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.09.018 Ohira, 2006, Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression, Neuroimage, 29, 721, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047 Ohman, 2007, New insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, Dig. Liver Dis., 39, 201, 10.1016/j.dld.2006.10.014 Oitzl, 1993, Interleukin-1β, but not interleukin-6, impairs spatial navigation learning, Brain Res., 613, 160, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90468-3 Orr, 2000, Sleep and functional gastrointestinal disorders: can bad bowels cause bad dreams?, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95, 1118, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01996.x Owen, 1996, Evidence for a two-stage model of working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: a positron emission tomography study, Cereb. Cortex, 6, 31, 10.1093/cercor/6.1.31 Owen, 2005, N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies, Hum. Brain Mapp., 25, 46, 10.1002/hbm.20131 Owen, 1995, Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man, Neuropsychologia, 33, 1, 10.1016/0028-3932(94)00098-A Palsson, 2002, The growing case for hypnosis as adjunctive therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders, Gastroenterology, 123, 2132, 10.1053/gast.2002.37286 Park, 2001, Chronic psychosocial stress impairs learning and memory and increases sensitivity to yohimbine in adult rats, Biol. Psychiatry, 50, 994, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01255-0 Park, 2001, Cognitive function in fibromyalgia patients, Arthritis Rheum., 44, 2125, 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2125::AID-ART365>3.0.CO;2-1 Park, 2008, Dysfunctional modulation of emotional interference in the medial prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia, Neurosci. Lett., 440, 119, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.094 Pawlak, 2005, Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen mediate stress-induced decline of neuronal and cognitive functions in the mouse hippocampus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 18201, 10.1073/pnas.0509232102 Payne, 2006, The impact of stress on neutral and emotional aspects of episodic memory, Memory (Hove, England), 14, 1, 10.1080/09658210500139176 Pechtel, 2011, Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 214, 55, 10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2 Pessoa, 2010, Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: from “what is it?.” to “what's to be done?”, Neuropsychologia, 48, 3416, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.038 Petrovic, 2002, Placebo and opioid analgesia—imaging a shared neuronal network, Science, 295, 1737, 10.1126/science.1067176 Petrovic, 2000, Pain-related cerebral activation is altered by a distracting cognitive task, Pain, 85, 19, 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00232-8 Peyron, 2000, Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis, Neurophysiol. Clin., 30, 263, 10.1016/S0987-7053(00)00227-6 Phan, 2005, Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 210, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.030 Phillips, 1992, Variations in memory function and sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 17, 497, 10.1016/0306-4530(92)90008-U Pickering, 2005, Actions of TNF-alpha on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, Exp. Physiol., 90, 663, 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030734 Piser, 2010, Linking the cytokine and neurocircuitry hypotheses of depression: a translational framework for discovery and development of novel anti-depressants, Brain Behav. Immun., 24, 515, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.006 Pollak, 2010, Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in postinstitutionalized children, Child Dev., 81, 224, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01391.x Porter, 2002, Effects of hydrocortisone administration on cognitive function in the elderly, J. Psychopharmacol., 16, 65, 10.1177/026988110201600106 Posner, 1990, The attention system of the human brain, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 25, 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 Posserud, 2004, Altered visceral perceptual and neuroendocrine response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome during mental stress, Gut, 53, 1102, 10.1136/gut.2003.017962 Posserud, 2009, Hypervigilance in irritable bowel syndrome compared with organic gastrointestinal disease, J. Psychosom. Res., 66, 399, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.020 Price, 2007, Placebo analgesia is accompanied by large reductions in pain-related brain activity in irritable bowel syndrome patients, Pain, 127, 63, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.001 Protopopescu, 2008, Hippocampal structural changes across the menstrual cycle, Hippocampus, 18, 985, 10.1002/hipo.20468 Price, 2008, A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 565, 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941 Pruessner, 2008, Deactivation of the limbic system during acute psychosocial stress: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, Biol. Psychiatry, 63, 234, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.041 Pugh, 1999, Role of interleukin-1 beta in impairment of contextual fear conditioning caused by social isolation, Behav. Brain Res., 106, 109, 10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00098-4 Quan, 2007, Brain-immune communication pathways, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 727, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.005 Quigley, 2006, Changing face of irritable bowel syndrome, World J. Gastroenterol., 12, 1, 10.3748/wjg.v12.i1.1 Quigley, 2008, The efficacy of probiotics in IBS, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 42, S85, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31816244ca Quigley, 2010, Prebiotics and probiotics; modifying and mining the microbiota, Pharmacol. Res., 61, 213, 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.01.004 Raichle, 2006, Brain work and brain imaging, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 29, 449, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112819 Rainville, 1997, Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex, Science, 15, 968, 10.1126/science.277.5328.968 Ramos, 2006, Alpha-2A-adrenoceptor stimulation improves prefrontal cortical regulation of behavior through inhibition of cAMP signaling in aging animals, Learn. Mem., 13, 770, 10.1101/lm.298006 Ramos, 2007, Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex, Pharmacol. Ther., 113, 523, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.11.006 Rauch, 2006, Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research—past, present, and future, Biol. Psychiatry, 60, 376, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004 Reichenberg, 2002, Endotoxin-induced changes in food consumption in healthy volunteers are associated with TNF-[alpha] and IL-6 secretion, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 945, 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00101-9 Remy, 2003, Pain modulates cerebral activity during cognitive performance, Neuroimage, 19, 655, 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00146-0 Riedl, 2008, Somatic comorbidities of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic analysis, J. Psychosom. Res., 64, 573, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.021 Ringel, 2008, Effect of abuse history on pain reports and brain responses to aversive visceral stimulation: an FMRI study, Gastroenterology, 134, 396, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.011 Robbins, 2007, Differential regulation of fronto-executive function by the monoamines and acetylcholine, Cereb. Cortex, 17, i151, 10.1093/cercor/bhm066 Roceri, 2002, Early maternal deprivation reduces the expression of BDNF and NMDA receptor subunits in rat hippocampus, Mol. Psychiatry, 7, 609, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001036 Rogers, 2004, Executive and prefrontal dysfunction in unipolar depression: a review of neuropsychological and imaging evidence, Neurosci. Res., 50, 1, 10.1016/j.neures.2004.05.003 Rolls, 2008, The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making, Prog. Neurobiol., 86, 216, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.001 Roozendaal, 2006, Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic activity mediates corticosterone-induced enhancement of auditory fear conditioning, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 86, 249, 10.1016/j.nlm.2006.03.003 Roozendaal, 2009, Stress, memory and the amygdala, Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, 423, 10.1038/nrn2651 Rosczyk, 2008, Neuroinflammation and cognitive function in aged mice following minor surgery, Exp. Gerontol., 43, 840, 10.1016/j.exger.2008.06.004 Rosenberg, 2002, Verbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 835, 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00083-X Ross, 2003, A dual role for interleukin-1 in LTP in mouse hippocampal slices, J. Neuroimmunol., 144, 61, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.030 Rowe, 2001, Imaging the mental components of a planning task, Neuropsychologia, 39, 315, 10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00109-3 Sabsevitz, 2003, Use of preoperative functional neuroimaging to predict language deficits from epilepsy surgery, Neurology, 10, 1788, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000068022.05644.01 Salehi, 2010, Learning under stress: the inverted-U-shape function revisited, Learn. Mem., 17, 522, 10.1101/lm.1914110 Salonen, 2010, Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspectives, Microbiology (Reading, England), 156, 3205, 10.1099/mic.0.043257-0 Sapolsky, 1985, Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging, J. Neurosci., 5, 1222, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-05-01222.1985 Sapolsky, 1986, The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, Endocr. Rev., 7, 284, 10.1210/edrv-7-3-284 Sara, 2009, The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition, Nat. Rev., 10, 211, 10.1038/nrn2573 Savignac, 2011, The effects of repeated social interaction stress on behavioural and physiological parameters in a stress-sensitive mouse strain, Behav Brain Res, 216, 576, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.049 Schacter, 1994 Scherbel, 1999, Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 8721, 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8721 Schoofs, 2008, Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 643, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004 Schram, 2007, Systemic markers of inflammation and cognitive decline in old age, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 55, 708, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01159.x Schulkin, 1998, Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 219, 10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00099-1 Scott, 2008, Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 220, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.34 Scully, 2010, Plasma cytokine profiles in females with irritable bowel syndrome and extra-intestinal co-morbidity, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 105, 2235, 10.1038/ajg.2010.159 Seeman, 2004, Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: MacArthur studies of successful aging, Soc. Sci. Med., 58, 1985, 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00402-7 Seminowicz, 2007, Pain enhances functional connectivity of a brain network evoked by performance of a cognitive task, J. Neurophysiol., 97, 3651, 10.1152/jn.01210.2006 Seminowicz, 2010, Regional gray matter density changes in brains of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 139, 48, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.049 Servatius, 1994, Exposure to inescapable stress persistently facilitates associative and nonassociative learning in rats, Behav. Neurosci., 108, 1101, 10.1037/0735-7044.108.6.1101 Shallice, 1994, Brain regions associated with acquisition and retrieval of verbal episodic memory, Nature, 368, 633, 10.1038/368633a0 Sherwin, 2003, Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women, Endocr. Rev., 24, 133, 10.1210/er.2001-0016 Sherwin, 2008, Brain aging modulates the neuroprotective effects of estrogen on selective aspects of cognition in women: a critical review, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 29, 88, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.08.002 Sjogren, 2005, Neuropsychological assessment of chronic non-malignant pain patients treated in a multidisciplinary pain centre, Eur. J. Pain, 9, 453, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.10.005 Smeets, 2006, The effect of acute stress on memory depends on word valence, Int. J. Psychophysiol., 62, 30, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.11.007 Smeets, 2009, Stress selectively and lastingly promotes learning of context-related high arousing information, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1152, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.001 Smith, 2006, The role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress, Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 8, 383, 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith Soliman, 2008, Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: a [11C]raclopride PET study, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2033, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301597 Song, 2004, Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl-eicosapentaenoate, but not soybean oil, attenuates memory impairment induced by central IL-1beta administration, J. Lipid Res., 45, 1112, 10.1194/jlr.M300526-JLR200 Song, 2006, Impairment of the spatial learning and memory induced by learned helplessness and chronic mild stress, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 83, 186, 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.004 Soufer, 1998, Cerebral cortical hyperactivation in response to mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 6454, 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6454 Sparkman, 2005, Peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration impairs two-way active avoidance conditioning in C57BL/6J mice, Physiol. Behav., 85, 278, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.04.015 Spiegel, 2009, The burden of IBS: looking at metrics, Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 11, 265, 10.1007/s11894-009-0039-x Spiegel, 2004, Clinical determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Arch. Intern. Med., 164, 1773, 10.1001/archinte.164.16.1773 Spiller, 2000, Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome, Gut, 47, 804, 10.1136/gut.47.6.804 Stellwagen, 2006, Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha, Nature, 440, 1054, 10.1038/nature04671 Steptoe, 2007, The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 901, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.011 Sterlemann, 2010, Chronic social stress during adolescence induces cognitive impairment in aged mice, Hippocampus, 20, 540 Sternberg, 2009 Stevenson, 2009, Early life programming of fear conditioning and extinction in adult male rats, Behav. Brain Res., 205, 505, 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.005 Strauss, 1998, The importance of bacterial infections as precipating factors of chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis, Hepatogastroenterology, 45, 900 Strauss, 2006 Sudo, 2004, Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice, J. Physiol., 558, 263, 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 Sugaya, 2008, Relationship between cognitive appraisals of symptoms and negative mood for subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome, Biopsychosoc. Med., 2, 9, 10.1186/1751-0759-2-9 Sullivan, 2001, Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain, Clin. J. Pain, 17, 65, 10.1097/00002508-200103000-00008 Sullivan, 2002, An experimental investigation of the relation between catastrophizing and activity intolerance, Pain, 100, 47, 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00206-3 Sullivan, 1994, A prospective study of unexplained visible abdominal bloating, N. Z. Med. J., 107, 428 Sun, 2005, Age-dependent brain activation during forward and backward digit recall revealed by fMRI, Neuroimage, 26, 36, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.022 Sweeney, 2000, Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery, Biol. Psychiatry, 48, 674, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00910-0 Talley, 2006, Irritable bowel syndrome, Intern. Med. J., 36, 724, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2006.01217.x Talley, 2001, The irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disorders in the community: is there a link?, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96, 1072, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03741.x Tana, 2010, Exploring cortical attentional system by using fMRI during a Continuous Perfomance Test, Computational Intelligence And Neuroscience, 10.1155/2010/329213 Tanaka, 2008, Characterization of autonomic dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome using fingertip blood flow, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 20, 498, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01039.x Tancredi, 2000, The inhibitory effects of interleukin-6 on synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus are associated with an inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, J. Neurochem., 75, 634, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750634.x Tancredi, 1992, Tumor necrosis factor alters synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices, Neurosci. Lett., 146, 176, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90071-E Tanji, 2007, Concept-based behavioral planning and the lateral prefrontal cortex, Trends Cogn. Sci., 11, 528, 10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.007 Thompson, 1999, Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain, Gut, 45, II43 Thomson, 2006, Interleukin-1beta induces anorexia but not spatial learning and memory deficits in the rat, Behav. Brain Res., 170, 302, 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.004 Tillfors, 2001, Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study, Am. J. Psychiatry, 158, 1220, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1220 Tillfors, 2002, Cerebral blood flow during anticipation of public speaking in social phobia: a PET study, Biol. Psychiatry, 52, 1113, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01396-3 Tillisch, 2011, Advances in imaging the brain–gut axis: functional gastrointestinal disorders, Gastroenterology, 140, 407, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.014 Tillisch, 2011, Quantitative meta-analysis identifies brain regions activated during rectal distension in irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 140, 91, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.053 Tkachuk, 2003, Randomized controlled trial of cognitive–behavioral group therapy for irritable bowel syndrome in a medical setting, J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings, 10, 57, 10.1023/A:1022809914863 Tombaugh, 2006, A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol., 21, 53, 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006 Tomoda, 2011, Exposure to parental verbal abuse is associated with increased gray matter volume in superior temporal gyrus, Neuroimage, 54, S280, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.027 Toner, 1998, Cognitive–behavioral group therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Int. J. Group Psychother., 48, 215, 10.1080/00207284.1998.11491537 Tops, 2003, Acute cortisol effects on immediate free recall and recognition of nouns depend on stimulus valence, Psychophysiology, 40, 167, 10.1111/1469-8986.00018 Tornblom, 2002, Full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum reveals inflammation and enteric neuropathy in irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 123, 1972, 10.1053/gast.2002.37059 Tottenham, 2010, Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation, Dev. Sci., 13, 46, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x Tracey, 2010, Getting the pain you expect: mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans, Nat. Med., 16, 1277, 10.1038/nm.2229 Tracey, 2007, The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation, Neuron, 55, 377, 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.012 Tracey, 2002, Imaging attentional modulation of pain in the periaqueductal gray in humans, J. Neurosci., 22, 2748, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02748.2002 Tulving, 1998, Episodic and declarative memory: role of the hippocampus, Hippocampus, 8, 198, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<198::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-G Uno, 1989, Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates, J. Neurosci., 9, 1705, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01705.1989 Valet, 2004, Distraction modulates connectivity of the cingulo-frontal cortex and the midbrain during pain—an fMRI analysis, Pain, 109, 399, 10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.033 Vallieres, 2002, Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult transgenic mice with chronic astrocytic production of interleukin-6, J. Neurosci., 22, 486, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00486.2002 Van Damme, 2004, The anticipation of pain modulates spatial attention: evidence for pain-specificity in high-pain catastrophizers, Pain, 111, 392, 10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.022 van den Heuvel, 2010, Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 20, 519, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008 van Orshoven, 2006, Subtle involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Clin. Auton. Res., 16, 33, 10.1007/s10286-006-0307-x van Veen, 2004, Errors without conflict: implications for performance monitoring theories of anterior cingulate cortex, Brain Cogn., 56, 267, 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.06.007 Vege, 2004, Functional gastrointestinal disorders among people with sleep disturbances: a population based study, Mayo Clin. Proc., 79, 1501, 10.4065/79.12.1501 Venero, 2002, Chronic stress induces opposite changes in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and L1, Neuroscience, 115, 1211, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00543-2 Verdejo-Garcia, 2009, Executive function and decision-making in women with fibromyalgia, Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol., 24, 113, 10.1093/arclin/acp014 Videbech, 2004, Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 1957, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1957 Vitkovic, 2000, “Inflammatory” cytokines: neuromodulators in normal brain?, J. Neurochem., 74, 457, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740457.x Vitkovic, 2000, Cytokine signals propagate through the brain, Mol. Psychiatry, 5, 604, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000813 Vogt, 2005, Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus, Nat. Rev., 6, 533, 10.1038/nrn1704 Volz, 1997, Brain activation during cognitive stimulation with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test—a functional MRI study on healthy volunteers and schizophrenics, Psychiatry Res., 75, 145, 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00053-X Wager, 2004, Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain, Science, 303, 1162, 10.1126/science.1093065 Wager, 2004, Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis, Neuroimage, 22, 1679, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.052 Wang, 2007, Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 2, 227, 10.1093/scan/nsm018 Wang, 2005, Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood flow pattern under psychological stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 17804, 10.1073/pnas.0503082102 Weaver, 2002, Interleukin-6 and risk of cognitive decline: MacArthur studies of successful aging, Neurology, 59, 371, 10.1212/WNL.59.3.371 Weinryb, 2003, Psychological factors in irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study of patients, non-patients and controls, Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 38, 503, 10.1080/00365520310002166 Weis, 2010, Dynamic changes in functional cerebral connectivity of spatial cognition during the menstrual cycle., Hum Brain Mapp Welgan, 1988, Effect of anger on colon motor and myoelectric activity in irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 94, 1150, 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90006-6 White, 1997, Psychosomatic illnesses are not “all in the mind”, J. Psychosom. Res., 42, 329, 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00296-6 Whitehead, 1988, Symptoms of psychologic distress associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Comparison of community and medical clinic samples, Gastroenterology, 95, 709, 10.1016/S0016-5085(88)80018-0 Whitehead, 1990, Evidence for exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome during menses, Gastroenterology, 98, 1485, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91079-L Whitehead, 2002, Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications?, Gastroenterology, 122, 1140, 10.1053/gast.2002.32392 Whitehead, 1998, Is rectal pain sensitivity a biological marker for irritable bowel syndrome: psychological influences on pain perception, Gastroenterology, 115, 1263, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70099-X Whorwell, 1992, Physiological effects of emotion: assessment via hypnosis, Lancet, 340, 69, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90394-I Whorwell, 1987, Hypnotherapy in severe irritable bowel syndrome: further experience, Gut, 28, 423, 10.1136/gut.28.4.423 Whorwell, 1984, Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritable-bowel syndrome, Lancet, 2, 1232, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92793-4 Wiech, 2006, Anterolateral prefrontal cortex mediates the analgesic effect of expected and perceived control over pain, J. Neurosci., 26, 11501, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2568-06.2006 Wiech, 2008, Neurocognitive aspects of pain perception, Trends Cogn. Sci., 12, 306, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.05.005 Wilber, 2007, Neonatal maternal separation alters adult eyeblink conditioning and glucocorticoid receptor expression in the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum, Dev. Neurobiol., 67, 1751, 10.1002/dneu.20549 Wilding, 2007, Relations between life difficulties, measures of working memory operation, and examination performance in a student sample, Memory (Hove, England), 15, 57, 10.1080/09658210601106447 Wilson, 2004, Quality of life in managed care patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Manag. Care Interface, 17, 24 Wingenfeld, 2009, Neural correlates of the individual emotional Stroop in borderline personality disorder, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 571, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.024 Wolf, 2003, HPA axis and memory, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 17, 287, 10.1016/S1521-690X(02)00101-X Wolf, 2001, Cortisol differentially affects memory in young and elderly men, Behav. Neurosci., 115, 1002, 10.1037/0735-7044.115.5.1002 Wolkowitz, 1997, Glucocorticoid medication, memory and steroid psychosis in medical illness, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 823, 81, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48381.x Woodman, 1998, The relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illness, Psychosomatics, 39, 45, 10.1016/S0033-3182(98)71380-5 Woods, 2010, Improving digit span assessment of short-term verbal memory, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 4, 1 Woon, 2008, Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis, Hippocampus, 18, 729, 10.1002/hipo.20437 Woon, 2010, Hippocampal volume deficits associated with exposure to psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: a meta-analysis, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 34, 1181, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.016 Wright, 2006, Interleukin-6 is associated with cognitive function: the Northern Manhattan Study, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 15, 34, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2005.08.009 Wright, 2005, Chronic stress leaves novelty-seeking behavior intact while impairing spatial recognition memory in the Y-maze, Stress Int. J. Biol. Stress, 8, 151, 10.1080/10253890500156663 Yamada, 2000, Neurobehavioral alterations in mice with a targeted deletion of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene: implications for emotional behavior, J. Neuroimmunol., 111, 131, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00375-1 Yang, 2007, Gender difference in hemodynamic responses of prefrontal area to emotional stress by near-infrared spectroscopy, Behav. Brain Res., 178, 172, 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.039 Yirmiya, 2002, Brain interleukin-1 is involved in spatial memory and passive avoidance conditioning, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 78, 379, 10.1006/nlme.2002.4072 Yu, 2010, Cognitive and neural correlates of depression-like behaviour in socially defeated mice: an animal model of depression with cognitive dysfunction, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 14, 1 Zijdenbos, 2009, Psychological treatments for the management of irritable bowel syndrome, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006442 Zubieta, 2005, Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors, J. Neurosci., 25, 7754, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0439-05.2005